Hosea 11 is the eleventh chapter of the

Book of Hosea The Book of Hosea ( hbo, , Sēfer Hōšēaʿ) is collected as one of the twelve minor prophets of the Nevi'im ("Prophets") in the Tanakh, and as a book in its own right in the Christian Old Testament. According to the traditional order of most Heb ...

in the

Hebrew Bible The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh (;"Tanach"
'' Old Testament of the Christian

Bible The Bible (from Koine Greek , , 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures that are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, and many other religions. The Bible is an anthologya compilation of texts ...

.Halley, Henry H. ''Halley's Bible Handbook'': an abbreviated Bible commentary. 24th edition. Zondervan Publishing House. 1965. p. 355Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook. Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee. 2012. This chapter contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet

Hosea In the Hebrew Bible, Hosea ( or ; he, הוֹשֵׁעַ – ''Hōšēaʿ'', 'Salvation'; gr, Ὡσηέ – ''Hōsēé''), son of Beeri, was an 8th-century BCE prophet in Israel and the nominal primary author of the Book of Hosea. He is t ...

son of

Beeri There are two biblical figures named 'Beeri.' The etymology of Beeri (, ''Bə’êrî'') is given as "belonging to a fountain" by Wilhelm Gesenius, but as "expounder" by the ''International Standard Bible Encyclopedia'' and "well" according to the ...

, about God's former benefits, and Israel's ingratitude resulting in punishment, but God still promises restoration. It is a part of the Book of the Twelve Minor Prophets.

Text

The original text was written in

Hebrew language Hebrew (; ; ) is a Northwest Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Historically, it is one of the spoken languages of the Israelites and their longest-surviving descendants, the Jews and Samaritans. It was largely preserved ...

. This chapter is divided into 12 verses in Christian Bibles, but 11 verses in the Hebrew Bible with the following verse numbering comparison: This article generally follows the common numbering in Christian English Bible versions, with notes to the numbering in Hebrew Bible versions.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in

Hebrew Hebrew (; ; ) is a Northwest Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Historically, it is one of the spoken languages of the Israelites and their longest-surviving descendants, the Jews and Samaritans. It was largely preserved ...

are of the

Masoretic Text The Masoretic Text (MT or 𝕸; he, נֻסָּח הַמָּסוֹרָה, Nūssāḥ Hammāsōrā, lit. 'Text of the Tradition') is the authoritative Hebrew and Aramaic text of the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) in Rabbinic Judaism. ...

tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century),

Codex Leningradensis The Leningrad Codex ( la, Codex Leningradensis [Leningrad Book]; he, כתב יד לנינגרד) is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew, using the Masoretic Text and Tiberian vocalization. According to its colopho ...

(1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the

Dead Sea Scrolls The Dead Sea Scrolls (also the Qumran Caves Scrolls) are ancient Jewish and Hebrew religious manuscripts discovered between 1946 and 1956 at the Qumran Caves in what was then Mandatory Palestine, near Ein Feshkha in the West Bank, on the ...

, including 4Q82 (4QXII^g; 25 BCE) with extant verses 2–12 (verse 11:12 = 12:1 in Masoretic Text).Dead sea scrolls - Hosea
/ref> There is also a translation into

Koine Greek Koine Greek (; Koine el, ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος, hē koinè diálektos, the common dialect; ), also known as Hellenistic Greek, common Attic, the Alexandrian dialect, Biblical Greek or New Testament Greek, was the common supra-reg ...

known as the

Septuagint The Greek Old Testament, or Septuagint (, ; from the la, septuaginta, lit=seventy; often abbreviated ''70''; in Roman numerals, LXX), is the earliest extant Greek translation of books from the Hebrew Bible. It includes several books beyond ...

, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include

Codex Vaticanus The Codex Vaticanus ( The Vatican, Bibl. Vat., Vat. gr. 1209), designated by siglum B or 03 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), δ 1 ( von Soden), is a fourth-century Christian manuscript of a Greek Bible, containing the majority of the Greek Old ...

(B;

\mathfrak

^B; 4th century),

Codex Alexandrinus The Codex Alexandrinus (London, British Library, Royal MS 1. D. V-VIII), designated by the siglum A or 02 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), δ 4 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is a manu ...

(A;

\mathfrak

^A; 5th century) and

Codex Marchalianus Codex Marchalianus designated by siglum Q is a 6th-century Greek manuscript copy of the Greek version of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh or Old Testament) known as the Septuagint. The text was written on vellum in uncial letters. Palaeographically it ...

(Q;

\mathfrak

^Q; 6th century).

God's love for Israel (11:1–11)

Verse 1

: ''When Israel was a child, I loved him,'' ::''and out of Egypt I called My son.'' * "And out of

Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Medit ...

I called My son": or "From the time that he (Israel) was in Egypt, I called him My son," (according to Bengel) in parallel to the use of "from the land of Egypt" in Hosea 12:9 and Hosea 13:4. shows that Israel was called "My son" by God from the period of Egyptian sojourn () and God is always said to "have led" or "brought forth", not to have "called", Israel from Egypt. Matthew 2:15 quotes this prophecy for Jesus' sojourn in Egypt, not His return from it. The same general reason, that is, the danger of extinction, caused Israel in its national infancy and the infant Jesus (cF. ; ; ; ; ) to sojourn in Egypt.Robert Jamieson, Andrew Robert Fausset; David Brown. '' Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary On the Whole Bible''. 1871. *The verse has two textual variants: one is the standard reading of "''Out of Egypt I called my son''" and a second is found in the Greek Septuagint "''Out of Egypt I called his children''", which is likely based on a small variation of ''benei'', "my son", in the Hebrew Masoretic Text, to ''beneiu'', "his children", as a possible source of Septuagint reading.

Verse 8

:''How can I give you up, Ephraim?'' ::''How can I hand you over, Israel?'' :''How can I make you like Admah?'' ::''How can I set you like Zeboiim?'' :''My heart churns within Me;'' ::''My sympathy is stirred.'' * " Admah" and " Zeboim": were cities in the same plain with Sodom and Gomorrah; each with a king () and, though are not mentioned by name in the narrative in Genesis, were destroyed together with Sodom and Gomorrah, as recorded in a general term "those cities and all the plain" () or later in detail "...that the whole land thereof is brimstone and salt and burning, ... like the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah, Admah and Zeboim, which the Lord overthrew in His anger and His wrath" (). Barnes, Albert. Notes on the Old Testament. London, Blackie & Son, 1884. Reprint, Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1998. *"My heart churns within Me": or "my heart is within me changed", that is, 'from anger to pity'.Joseph S. Exell; Henry Donald Maurice Spence-Jones (Editors). The Pulpit Commentary. 23 volumes. First publication: 1890. *"My sympathy is stirred": from he, נכמרו נחומי, '' ''; almost the same phrase is found in , he, נכמרו רחמיו, '' '', 'his oseph'scompassion owelswere overcome owards his brother'

Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges is a biblical commentary set published in parts by Cambridge University Press from 1882 onwards. Anglican bishop John Perowne was the general editor. The first section published was written by theologi ...

Hosea 11
Accessed 28 April 2019. The word rendered "is stirred" or "were overcome" (''nik’meru''), according to Rashi, "one warmed", has a close affinity with the Assyrian ''kamâru'', "to throw down", as in Hosea 10:5 for ''k’mârîm'', "(idolatrous) priests". The word for "sympathy" is from Hebrew ''nikhumim'', from Piel , a noun of , less definite than ''rakhamim'', "bowels", as "the seat of the emotions". Verses 8–9 form one of the most moving passages in the Hebrew Bible, where

YHWH The Tetragrammaton (; ), or Tetragram, is the four-letter Hebrew theonym (transliterated as YHWH), the name of God in the Hebrew Bible. The four letters, written and read from right to left (in Hebrew), are ''yodh'', '' he'', '' waw'', and ...

struggles with the anguish of his love, that he cannot totally destroy Israel as he did Admah and Zeboim.

God’s Charge Against Ephraim (11:12)

:''Ephraim has surrounded Me with lies,'' ::''and the house of Israel with deceit.'' :''But Judah still walks with God,'' ::''and is faithful to the Holy One.'' *"Holy One" or "holy ones".Note on Hosea 11:12 in MEV An allusion to Israel's lies and deceit, which resonates with Hosea 12:1, 3, 7.

Notes

References

Sources

* * * * * *

External links

Jewish

Hosea 11 Hebrew with Parallel EnglishHosea 11 Hebrew with Rashi's Commentary

Christian

Hosea 11 English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hosea 11 11