William Horrocks, a cotton manufacturer of
Stockport built an early power loom in 1803, based on the principles of Cartwright but including some significant improvements to cloth take up and in 1813 battening.
Power looms
Edmund Cartwright
Edmund Cartwright (24 April 174330 October 1823) was an English inventor. He graduated from Oxford University and went on to invent the power loom. Married to local Elizabeth McMac at 19, he was the brother of Major John Cartwright, a politi ...
bought and patented a
power loom in 1785, and it was this loom that was adopted by the nascent cotton industry in England. The silk loom made by
Jacques Vaucanson
Jacques de Vaucanson (; February 24, 1709 – November 21, 1782) was a French inventor and artist who built the first all-metal lathe which was very important to the Industrial Revolution. The lathe is known as the mother of machine tools, as it ...
in 1745 operated on the same principles but wasn't developed further. The invention of the flying shuttle by
John Kay was critical to the development of a commercially successful power loom. Cartwright's loom was impractical but the ideas behind it were developed by numerous inventors in the Manchester area of England.
Cartwright's loom was little used; he established a powerloom factory at Doncaster in 1787 which closed after few years. Grimshaw's factory at Manchester, which opened in 1790 and contained twenty four Cartwright looms, was burnt down by protesting hand loom weavers. It is speculated that Cartwright's failure was due to the loom's wooden frame and crude construction, Cartwright's inexperience in business, and the lack of an adequate method to prepare the warp.
To prepare the loom, the warp threads needed to be strengthened by applying a wet size (a process called dressing) and then wound onto a beam or roller that fitted on the back of the loom (a process called warping or beaming). These processes were time-consuming; if dressing took place on the loom, the loom had to remain idle until the threads dried. Because of this, the economics of weaving still favoured the handloom weaver. It was
William Radcliffe
William Radcliffe (1761?, in Mellor, Derbyshire – 20 May 1842, in StockportDavid J. Jeremy"Radcliffe, William (1761?–1842)" ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 9 July 2008) was a British inven ...
, also of Stockport, who introduced the dressing frame in 1803.
Horrock's loom
William Horrocks secured several patents to improve the loom. The Horrocks loom, introduced in 1803, featured an improved method of taking up the cloth onto the beam once it was woven. It had a metal frame, and was described as neat and compact so hundreds could be at work in a single room. As the warp was now dressed away from the loom, the Horrocks loom could be run continuously, being stopped only to piece broken threads and to replenish the weft in the shuttle. In the vicinity of Stockport, approximately two thousand looms were in use by 1818, and by 1821 there were 32 factories containing 5732 looms. According to a 1830 report to the
British House of Commons, by 1820 there were an estimated 14,150 power looms in both England and Scotland; that number increased to 55,500 by 1829. However, these counts were outnumbered 4 to 1 by the number of handlooms. Official figures (The Factories Inspectors' count) were first compiled in 1835 and they showed 108,189 power looms used for cotton, 1713 for silk, 2330 for wool and 2846 for worsted, but not all of these would have been Horrocks looms; the 1830
Roberts Loom
The Roberts loom was a cast-iron power loom introduced by Richard Roberts in 1830. It was the first loom that was more viable than a hand loom and was easily adjustable and reliable, which led to its widespread use in the Lancashire cotton indus ...
(based on 1822 patents) had become more popular.
References
Notes
Footnotes
Bibliography
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{{Lancashire Cotton
Weaving equipment
Textile machinery
History of the textile industry
Industrial Revolution in England