''Hoplolaimus'' is a genus of
nematode
The nematodes ( or grc-gre, Νηματώδη; la, Nematoda) or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes), with plant-Parasitism, parasitic nematodes also known as eelworms. They are a diverse animal phylum inhab ...
s known commonly as lance nematodes.
[''Hoplolaimus''.]
Nemaplex. University of California, Davis. They are
parasites of plants, and three species are
pests
PESTS was an anonymous American activist group formed in 1986 to critique racism, tokenism, and exclusion in the art world. PESTS produced newsletters, posters, and other print material highlighting examples of discrimination in gallery represent ...
of agricultural crops.
[Bae, C. H., et al. (2008)]
Molecular Analysis of the lance nematode, ''Hoplolaimus'' spp., using the first internal transcribed spacer and the D1-D3 expansion segments of 28S ribosomal DNA.
''Journal of Nematology'' 40(3), 201-09.
These nematodes are usually about 1 to 1.5 millimeters long;
[ some reach 2 millimeters.][ They have large stylets with knobs shaped like ]anchor
An anchor is a device, normally made of metal , used to secure a vessel to the bed of a body of water to prevent the craft from drifting due to wind or current. The word derives from Latin ''ancora'', which itself comes from the Greek ἄγ ...
s or tulips. The male has winglike folds around its tail, and the female has a short, rounded tail.[ Some species are amphimictic, with male and female individuals that ]reproduce sexually
Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves a complex life cycle in which a gamete ( haploid reproductive cells, such as a sperm or egg cell) with a single set of chromosomes combines with another gamete to produce a zygote tha ...
, while others are parthenogenetic
Parthenogenesis (; from the Greek grc, παρθένος, translit=parthénos, lit=virgin, label=none + grc, γένεσις, translit=génesis, lit=creation, label=none) is a natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development ...
, with females producing offspring without fertilization.[
The genus includes ectoparasites, endoparasites, and semi-endoparasites.][ They feed on plant roots, some feeding externally, some burying only their heads in the roots, and some entering the roots to feed.][
Damage can be manifested in the ]sloughing
In biology, moulting (British English), or molting (American English), also known as sloughing, shedding, or in many invertebrates, ecdysis, is the manner in which an animal routinely casts off a part of its body (often, but not always, an outer ...
of the root cortices.[ The main agricultural pest species are ''H. columbus'', ''H. galeatus'', and ''H. magnistylus''.][ ''H. columbus'' infects such crops as ]cotton
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus ''Gossypium'' in the mallow family Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure cellulose, and can contain minor perce ...
, soybean
The soybean, soy bean, or soya bean (''Glycine max'') is a species of legume native to East Asia, widely grown for its edible bean, which has numerous uses.
Traditional unfermented food uses of soybeans include soy milk, from which tofu an ...
, and corn
Maize ( ; ''Zea mays'' subsp. ''mays'', from es, maíz after tnq, mahiz), also known as corn (North American and Australian English), is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago. Th ...
. ''H. galeatus'' can be found in many crops, as well as many species of pine trees and grass
Poaceae () or Gramineae () is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants commonly known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos and the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivated in lawns an ...
es.
There are 29 described species in genus ''Hoplolaimus''.[
Species include:][Handoo, Z. A. and A. M. Golden. (1992)]
A key and diagnostic compendium to the species of the genus ''Hoplolaimus'' Daday, 1905 (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae).
''Journal of Nematology'' 24(1), 45-53.
*'' Hoplolaimus abelmoschi''
*'' Hoplolaimus aegypti''
*'' Hoplolaimus aorolaimoides''
*'' Hoplolaimus californicus''
*'' Hoplolaimus capensis''
*''''
*''''
*''''
*''''
*''''
*'' Hoplolaimus columbus''
*'' Hoplolaimus concaudajuvencus''
*'' Hoplolaimus dimorphicus''
*'' Hoplolaimus dubius''
*''Hoplolaimus galeatus
''Hoplolaimus galeatus'' (Crown-headed lance nematode) is a plant pathogenic nematode.
History
''Hoplolaimus galeatus'' was discovered by Nathan Cobb in 1913, originally named ''Nemochus galeatus''. In 1935 ''Nemochus galeatus'' was reclassi ...
''
*'' Hoplolaimus imphalensis''
*''Hoplolaimus indicus
''Hoplolaimus indicus'' is a plant pathogenic nematode affecting pearl millet.
See also
* List of pearl millet diseases
References
External links
Nemaplex, University of California - Hoplolaimus indicus H.indicus an ectoparasitic nem ...
''
*'' Hoplolaimus jalalabadiensis''
*''Hoplolaimus magnistylus
''Hoplolaimus magnistylus'' is a plant pathogenic nematode affecting soybeans.
See also
* List of soybean diseases
Soybean plants (''Glycine max'') are subject to a variety of diseases and pests.
Bacterial diseases
Fungal diseases
Ne ...
''
*'' Hoplolaimus pararobustus''
*'' Hoplolaimus puertoricensis''
*'' Hoplolaimus sacchari''
*'' Hoplolaimus seinhorsti''
*'' Hoplolaimus seshadrii''
*'' Hoplolaimus sheri''
*'' Hoplolaimus singhi''
*'' Hoplolaimus stephanus''
*'' Hoplolaimus tabacum''
*'' Hoplolaimus tylenchiformis''
*'' Hoplolaimus uniformis''
References
Tylenchida
Secernentea genera
{{Secernentea-stub