History Of Pamplona

The History of Pamplona as a city goes back to the 1st millennium B.C. when a settlement of Vascones named ''Iruña'' existed. However, the traces of human occupation of the area date back 75,000 years. In the Roman era, the Vascones settlement was converted into a Roman city by General Pompey, who began by setting up a military camp there in 74 B.C. which he named Pompelo.The finds found in the castle square in the early 2000s were destroyed, despite public protests by citizens, which even led to two police officers being injured in June 2002. Against the opinion of several archaeologists, including the eight involved in the excavations, most of the archaeological remains found were dismantled, with only a wall and the remains of the castle ordered built by Ferdinand remaining.

The Romans were followed by the Visigoths, the Muslims of Al-Andalus, and briefly, between 778 and 816 intermittently, the Carolingians. In the early 9th century the Kingdom of Navarre was founded, an autonomous Christian principality vassal of the Caliphate of Cordoba. The Kingdom of Navarre became a fully independent kingdom in 905 and, under the reign of Sancho III of Pamplona, became the most powerful Christian state on the Iberian Peninsula in the 11th century. In 1164 the name "Kingdom of Navarre" was definitively abandoned and renamed the Kingdom of Navarre, a name that had been used before.

The wars with neighboring states, frequent especially in the 10th and 11th centuries, were added to the internal conflicts in Pamplona, more serious in the 13th century, but which would only end in 1423 ( Privilege of the Union). Until this year, Pamplona was not exactly a single city, but a set of autonomous boroughs that were separated by walls to protect themselves from the wars that broke out between them. In 1276 one of the boroughs was destroyed and its population massacred.

In the second half of the 15th century, Pamplona found itself involved in the Navarrese Civil War, a long-running dispute between successive claimants to the throne of Navarre. The civil war would eventually herald the annexation of Navarre by the newly united kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, which formally occurred on July 7, 1515, three years after Pamplona's surrender to the invading Castilian troops.

After the French Revolution, during the War of the Pyrenees, Pamplona was besieged by French forces in 1794, who were unable to enter the city. Between 1808 and 1813 the city was occupied by Napoleon Bonaparte's troops. The city was involved in the Carlist Wars that marked the 19th century and was the stage for a popular movement in defense of the ''fueros'' (forals) that became known as the "''Gamazada''".

Despite the victory of the Republicans and leftists in the municipal elections that led to the Second Spanish Republic, Pamplona was controlled by the Francoist forces from the first day of the civil war, which did not save it from facing hundreds of shootings of Republicans, which continued beyond the end of the war. During Francoism, the city was transformed from a rural town with only craft industries to an industrial city, and its population more than tripled. Due to the region's loyalty to the Francoist cause during the war, Navarre was the only historic Spanish region to retain its autonomy during Francoism, but at the same time, it was one of the areas with the most trade union conflict in all of Spain, having been the site of several strikes, the first of which was in 1951.

The transition from Francoism to democracy was felt intensely in Pamplona. In this period riots in the streets of Pamplona were frequent, some of them quite violent. Although during the first phase of the transition there were no attacks by the Basque terrorist and separatist movement ETA, the same did not happen in the following phases, and Pamplona witnessed several terrorist attacks.

From Prehistory to the Roman Era

The conditions of the Pamplona basin (''cuenca'') have favored human settlement since ancient times. The finds of lithic industry (stone tools) in the lands bordering the Arga River show that human occupation in what is now the city dates back 75,000 years. During excavations in Castle Square, a menhir was found that could not be dated.

In the first millennium B.C., there was a settlement of Vascones where the city is today, which was called ''Iruña''. Pamplona is also identified as the capital of the Vascones, which is referred to in historical documents as Bengoda. The Basque territory minted its coins, on the back side of which appeared the legend ''Bascunes'' or ''Barscunes,'' and on the front side, although not always, the legend Bengoda, which according to historian and numismatist Antonio Beltrán Martínez corresponded to the mint and capital of the Basques. Chronologically the coins could be from the second half of the 2nd or 1st century BC.

The Basque name ''Iruña'' may originate from the term ''hiri'' (town or village). The villages with ''hiri'' in their name were founded for strategic or commercial reasons and ended up being regional reference centers, so they were "the city" for the local people. According to others, the name ''Iruña'' may be related to the river ''Runa'', now called Arga.

In the Roman era, the village of ''Iruñea'' became a city with the foundation of "Pompelo" by the Roman general Pompey in the year 74 B.C., who established there a military camp that in time would become the city of Pamplona. Pompelo, named after its founder, was nothing more than a small ''civitas'' built by legionaries, where the Vascones of the ancient village settled. The defense of the city was relatively simple, being located at some altitude and protected by the Arga River, walling one of the flanks sufficed. In almost all areas near the river, some woods or bushes ensured the livelihood of livestock, wood supply, and fruit. The part closest to the walls contained the buildings, with the forum in the center and a street leading to the wall, where a door opened towards the area of the Ebro Valley. The agricultural fields were located outside the city and next to the river. There may have been a vassal-like relationship between Pompey and some Vascone chief, possibly before the foundation of the Roman city, namely because it is known that Roman citizenship was granted to nine people from the Vascone city of Ejea by Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo, Pompey's father, in the year 90 BC, in reward for the support in the Battle of Asculum, in Picenum, during the Social War. Later the city acquires greater importance, as Strabo mentions:

According to the latest archaeological discoveries in Castle Square, in the middle of the current city center, Roman ''Pompelon'' had baths, the largest in northern Spain according to some scholars, which gives the city a higher category than it had traditionally been considered.The findings in the Castle Square in the early 2000s were destroyed, despite public protests by citizens, which even led to two police officers being injured in June 2002. Against the opinion of several archaeologists, including the eight involved in the excavations, most of the archaeological remains found were dismantled, with only a wall and the remains of the castle ordered built by Ferdinand the Catholic remaining..

Middle Ages

Visigoths, Carolingians and Muslims

In the 4th century, the Romans are replaced by the Visigoths in dominating the region. Unlike the Romans, the Visigoths did not have good relations with the Vascones. Pamplona was the diocese of the Visigothic Church and, judging by the Necropolis found, Visigoths lived there, although the bad relationship with the Vascones generated some controversy about their presence in the city. Muslims were present in the 8th and 9th centuries.

Muslim rule was briefly threatened by Charlemagne, who sent expeditions to the region in the late 8th century to extend the Hispanic March.The strip of Christian territory between the Carolingian (Frankish) borders and the Al-Andalus, the Muslim-dominated territories, is called the Marca Hispanica. See articles "''Marca Hispánica''" in the Spanish Wikipedia or "'' Marche d'Espagne''" in the French Wikipedia or "Marca Hispanica" in the English Wikipedia. to the north. The Carolingians achieved nothing more than the creation of a county in the western part of the Pyrenees, which lasted only ten years. The legendary Carolingian count Roland is said to have destroyed the walls of Pamplona in 778 to keep the city from rebelling during the failed expedition to conquer Zaragoza from the Muslims, before the Battle of Roncevaux Pass, which took place not far from Pamplona. Jimeno of Pamplona (Motmine Alacra in the Arab chronicles) took the city for the Emirate of Cordoba a few years later (781?). In 806 the Pamplona aristocracy organized against emirate rule and integrated the region into the Carolingian Empire of Louis the Pious. This Navarrese ''Marca Hispanica'' was a county of four or five thousand square kilometers that must have had no more than one count, Velasco al-Yalasqí. it was short-lived since in 816 all the Marches in the western part of the northern Pyrenees were extinguished.

Kingdom of Navarre vassal of the emirate

The Kingdom of Navarre, the predecessor of the future Kingdom of Navarre, which would only be formally established centuries later, appeared in the 810s, and the first king of Pamplona is considered to have been Íñigo Arista, grandson of Jimeno. Although enjoying relative independence and being officially Christian, the Kingdom of Navarre was a vassal state of the Emirate of Cordoba and was founded with the support of the powerful muladi family of the Banu Qasi, lords of Ribera Navarre, the southernmost part of Navarre. The Arab chronicles refer to the first "kings" of Pamplona as "lord, count, or prince of the Vascones," (''bashkunish)'' which means they were not recognized as kings, given the smallness of the territory and the fact that it had only one ecclesiastical district. Submission to the emirate was ensured by sporadic punitive expeditions that did not aim at permanent occupation. The initial territory of the Kingdom of Navarro was approximately 5,000 km² and had as its borders the peaks of the western Pyrenees and the outer Pamplona mountains.Excerpts based on the article " ''Reino de Pamplona''" in the Spanish Wikipedia
in accessed here
.

In 824, after quelling the revolts of the Gascony nobility, the Carolingians sent troops and two counts to Pamplona to restore Carolingian sovereignty. On their return from the mission, they were surprised and captured in the Pyrenees by "perfidious Montagnards" Vascones, in what is considered the "second battle of Roncevaux Pass". Count Eblo was sent to Córdoba as a trophy and Count Aznar was set free because he was Gascon and therefore considered consanguineous. Íñigo Arista's son, Garcia Íñiguez (851-882), and grandson, Fortunio Garcés (882-905) maintained the territory of the Pamplonian kingdom and made no conquests.

Kingdom of Independent Pamplona

In 905, Sancho Garcés III, son of Dadilda de Pallars, brother of Raymond I, and García Jimenes, Jimeno's great-great-grandson, overthrew Fortunio Garcés and broke his commitments to Córdoba, founding the Jiménez Dynasty. Sancho I of Navarre (or Pamplona), as he became known, extended the kingdom to San Esteban de Deyo, on the course of the Ega River to the Ebro, and the counties of Nájera and Calahorra, the latter with the support of the King of León Ordoño II of León. These conquests precipitated the decay of the Banu Cassi. The response of the Cordoban emir was fast, and he sent two expeditions to regain control of Navarre. The first of these expeditions won the Battle of Valdejunquera (920) and reoccupied almost all of La Rioja, but did not reach the Cuenca of Pamplona. The second expedition destroyed the city in 924. Despite the setbacks, Sancho's kingdom had about 15,000 km² after the war with the Muslims, three times as much as when he took power.

Sancho Garcés III (nicknamed, "the Great"), was king of Pamplona and the County of Aragon between 1004 (or 1000) and 1035 (as Sancho III). In addition to these titles, he was lord of several other Iberian counties, such as that of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza from 1018, of Castile, Álava and of Monzón from 1028, and of Cea from 1030. After the supposed conquest of León (contested by many historians), Sancho III is said to have been named ''Imperator totius Hispaniae'' (emperor of all Spain), another widely contested event. However, it is known that he is designated ''Rex Ibericus'' by Abbot Oliva and ''Sancio rege Navarriae Hispaniarum'' by Rodulfus Glaber, which supports the thesis of many historians who present him as the first great Christian king of the Iberian Peninsula. Although his empire was divided after his death, fulfilling his will,Excerpts based on the article "'' Sancho Garcês III de Pamplona''" in the Spanish Wikipedia
(accessed here). the Kingdom of Navarre inherited by his son García Sánchez III of Pamplona, Garcia Sanches III
was much more extensive than in his grandfather's time and than it would ever be in the future.

The history of the 130 years following the death of Sancho III is filled with conflicts, with neighboring states both Christian and Muslim having constant border changes. In Eleanor64, Sancho VI of Navarre (1133-1194) definitively abandons the title of King of Pamplona and officially calls himself Kingdom of Navarre, King of Navarre.

Kingdom of Navarre

Sancho VI's renaming of the kingdom was part of the strategy to assert sovereignty over the entire territory of Navarre, disputed with the neighboring kingdoms of Aragon and, especially, with Castile. Conflicts with these kingdoms were constant during Sancho VI's reign.

War of the boroughs

From the beginning of the 10th century until 1423, Pamplona was not a homogeneous city, but a set of three boroughs whose inhabitants mixed little or not at all often clashed, and had to have walls to defend themselves from each other. The first of these burghs, Navarrería, was created by Sancho III at the beginning of the 10th century to counteract the depopulation that the city was suffering. At the beginning of the following century, the bishop promoted the creation of a second village, San Cernin, which was officially recognized in 1129 by King Alfonso the Battler, who granted it a foral very similar to that of Jaca, placing it under royal protection. The third borough, the ''población de San Nicolás'' is contemporary and neighboring to the burgo of San Cernin, with which conflicts were frequent.

Only the borough of Navarrería was inhabited exclusively by natives (Vascones), the inhabitants of the two other boroughs being originally Frankish, although in Navarrería there was some ethnic heterogeneity. All the boroughs were under the authority of the bishop, but had distinct administration and privileges. This structure caused frequent disagreements and confrontations from 1213 onwards, which would culminate in the destruction of Navarrería (Navarrería War) and the massacre of its population in September 1276 with the support of French troops, to the point that the land of the borough was left virtually abandoned for 50 years.

Later, when repopulation took place, confrontations began again, which would only end with the "Privilege of the Union", the treaty promoted and granted by Charles III on September 8, 1423, which finally united the city and determined the destruction of the walls that separated the boroughs from each other.

Succession Civil War

In 1441 queen Blanche I dies, leaving as successor her son Charles, Prince of Viana. However, who occupies the throne is widowed consort king John II, who prevents his son from being king. In 1451, Carlos takes advantage of the entry of Castilian troops in Navarre to rebel against his father, starting a war for the succession that will last beyond his death in 1461 and will eventually lead to the conquest of Navarre by the united kingdoms of Castile and Aragon.Excerpts based on the article "'' Guerra Civil de Navarra''" in the Spanish-language Wikipedia (accesse
here
.

The war, though long, was not intense but had serious consequences for the economy of the kingdom. There was almost no fighting, the military actions consisting of expeditions, more or less passive sieges, destruction of crops and other acts of sabotage. The war had countless adventures and changes of allies on both sides, foreign and domestic. The plans of the great regional powers had a great influence on events, and a series of intertwined plots ensued, involving revolts in Catalonia, where John II also reigned, disputes between Henry IV of Castile and the ''Liga Nobiliaria'' (Nobiliary League) of Castile which John II joined in 1460, the desire of John II's second wife Juana Enríquez to make her son Ferdinand II king of a unified Spain, and also the kings of France Louis XI and Louis XII, either directly or through the influential Foix family. The main Navarre factions were the two rival groups of Agramontes and Beaumontes nobles. At the beginning of the war, the latter, led by Luís de Beaumont, second Count of Lerín sided with Charles and was the predominant party in Pamplona.

Charles died in 1461, but the dispute for the succession continued between his sisters Eleanor of Navarre, married to the Frenchman Gaston IV, Count of Foix, and Blanche II, former wife of Henry IV of Castile. Branca was imprisoned by her father in 1461 and would eventually be poisoned to death by a lady of Eleanor in 1464. Eleanor took over the government of the kingdom under her father's tutelage, but in 1468 father and daughter fell out, causing another revolt in Pamplona at the beginning of which the bishop is murdered. This time the Agramontese sided with Eleanor and the Beaumontese sided with John.

Although there were several agreements, in practice never fulfilled, between Eleanor and her stepmother Juana Enríquez, Eleanor was never recognized as a queen or heir. Even before his father's death, Ferdinand II began to meddle more and more in Navarrese politics, declaring himself "by the grace of God, king of Navarre, Castile, León, Portugal, Sicily and firstborn of Aragon" in the peace agreement he promoted in 1476 between the Agramontese and the Beaumontese.

After the death of John II on February 20, 1479, Eleanor was proclaimed queen as Eleanor I on March 1, but died 15 days later, having designated as her heir her grandson, Francis Phoebus, a minor, whom she advised allying with the French king. Magdalena of Valois, Francis' mother, assumed the regency. Catholic Monarchs of Spain pressed for the marriage of their son and heir John to Francis' sister, Catherine of Foix, which never took place. With Francis' untimely death, Catherine assumed the throne of Navarre in 1483 and married the following year to the Frenchman John III of Navarre.

The maneuvers of Ferdinand II prevented Catherine's official coronation until 1494. Furthermore, under the pretext of deterring French influence in Navarre, Ferdinand takes military control of the kingdom, both by the presence of Castilian troops and by placing the alcaldeans and Garrisons of the Navarrese fortresses under his orders. Despite promises to withdraw the Castilian troops, they would only leave when another revolt took place in 1507, during which the Count of Lerín, leader of the Beaumontese, who had meanwhile become supporters of the Castilians, was also expelled. Although the expulsion of the Count of Lerín marked the end of the civil war, the conflicts did not end and would eventually lead to the conquest of Navarre by Ferdinand II with the support of the Beaumontese.

Early Modern Period

Castilian-Aragonian invasion

Invoking the dynastic rights of his new wife, Germana de Foix, Ferdinand II carried out his old aspiration to annex the kingdom of Navarre. On July 19, 1512, an army of over 18,000 men commanded by Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, 2nd Duke of Alba, entered the kingdom from Álava. Accompanying this army comes Luis de Beaumont III, Count of Lerín, exiled for some years in Castile, and his brother-in-law, Duke of Nájera, at the head of 700 royal cuirassiers.

On the 24th the Castilian troops reached Taconera, at the gates of Pamplona. The city was not yet heavily fortified as it would later become, the walls being formed by the buildings themselves, and it had between 6,000 and 10,000 inhabitants. The next day Pamplona surrendered after negotiations had taken place, but other squares maintained some resistance.

After the occupation, there were three attempts to reconquer the Navarrese kingdom. In October 1512 Navarre forces supported by the French besieged Pamplona. On the 24th of the same month, the Duke of Alba returned to the city after having taken refuge in Lower Navarre. The Duke of Alba directed the defensive preparation of Pamplona, ordering the destruction of all buildings, fences, vineyards, and orchards around Pamplona so that they would not be used as shelter or supply the attackers. The southern flank, which was not protected by the Arga River, was strengthened by knocking down about thirty houses. The Castilian forces outnumbered the city's inhabitants, but only had two falconets (light cannon) and one lombard (heavy cannon) at their disposal. The expulsion of 200 Agramontese suspected of being supporters of the Navarrese king was ordered, and supplies were secured from several locations. In the defense of the city, alongside the Castilians, were many Beaumontese leaders. A scaffold was installed inside to intimidate the inhabitants.

On November 1, the first Navarro- Gazcony troops arrived in the vicinity of Pamplona. The bulk of the army arrived two days later, settling on the slopes of Mount Ezcaba, in Villava and Huarte. The army that surrounded the city reached more than 20,000 men, about half of them Navarrese and the rest Gascon from the territories of Albret and Foix, Albanians and Lansquenets, as well as eight mortars and other artillery pieces. The southern flank defenses were buffeted to cut off supplies to the city, but were unable to conclude an effective siege. There were several attacks and skirmishes. The first major combat occurred on November 7. The lack of food supplies and the arrival of the cold weather affected the besieging troops most severely, needing to feed on dried fruits and boiled vegetables. A herd of 600 cows sent from Roncal to supply the besiegers was intercepted by the troops of the Archbishop of Zaragoza and quartered in Sangüesa. Inside Pamplona, Colonel Cristóbal Villalba ordered, under penalty of death, that the streets be kept lit and that armed assistance be given when the alarm was given. Hunger is also felt in the countryside and 818 men, among neighbors and servants, enlist to be able to eat the two daily meals given to the troops. The Navarre troops take the castle of Tiebas, south of Pamplona, on November 24. On the 27th the city is attacked again, but the attackers are repelled. The news that Castilian reinforcements from the Count of Nájera were approaching the capital demoralized the besiegers, who, after another failed assault on November 29, began their retreat to Baztan. On November 30, when the retreat had not yet been completed, a reinforcement of 6,000 Castilian infantrymen arrived in Pamplona to reinforce the defense.

A period of consolidation followed. The Navarrese Courts met in March 1513, when the papal bull ''Exigit Contumacium'' of February 18 was presented excommunicating the kings of Navarre, Catherine of Foix and John III of Albret, for supporting Louis XII of France in the war against the Papal States. At this meeting, the viceroy announced a general pardon to those who abided by the new authority, and in the name of Ferdinand II swore to respect the ''fueros'' (forals), uses and customs of the kingdom, on the condition that the war would end. Most of the Agramontese nobles were absent from these courts, as were several abbots, representatives of the ecclesiastical

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