Hispanism (sometimes referred to as
Hispanic studies or Spanish studies) is the study of the
literature
Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to inclu ...
and
culture
Culture () is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these grou ...
of the
Spanish-speaking world, principally that of
Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' ( Latin)(English: "Further Beyond")
, national_anthem = (English: "Royal March")
, ...
and
Hispanic America. It can also entail studying Spanish language and culture in the
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., federal district, five ma ...
and in other presently or formerly Spanish-speaking countries in
Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
,
Asia
Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an ...
, and the
Pacific, such as the
Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
and
Equatorial Guinea.
A hispanist is a scholar specializing in Hispanicism. It was used in an article by
Miguel de Unamuno in 1908 referring to 'el hispanista italiano Farinelli', and was discussed at length for the U.S. by Hispanist
Richard L. Kagan
Richard Lauren Kagan (born 1943) is an American historian specializing in modern history. His focus of research is on the intellectual and legal history of the Spanish Empire under the Habsburgs.
Born in 1943, he holds an undergraduate degree fr ...
of
Johns Hopkins University
Johns Hopkins University (Johns Hopkins, Hopkins, or JHU) is a private research university in Baltimore, Maryland. Founded in 1876, Johns Hopkins is the oldest research university in the United States and in the western hemisphere. It consiste ...
. The work carried out by Hispanists includes translations of literature and they may specialize in certain genres, authors or historical periods of the
Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula (),
**
* Aragonese and Occitan: ''Peninsula Iberica''
**
**
* french: Péninsule Ibérique
* mwl, Península Eibérica
* eu, Iberiar penintsula also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in southwestern Europe, defi ...
,
Hispanic America, and the
Spanish Philippines.
Origins
During the 16th century, Spain was a motor of innovation in Europe, given its links to new lands, subjects, literary sorts and personages, dances, and fashions. This hegemonic status, also advanced by commercial and economic interests, generated interest in learning the Spanish language, as Spain was the dominant political power and was the first to develop an overseas empire in post-
Renaissance
The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass id ...
Europe. In order to respond to that interest, some Spanish writers developed a new focus on the Spanish language as subject matter. In 1492
Antonio de Nebrija published his ''Gramática castellana'', the first published grammar of a modern European language.
Juan de Valdés composed hi
''Diálogo de la lengua''(1533) for his Italian friends, who were eager to learn Castilian. And the lawyer
Cristóbal de Villalón Cristóbal de Villalón ( – ) was a Spanish professor and humanist. He was probably a native of Villalón de Campos. He obtained a bachelor of arts degree from the University of Alcalá in 1525 and a licentiate in logic from the University of Sal ...
wrote in hi
''Gramática castellana''(Antwerp, 1558) that Castilian was spoken by Flemish, Italian, English, and French persons.
For many years, especially between 1550 and 1670, European presses published a large number of Spanish grammars and dictionaries that linked Spanish to one or more other languages. Two of the oldest grammars were published anonymously in
Louvain''Útil y breve institución para aprender los Principios y fundamentos de la lengua Hespañola''(1555) an
''Gramática de la lengua vulgar de España''(1559).
Among the more outstanding foreign authors of Spanish grammars were the Italians
Giovanni Mario Alessandri
Giovanni Mario Alessandri was an Italian Hispanist and grammarian from the 16th century.
He spent a time at the Spanish royal court and he wrote the first Spanish grammar for Italians, ''Il Paragone della Lingua Toscana et Castigliana'' (Nápo ...
(1560) and
Giovanni Miranda
Giovanni Miranda was an Italian Hispanist and grammar
In linguistics, the grammar of a natural language is its set of structure, structural constraints on speakers' or writers' composition of clause (linguistics), clauses, phrases, and words ...
(1566);
the English
Richard Percivale (1591),
John Minsheu (1599) and
Lewis Owen (1605); the French
Jean Saulnier
Jean Saulnier was a 14th-century knight, lord of Toury-Lurcy, Thoury-sur-Abron, councilor and Chamberlain (office), chamberlain of the king of France, Steward (office), steward of Isabeau, duchess of Bourbonnais, and bailiff of Saint-Pierre-le-Moû ...
(1608) and
Jean Doujat
Jean Doujat (1609, in Toulouse – 27 October 1688, in Paris) was a French lawyer, '' juris consultus'', professor of canon law at the Collège royal, docteur-régent at the faculté de droit de Paris, preceptor of the Dauphin and historian. ...
(1644); the German
Heinrich Doergangk
Heinrich Doergangk ( Cologne, second half of the 16th century - before 1626) was a German Hispanist and grammarian.
An advocate of Roman Catholicism
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian ...
(1614);
and the Dutch
Carolus Mulerius
Carolus Mulerius (21 February 1601, Harlingen – 13 August 1638, Groningen) was a Dutch Hispanist and grammarian.
He was the son of Christina Maria Six (1566-1645) and Nicolaus Mulerius (1564-1630), who is most famous as an astronomer, but at ...
(1630).
Dictionaries were composed by the Italian
Girolamo Vittori
Girolamo Vittori was an Italian Hispanist and lexicographer from the 17th century.
He wrote a trilingual dictionary, ''Tesoro de las tres lenguas francesa, italiana y española'' (Geneva: Philippe Albert & Alexandre Pernet, 1609) which takes a ...
(1602), the Englishman
John Torius (1590) and the Frenchmen
Jacques Ledel (1565)
:es:Jean Palet, Jean Palet (1604) an
:es:François Huillery, François Huillery (1661). The lexicographical contribution of the German
Heinrich Hornkens
Henricus Hornkens, sometimes cited as Henri or Heinrich (died 1612) was a 16th-century priest and lexicographer.
Life
Hornkens served Philip II of Spain and Philip III of Spain as a court chaplain. In 1598 he accompanied the Infanta Isabella Clar ...
(1599) and of the Franco-Spanish author
Pere Lacavallería (1642) were also important to French Hispanism.
Others combined grammars and dictionaries. The works of the Englishman
Richard Percivale (1591), Frenchman
César Oudin (1597, 1607), Italians
Lorenzo Franciosini (1620, 1624) and
Arnaldo de la Porte (1659, 1669) and Austrian
Nicholas Mez von Braidenbach (1666, 1670) were especially relevant. Franciosini and Oudin also translated ''
Don Quixote
is a Spanish epic novel by Miguel de Cervantes. Originally published in two parts, in 1605 and 1615, its full title is ''The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha'' or, in Spanish, (changing in Part 2 to ). A founding work of Wester ...
''. This list is far from complete and the grammars and dictionaries in general had a great number of versions, adaptations, reprintings and even translations (Oudin's ''Grammaire et observations de langue espagnolle'', for example, was translated into Latin and English). This is why it is not possible to exaggerate the great impact that the Spanish language had in the Europe of the 16th and 17th centuries.
In the 19th century, coinciding with the loss of the Spanish colonial empire and the birth of new Latin American republics, Europe and the United States showed a renewed interest in Hispanic history, literature and culture of the declining great power and its now independent former colonies. Inside Spain, after the country lost definitely its empire in
the Spanish defeat in 1898, calls for cultural regeneration and a new conception of identity based in language and humanities began to emerge.
During
the Romantic period, the image of a Moorish and exotic medieval Spain, a picturesque country with a mixed cultural heritage, captured the imagination of many writers. This led many to become interested in Spanish literature, legends, and traditions. Travel books written at that time maintained and intensified that interest, and led to a more serious and scientific approach to the study of Spanish and Hispanic American culture. This field did not have a word coined to name it until the early 20th century, when it ended up being called Hispanism.
Hispanism has traditionally been defined as the study of the Spanish and Spanish-American cultures, and particularly of their language by foreigners or people generally not educated in Spain. The
Instituto Cervantes has promoted the study of Spanish and Hispanic culture around the world, similar to the way in which institutions such as the
British Council
The British Council is a British organisation specialising in international cultural and educational opportunities. It works in over 100 countries: promoting a wider knowledge of the United Kingdom and the English language (and the Welsh la ...
, the
Alliance Française
An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...
or the
Goethe Institute have done for their own countries.
Criticism
Hispanism as an organizing rubric has been criticized by scholars in Spain and in Latin America. The term "attempts to appropriate Latin-American topics and subordinate them to a Spanish centre,” observes Jeffrey Herlihy-Mera. “The nomenclatures have a radial implication which both initiates and sanctions the flawed concept that all cultural materials under this heading emanate from a singular source: the Peninsula.”
The rise of “Hispanism” as a term, notes Joan Ramon Resina, “in Spain as in Latin America, was accomplished for the purpose of political administration and obedience to Castilian rule through methods of domination that eventually led to independence and the birth (rather than fragmentation) of a constellation of republics.” He goes on to say that “it is incumbent on us to face up to the possibility that Hispanism no longer has a future in the university.” While Nicolas Shumway believes Hispanism “is an outmoded idea based on an essentialist, ideologically driven, and Spain-centric, notions,” Carlos Alonso maintains the field of Hispanism “must be rethought and exploded.”
In the Philippines
In the
Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
, the Hispnanists or Hispanista in
Tagalog
Tagalog may refer to:
Language
* Tagalog language, a language spoken in the Philippines
** Old Tagalog, an archaic form of the language
** Batangas Tagalog, a dialect of the language
* Tagalog script, the writing system historically used for Tagal ...
a term that becomes associated with
white washing (Euro-centrism),
Colonial mentality and
culture cringe for the past years surfacing to the social media with their bias in Philippine history regarding the colonist and
conquistadors as Heroes and "civilizers" while the Philippine Heroes like
Andres Bonifacio and
Lapulapu were the "villains"; a terrorist and a pirate.
Issues and reactions had stirred on the so-called "Hispanista" as the movement of Spanish restoration for being absurd and radicalized in their ideologies. addition for their claims in historical narratives that circulating on the social media platforms like
Facebook
Facebook is an online social media and social networking service owned by American company Meta Platforms. Founded in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg with fellow Harvard College students and roommates Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin ...
and
Reddit, as the so-called Hispanista radicals wanting to “replace” the current
Filipino as the country's official language, (with recurring themes of pretext as a former Spanish Empire colony). some having biased anti-Tagalog sentiments,
and others were having absurd claims regarding the cultural achievements in the Filipino culture was "must be credited" to the Spanish colonizers, resulting in a negative reputation and given a slang from the netizens as a "Puppet of Spain, "Spanish Colonizer Sympathizers, "Spanish Apologist", "Spanish Worshiper" and "Spanish Simp".
Arvyn Cerézo, the editor of the online magazine called ''La Jornada Filipina'' complained that the Hispanistas was being depicted in a negative light.
World influence
Hispanic America
In the late 19th century Uruguayan
José Enrique Rodó and Cuban
José Martí were writers stressing the value of Spanish language and cultural heritage as part of the construction of an identity for the new hispanic american independent nations.
Great Britain and Ireland
The first Spanish book translated into English was the ''
Celestina Celestina may refer to:
In arts and entertainment:
*''La Celestina'', a 15th-century Spanish novel
* ''Celestina'' (novel), an 18th-century English work by poet Charlotte Turner Smith
*''La Celestina'', Spanish title of ''The Wanton of Spain'', a 1 ...
'', as an adaptation in verse published in London between 1525 and 1530 by
John Rastell. It includes only the first four acts and is based on the Italian version of Alfonso de Ordóñez; it is often referred to as an ''Interlude'', and its original title is ''A New Comedy in English in Manner of an Interlude Right Elegant and Full of Craft of Rhetoric: Wherein is Shewed and Described as well the Beauty and Good Properties of Women, as Their Vices and Evil Conditions with a Moral Conclusion and Exhortation to Virtue.''. The Scottish poet
William Drummond (1585–1649) translated
Garcilaso de la Vega and
Juan Boscán. The English knew the masterpieces of Castilian literature, from early translations of ''
Amadís de Gaula'' by
Garci Rodriguez de Montalvo Garci () may refer to:
Given name
:''In chronological order''
* Garci López de Padilla, Spanish noble, Grand Master of the military Order of Calatrava from 1296 to 1322, commander of the Castilian forces at the Siege of Gibraltar in 1309
* Garc ...
and the ''
Cárcel de amor'' by
Diego de San Pedro. Sir
Philip Sidney had read ''
Los siete libros de la Diana'' by the Hispano-Portuguese
Jorge de Montemayor, whose poetry influenced him greatly. John Bourchier translated ''Libro de Marco Aurelio'' by
Antonio de Guevara.
David Rowland translated ''
Lazarillo de Tormes'' in 1586, which may have inspired the first English
picaresque novel, ''The Unfortunate Traveller'' (1594), by
Thomas Nashe. By the end of the 16th century, the ''Celestina'' had been translated fully (in London, J. Wolf, 1591;
Adam Islip
Adam; el, Ἀδάμ, Adám; la, Adam is the name given in Genesis 1-5 to the first human. Beyond its use as the name of the first man, ''adam'' is also used in the Bible as a pronoun, individually as "a human" and in a collective sense as ...
, 1596;
William Apsley
William is a masculine given name of Norman French origin.Hanks, Hardcastle and Hodges, ''Oxford Dictionary of First Names'', Oxford University Press, 2nd edition, , p. 276. It became very popular in the English language after the Norman conqu ...
, 1598; and others). Some of the translators of that time traveled or lived for some time in Spain, such as Lord Berners,
Bartholomew Yong
Batholomew Young or Yong (fl. 1577–1598), was the translator of Jorge de Montemayor, Montemayor's Spanish pastoral romance Diana (pastoral romance), ''Diana''.
The translation
Young was, according to a pedigree in the Harleian MS 1754, son of Gr ...
,
Thomas Shelton,
Leonard Digges and
James Mabbe.
William Cecil (Lord Burghley; 1520–1598) owned the largest Spanish library in the United Kingdom.
Elizabethan theater also felt the powerful influence of the
Spanish Golden Age
The Spanish Golden Age ( es, Siglo de Oro, links=no , "Golden Century") is a period of flourishing in arts and literature in Spain, coinciding with the political rise of the Spanish Empire under the Catholic Monarchs of Spain and the Spanish H ...
.
John Fletcher, a frequent collaborator of
Shakespeare, borrowed from
Miguel de Cervantes's ''
Don Quixote
is a Spanish epic novel by Miguel de Cervantes. Originally published in two parts, in 1605 and 1615, its full title is ''The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha'' or, in Spanish, (changing in Part 2 to ). A founding work of Wester ...
'' for his ''
Cardenio'', possibly written in collaboration with Shakespeare, who is thought to have read
Juan Luis Vives. Fletcher's frequent collaborator
Francis Beaumont also imitated
Don Quixote
is a Spanish epic novel by Miguel de Cervantes. Originally published in two parts, in 1605 and 1615, its full title is ''The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha'' or, in Spanish, (changing in Part 2 to ). A founding work of Wester ...
in the more well-known ''
The Knight of the Burning Pestle''. Fletcher also borrowed from other works by Cervantes, including ''Los trabajos de Persiles y Segismunda'' for his
''The Custom of the Country'' and ''La ilustre fregona'' for his beautiful young saleswoman. Cervantes also inspired
Thomas Middleton and
William Rowley, with his ''La gitanilla'' (one of the ''
Novelas ejemplares'') influencing their ''
The Spanish Gipsy
''The'' () is a grammatical article in English, denoting persons or things that are already or about to be mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in E ...
'' (1623).
The first translation of ''Don Quixote'' into a foreign language was the English version by
Thomas Shelton (first part, 1612; second, 1620). And ''Don Quixote'' was imitated in the satirical poem ''Hudibras'' (1663–78), composed by
Samuel Butler. In addition, the works of some great Golden Age poets were translated into English by
Richard Fanshawe, who died in Madrid. As early as 1738, a luxurious London edition of ''Don Quixote'' in Spanish was published, prepared by the
Sephardic
Sephardic (or Sephardi) Jews (, ; lad, Djudíos Sefardíes), also ''Sepharadim'' , Modern Hebrew: ''Sfaradim'', Tiberian: Səp̄āraddîm, also , ''Ye'hude Sepharad'', lit. "The Jews of Spain", es, Judíos sefardíes (or ), pt, Judeus sefar ...
Cervantist
Pedro Pineda, with an introduction by
Gregorio Mayans
Gregorio Mayans y Siscar (1699–1781) was a Spanish historian, linguist and writer of the Enlightenment in Spain.
Early life
Gregorio Mayans was born on 9 May 1699 in Oliva, Valencia, Spain. His father, Pasqual Maians, fought on the Austrian si ...
and ornate engravings. Also in the 18th century two new translations of ''Don Quixote'' were published, one by the painter
Charles Jervas (1742) and one by
Tobias Smollett, a writer of
picaresque novels (1755). Smollet appears as an avid reader of Spanish narrative, and that influence is always present in his works. Meanwhile, the best work of the 17th-century writer
Charlotte Lennox is ''
The Female Quixote'' (1752), which was inspired by Cervantes. Cervantes also was the inspiration for ''The Spiritual Quixote'', by
Richard Graves. Thwe first critical and annotated edition of ''Don Quixote'' was that of the English clergyman
John Bowle (1781). The novelists
Henry Fielding and
Lawrence Sterne also were familiar with the works of Cervantes.
Among the British travellers in Spain in the 18th century who left written testimony of their travels are (chronologically)
John Durant Breval,
Thomas James,
Wyndham Beawes Wyndham may refer to:
* Wyndham (name), a surname and given name
Places Australia
* City of Wyndham, an LGA in Victoria
*Shire of Wyndham-East Kimberley, a LGA in Western Australia
*Wyndham Important Bird Area, Western Australia
*Wyndham, New Sout ...
,
James Harris,
Richard Twiss
Richard Twiss (June 11, 1954 – February 9, 2013) was a Native American educator and author. He was a member of the Sicangu Lakota Oyate. He was the Co-Founder and President of Wiconi International ( lkt, Wee-choe'-nee, lit=life).
His vision ...
,
Francis Carter,
William Dalrymple,
Philip Thicknesse,
Henry Swinburne,
John Talbot Dillon,
Alexander Jardine,
Richard Croker
Richard Welstead Croker (November 24, 1843 – April 29, 1922), known as "Boss Croker," was an Irish American political boss who was a leader of New York City's Tammany Hall. His control over the city was cemented with the 1897 election of ...
,
Richard Cumberland,
Joseph Townsend
Joseph Townsend (4 April 1739 – 9 November 1816) was a British medical doctor, geologist and vicar of Pewsey in Wiltshire, perhaps best known for his 1786 treatise ''A Dissertation on the Poor Laws'' in which he expounded a naturalistic theor ...
,
Arthur Young,
William Beckford, John Macdonald
''Memoirs of an Eighteenth-Century Footman'',
Robert Southey an
Neville Wyndham
Other English travel writers who straddled the 18th and 19th centuries include
John Hookham Frere,
Henry Richard Vassall-Fox, better known as Lord Holland (1773–1840), a great friend of
Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos and
Manuel José Quintana, and benefactor of
José María Blanco White
Joseph Blanco White, born José María Blanco y Crespo (11 July 1775 – 20 May 1841), was an Anglo-Spanish political thinker, theologian, and poet.
Life
Blanco White was born in Seville, Spain. He had Irish ancestry and was the son of the mer ...
. Lord Holland visited Spain on numerous occasions and wrote his impressions about those trips. He also collected books and manuscripts and wrote a biography of
Lope de Vega. His home was open to all Spaniards, but especially to the liberal émigrés who arrived in the London district of
Somers Town in the 19th century, fleeing the absolutist repression of
King Ferdinand VII and the religious and ideological dogmatism of the country. Many of them subsisted by translating or teaching their language to English people, most of whom were interested in conducting business with Spanish America, although others wished to learn about Spanish medieval literature, much in vogue among the Romantics. One of the émigrés,
Antonio Alcalá Galiano, taught Spanish literature as a professor at the University of London in 1828 and published his notes. The publisher
Rudolph Ackerman established a great business publishing ''Catecismos'' (text books) on different matters in Spanish, many of them written by Spanish émigrés, for the new Spanish-American republics.
Matthew G. Lewis set some of his works in Spain. And the protagonist of
Jane Austen's ''Abbey of Northanger'' is deranged by her excessive reading of
Gothic novels, much as was Don Quixote with his books of
chivalry.
Sir
Walter Scott was an enthusiastic reader of Cervantes and tried his hand at translation. He dedicated his narrative poem ''The Vision of Roderick'' (1811) to Spain and its history.
Thomas Rodd translated some
Spanish folk ballads.
Lord Byron
George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron (22 January 1788 – 19 April 1824), known simply as Lord Byron, was an English romantic poet and Peerage of the United Kingdom, peer. He was one of the leading figures of the Romantic movement, and h ...
also was greatly interested in Spain and was a reader of ''Don Quixote''. He translated the ballad ''Ay de mi Alhama'' in part of his ''Childe Harold'' and ''Don Juan''.
Richard Trench translated
Pedro Calderón de la Barca and was friends with some of the emigrated Spaniards, some of whom wrote in both English and Spanish, such as
José María Blanco White
Joseph Blanco White, born José María Blanco y Crespo (11 July 1775 – 20 May 1841), was an Anglo-Spanish political thinker, theologian, and poet.
Life
Blanco White was born in Seville, Spain. He had Irish ancestry and was the son of the mer ...
and
Telesforo de Trueba y Cossío, and many of whom (including
Juan Calderón
Juan Calderón (born 5 October 1947) is a Mexican former field hockey player who competed in the 1968 Summer Olympics and in the 1972 Summer Olympics. He was born in Mexico City.
References
External links
*
1947 births
Living people
S ...
, who held a chair of Spanish at
King's College King's College or The King's College refers to two higher education institutions in the United Kingdom:
*King's College, Cambridge, a constituent of the University of Cambridge
*King's College London, a constituent of the University of London
It ca ...
), spread knowledge of the Spanish language and its literature.
John Hookham Frere was a friend of the
Duke of Rivas when the latter was in Malta, and Hookham translated some medieval and classical poetry into English. The brothers
Jeremiah Holmes Wiffen and
Benjamin B. Wiffen
Benjamin Barron Wiffen (1794–1867) was an English Quaker businessman, bibliophile and biographer of early Spanish Protestant reformers.
Early life
The second son of John Wiffen, ironmonger, and his wife Elizabeth (née Pattison), he was born ...
were both scholars of Spanish culture. The
"Lake Poet" Robert Southey, translated ''
Amadís de Gaula'' and ''
Palmerín de Inglaterra'' into English, among others works. English novelists were strongly influenced by Cervantes. Especially so was
Charles Dickens, who created a quixotic pair in Mr. Pickwick and
Sam Weller of ''Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club''.
John Ormsby translated the ''
Cantar de Mio Cid'' and ''
Don Quixote
is a Spanish epic novel by Miguel de Cervantes. Originally published in two parts, in 1605 and 1615, its full title is ''The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha'' or, in Spanish, (changing in Part 2 to ). A founding work of Wester ...
''.
Percy Bysshe Shelley left traces of his devotion to
Calderón de la Barca in his work. The polyglot
John Bowring traveled to Spain in 1819 and published the observations of his trip. Other accounts of travel in Spain include those of
Richard Ford, whose ''Handbook for Travellers in Spain'' (1845) was republished in many editions, and
George Borrow, author of the travelogue ''
The Bible in Spain
''The Bible in Spain'', published in London in 1843, is a travel book by the British writer George Borrow (1803–1881). It was a popular work when it appeared, running through several editions. Borrow tells of his travels through Spain while wor ...
'', which was translated into Castilian by
Manuel Azaña, the poet and translator
Edward Fitzgerald, and the literary historian
James Fitzmaurice-Kelly, who was mentor to a whole British generation of Spanish scholars such as
Edgar Allison Peers and
Alexander A. Parker. Other outstanding Hispanists include the following:
*
Francis William Pierce, Irish student of the epic poetry of the Golden Age;
*
John Brande Trend, a historian of Spanish music;
*
Edward Meryon Wilson, who translated the ''Soledades'' of
Luis de Góngora (1931);
*
Norman David Shergold, student of the Spanish
''auto sacramental'';
*
John E. Varey, who documented the evolution of the paratheatrical forms in the Golden Age;
as well as
Geoffrey Ribbans;
William James Entwistle
William James Entwistle, FBA (7 December 1895 – 13 June 1952) was a British scholar of Romance languages and literatures, with a focus on Spanish.
Born in China to British missionary parents, he was educated at a mission school and then Rob ...
;
Peter Edward Russell;
Nigel Glendinning;
Brian Dutton;
Gerald Brenan;
John H. Elliott
Sir John Huxtable Elliott (23 June 1930 – 10 March 2022) was a British historian and Hispanist who was Regius Professor Emeritus at the University of Oxford and honorary fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, and Trinity College, Cambridge. He ...
;
Raymond Carr;
Henry Kamen
Henry A. Kamen (born 4 October 1936 in Rangoon) is a British historian, who has published extensively on Europe, Spain, and the Spanish Empire.
Biography
Henry Arthur Kamen was born in Rangoon (then part of British Burma) in 1936, the son ...
;
John H. R. Polt;
Hugh Thomas;
Colin Smith;
Edward C. Riley;
Keith Whinnom;
Paul Preston;
Alan Deyermond
Alan Deyermond FBA (24 February 1932 – 19 September 2009) was a British professor of medieval Spanish literature and Hispanist. His obituary called him "the English-speaking world's leading scholar of medieval Hispanic literature". He spen ...
;
Ian Michael; and
Ian Gibson.
Th
Association of Hispanists of Great Britain and Ireland(AHGBI) was founded in 1955 by a group of university professors at
St. Andrews
St Andrews ( la, S. Andrea(s); sco, Saunt Aundraes; gd, Cill Rìmhinn) is a town on the east coast of Fife in Scotland, southeast of Dundee and northeast of Edinburgh. St Andrews had a recorded population of 16,800 , making it Fife's fourt ...
, and since then it has held congresses annually. The AHGBI played a decisive role in the creation of the
Asociación Internacional de Hispanistas (AIH), whose first congress was held at
Oxford
Oxford () is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is north-west of London, south-east of Birmingham and north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the Un ...
in 1962.
Germany, Austria and Switzerland
Aside from the imitation of the
picaresque novel by
Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen, Hispanism bloomed in Germany around the enthusiasm that German Romantics had for
Miguel de Cervantes,
Calderón de la Barca, and
Gracián.
Friedrich Diez (1794–1876) can be considered the first German philologist to give prominence to Spanish, in his ''Grammatik der romanischen Sprachen'' (1836–1843) and his ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch der romanischen Sprachen'' (1854). His first Spanish-related work, ''Altspanische Romanzen'', was published in 1819.
Important to the promotion of Hispanism in Germany was a group of Romantic writers that included
Ludwig Tieck
Johann Ludwig Tieck (; ; 31 May 177328 April 1853) was a German poet, fiction writer, translator, and critic. He was one of the founding fathers of the Romantic movement in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
Early life
Tieck was born in B ...
, an orientalist and poet who translated ''
Don Quixote
is a Spanish epic novel by Miguel de Cervantes. Originally published in two parts, in 1605 and 1615, its full title is ''The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha'' or, in Spanish, (changing in Part 2 to ). A founding work of Wester ...
'' into German (1799–1801);
Friedrich Bouterwek, author of the unorthodox ''Geschichte der Poesie und Beredsamkeit seit dem Ende des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts'' and translator of the Cervantes short farce '; and
August Wilhelm Schlegel (1767–1845), who translated works of
Calderón de la Barca (''Spanisches Theater'', 1803–1809) and Spanish classical poetry into German. The philologist and folklorist
Jakob Grimm published ''Silva de romances viejos'' (Vienna, 1816) with a prologue in Spanish.
Juan Nicolás Böhl de Faber, German consul in Spain, was a devoted student of
Calderón de la Barca, of Spanish classical theater generally, and of traditional popular literature. The philologist
Wilhelm von Humboldt traveled through Spain taking notes and was interested especially in the Basque language, and the philosopher
Arthur Schopenhauer
Arthur Schopenhauer ( , ; 22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher. He is best known for his 1818 work '' The World as Will and Representation'' (expanded in 1844), which characterizes the phenomenal world as the pr ...
was an avid reader and translator of
Gracián. Count
Adolf Friedrich von Schack (1815–1894) made a trip to Spain in 1852 to study the remnants of the Moorish civilization and became a devoted scholar of things Spanish.
Hispanists of German, Austrian, and Swiss origins include
Franz Grillparzer,
Wendelin Förster
Wendelin Förster (often written as Foerster; 10 February 1844 – 18 May 1915) was an Austrian philologist and Romance scholar.
Biography
Förster was born in Wildschütz in Silesia (present day Vlčice, Czech Republic) and educated in Vie ...
,
Karl Vollmöller,
Adolf Tobler
Adolf Tobler (24 May 1835 – 18 March 1910) was a Swiss-German linguist and philologist. Born in Hirzel in Zürich, Switzerland, he was the brother of linguist Ludwig Tobler (1827–1895). Adolf Tobler died in Berlin, Germany.
He studied R ...
,
Heinrich Morf
Heinrich Morf (23 October 1854, in Münchenbuchsee – 23 January 1921, in Thun) was a Swiss linguist and literary historian.
He studied Indo-Germanic and classical philology at the University of Zürich (1873–75) and Romance philology ...
,
Gustav Gröber
Gustav Gröber (4 May 1844 in Leipzig – 6 November 1911 in Ruprechtsau near Strasbourg) was a German Romance philologist.
He received his education at Leipzig, taught at Zurich (1871–74), and later became professor at Breslau and t ...
,
Gottfried Baist, and
Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke. Among them are two emigrants to Chile,
Rodolfo Lenz
Rodolfo is a given name. Notable people with the name include:
*Rodolfo (footballer, born 1992), Brazilian footballer Rodolfo José da Silva Bardella
* Rodolfo Albano III, Filipino politician
* Rodolfo Vera Quizon Sr. (1928-2012), Filipino actor ...
(1863–1938), whose works include hi
''Diccionario etimolójico de las voces chilenas derivadas de lenguas indíjenas americanas''(1904) and ''Chilenische Studien'' (1891), as well as other works on grammar and the Spanish of the Americas; and
Friedrich Hanssen (1857–1919), author of ''Spanische Grammatik auf historischer Grundlage'' (1910; revised ed. in Spanish, ''Gramática histórica de la lengua castellana'', 1913), as well as other works on
Old Spanish philology,
Aragonese dialectology, and the Spanish of the Americas. The ''Handbuch der romanischen Philologie'' (1896) by
Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke was a classic in Spain, as were his ''Grammatik der romanischen Sprachen'' (1890–1902), ''Einführung in das Studium der romanischen Sprachwissenschaft'' (1901) (translated into Spanish), and ''Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch'' (1935).
Johannes Fastenrath
Johannes Fastenrath (3 May 1839 – 16 March 1908) was a German writer, translator and Hispanist.
Biography
He was born at Remscheid, and studied at the universities of Bonn, Heidelberg, Munich, Berlin, and Paris.
He travelled extensively in Spa ...
, through his translations and other works, spread the Spanish culture among his contemporaries; in
addition, he created the
prize that bears his name in the
Spanish Royal Academy, to reward the best works in Spanish poetry, fiction, and essays. The Austrian Romance scholar
Ferdinand Wolf
Ferdinand Wolf (8 December 1796, Vienna – 18 February 1866, Vienna) was a scholar of Romance studies from Austria. He was an author of literary studies as well as a publisher of periodicals, including the ''Jahrbuch für Romanische und Eng ...
, a friend of
Agustín Durán
Agustín Durán (14 October 17891 December 1862), Spanish scholar, was born in Madrid, where his father was the court physician.
Durán was sent to the seminary at Vergara, whence he returned learned in the traditions of Spanish romance. In 18 ...
, was particularly interested in the
romancero, in the lyric poetry of the medieval Spanish
''cancioneros'', and in other medieval folk poetry; he also studied Spanish authors who had resided in Vienna, such as
Cristóbal de Castillejo
Cristóbal de Castillejo (1491 – June 12, 1556) was a Spanish poet, a contemporary of Garcilaso de la Vega and Juan Boscán, who championed the use of traditional forms of Spanish poetry and criticized the use of Italianate forms such ...
. The Swiss scholar
Heinrich Morf
Heinrich Morf (23 October 1854, in Münchenbuchsee – 23 January 1921, in Thun) was a Swiss linguist and literary historian.
He studied Indo-Germanic and classical philology at the University of Zürich (1873–75) and Romance philology ...
edited the medieval
''Poema de José'' (Leipzig, 1883). The works of
Karl Vossler
Karl Vossler (6 September 1872, in Hohenheim – 19 September 1949, in Munich) was a German linguist and scholar, and a leading Romanist. Vossler was known for his interest in Italian thought, and as a follower of Benedetto Croce. He declared hi ...
and
Ludwig Pfandl
Ludwig Pfandl (22 September 1881, in Rosenheim – 27 June 1942, in Kaufbeuren) was a German biographer, Hispanist and Romance studies scholar.
He was a disciple of Karl Vossler and Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo.
Selected works
* ''Beiträge z ...
on linguistic idealism and literary stylistics were widely read in Spain.
Calderón studies in Germany were advanced by the editions of
Max Krenkel. Other important authors were
Emil Gessner
Emil or Emile may refer to:
Literature
*''Emile, or On Education'' (1762), a treatise on education by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
* ''Émile'' (novel) (1827), an autobiographical novel based on Émile de Girardin's early life
*''Emil and the Detective ...
, who wrot
''Das Altleonesische''(Old Leonese) (Berlin 1867);
Gottfried Baist, who produced an edition of
Don Juan Manuel'
''Libro de la caza''(1880), as well as the outline of a historical grammar of Spanish, ''Die spanische Sprache'', in the encyclopedia of Romance philology published by
Gustav Gröber
Gustav Gröber (4 May 1844 in Leipzig – 6 November 1911 in Ruprechtsau near Strasbourg) was a German Romance philologist.
He received his education at Leipzig, taught at Zurich (1871–74), and later became professor at Breslau and t ...
in 1888;
Hugo Schuchardt, known for his study of Spanish
flamenco music
''Die cantes flamencos'' and
Armin Gassner
Armin (Armyn) is a given name or surname, and is:
* An ancient Indo-European name:
** a German/Dutch given name,
*** a modern form of the name Arminius (18/17 BC–AD 21), a German prince who defeated a Roman army in the Battle of the Teutoburg F ...
, who wrot
''Das altspanische Verbum''(the Old Spanish verb) (1897), as well as a work on Spanish syntax (1890) and several articles on Spanish pronouns between 1893 and 1895. And wrot
''Zur Kritik der altgermanischen Elemente im Spanischen''(Bonn 1887), the first work on the influences of the Germanic languages on Spanish.
Authors who made more specialized contributions to Hispanic philology include the following:
Werner Beinhauercolloquial Spanish phraseology, idioms);
*
Joseph Brüch
Joseph is a common male given name, derived from the Hebrew Yosef (יוֹסֵף). "Joseph" is used, along with "Josef", mostly in English, French and partially German languages. This spelling is also found as a variant in the languages of the m ...
Germanic influences historical phonetics);
*
Emil Gamillscheg
Emil or Emile may refer to:
Literature
*''Emile, or On Education'' (1762), a treatise on education by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
* ''Émile'' (novel) (1827), an autobiographical novel based on Émile de Girardin's early life
*''Emil and the Detective ...
(Germanic influences on the languages of the Iberian Peninsula, toponymy, Basques, and Romans);
*
Wilhelm Giese
Wilhelm may refer to:
People and fictional characters
* William Charles John Pitcher, costume designer known professionally as "Wilhelm"
* Wilhelm (name), a list of people and fictional characters with the given name or surname
Other uses
* Mount ...
(etymology
dialectology and popular culture Guanchebr>
loanwordsin Spanish, the pre-Roman substrate, Judeo-Spanish);
*
Rudolf Grossmann
Rudolf Grossmann (1882–1942), known by his pseudonym Pierre Ramus, was an Austrian anarchist and pacifist.
Early life
Ramus was born into a Jewish family, the son of Sofie Polnauer from Moravia and Samuel Grossmann, a merchant from Hungary. ...
(
loanwords in the
Spanish of the River Plate region, Spanish and Spanish-American literature, Latin American culture);
*
Helmut Hatzfeld Helmut is a German name. Variants include Hellmut, Helmuth, and Hellmuth.
From old German, the first element deriving from either ''heil'' ("healthy") or ''hiltja'' ("battle"), and the second from ''muot'' ("spirit, mind, mood").
Helmut may ref ...
(
stylistics
Stylistics, a branch of applied linguistics, is the study and interpretation of texts of all types and/or spoken language in regard to their linguistic and tonal style, where style is the particular variety of language used by different individu ...
, language of
Don Quixote
is a Spanish epic novel by Miguel de Cervantes. Originally published in two parts, in 1605 and 1615, its full title is ''The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha'' or, in Spanish, (changing in Part 2 to ). A founding work of Wester ...
);
* (linguistic situation of the Iberian Peninsula, typology of Spanish);
*
Aragonese dialectology formation of the Romance languages);
*
Fritz Krügerdialectology ethnography);
* (historical linguistics, etymology, formation of the Romance languages, dialectology, linguistic typology);
Joseph M. Piel(toponymy and anthroponymy of the Ibero-Romance languages);
*
Gerhard Rohlfs (historical linguistics, etymology, toponymy
dialectologylanguage and culture;
*
Hugo Schuchardt (Spanish etymologies, pre-Roman languages, dialectology,
creole language
A creole language, or simply creole, is a stable natural language that develops from the simplifying and mixing of different languages into a new one within a fairly brief period of time: often, a pidgin evolved into a full-fledged language. Wh ...
s, Basque studies);
Friedrich Schürr(historical phonetics, lexicology);
*
Leo Spitzer (etymology, syntax
stylistics and lexicology of Spanish);
*
Günther Haensch an
Arnald Steiger(Arabic influences on Spanish,
Mozarabic language);
*
Karl Vossler
Karl Vossler (6 September 1872, in Hohenheim – 19 September 1949, in Munich) was a German linguist and scholar, and a leading Romanist. Vossler was known for his interest in Italian thought, and as a follower of Benedetto Croce. He declared hi ...
(stylistics, characterization of the Spanish language, studies of Spanish literature and culture);
* (author of
biographyof
Juan Donoso Cortés and an
Unamuno
Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo (29 September 1864 – 31 December 1936) was a Spanish essayist, novelist, poet, playwright, philosopher, professor of Greek and Classics, and later rector at the University of Salamanca.
His major philosophical e ...
scholar);
*
Max Leopold Wagner
Max Leopold Wagner (17 September 1880, Munich – 9July 1962, Washington, D.C.) was a German philologist and ethnologist, particularly known for his studies on the Sardinian language. He also carried out pioneering research on the Spanish lang ...
(Spanish of the Americas, studies on Gypsy dialect and slang, dialectology);
* (author o
''Altspanisches Elementarbuch''(manual of Old Spanish, 1907).
Fritz Krüger created the famous
Hamburg School (not to be confused with the
pop music genre of the 1980s, of the same name), which applied the principles of the ''
Wörter und Sachen
Wörter und Sachen (German for ''words and things'') was a philological movement of the early 20th century that was based largely in Germany and Austria.
Its proponents believed that the etymology of words should be studied in close association o ...
'' movement, founded earlier by Swiss and German philologists such as
Hugo Schuchardt, Ruduolf Meringer, and
Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke, aptly combining dialectology and ethnography. Between 1926 and 1944 Krüger directed the journal ''Volkstum und Kultur der Romane'' and its supplements (1930–1945). It totaled 37 volumes, in which many of his students published their works. Krüger wrote mainly on Hispanic dialectology, especially on that of western Spain (Extremadura and Leon) and the Pyrenees, and he traveled on foot to gather the materials for his monumental wor
''Die Hochpyrenäen'' in which he meticulously described the landscape, flora, fauna, material culture, popular traditions and dialects of the Central Pyrenees. The versatile Romance scholar
Gerhard Rohlfs investigated the languages and the dialects of both sides of the Pyrenees and their elements in common, as well as pre-Roman substrate languages of the Iberian Peninsula and
Guanche loanwords.
The works of
Karl Vossler
Karl Vossler (6 September 1872, in Hohenheim – 19 September 1949, in Munich) was a German linguist and scholar, and a leading Romanist. Vossler was known for his interest in Italian thought, and as a follower of Benedetto Croce. He declared hi ...
, founder of the linguistic school of
idealism
In philosophy, the term idealism identifies and describes metaphysics, metaphysical perspectives which assert that reality is indistinguishable and inseparable from perception and understanding; that reality is a mental construct closely con ...
, include interpretations of Spanish literature and reflections on the Spanish culture. Vossler, along with
Helmut Hatzfeld Helmut is a German name. Variants include Hellmut, Helmuth, and Hellmuth.
From old German, the first element deriving from either ''heil'' ("healthy") or ''hiltja'' ("battle"), and the second from ''muot'' ("spirit, mind, mood").
Helmut may ref ...
and
Leo Spitzer, began a new school of stylistics based on aesthetics, which focused on the means of expression of various authors.
The early twentieth century marked the founding of two German institutions dedicated to Hispanic Studies (including Catalan, Galician and the Portuguese), in Hamburg and Berlin respectively. The University of Hamburg's Iberoamerikanisches Forschungsinstitut (Ibero-American Research Institute) was, from its founding in 1919 until the 1960s, almost the only German university institution dedicated to Spanish and other languages of the Iberian Peninsula. The Institute published the journal ''Volkstum und Kultur der Romanen'' (1926–1944), devoted specifically to works on dialectology and popular culture, following, in general, patterns of the ''
Wörter und Sachen
Wörter und Sachen (German for ''words and things'') was a philological movement of the early 20th century that was based largely in Germany and Austria.
Its proponents believed that the etymology of words should be studied in close association o ...
'' school. Meanwhile, Berlin'
Ibero-Amerikanisches Institutwas founded in 1930. Today, the Berlin institute houses Europe's largest library dedicated to studies of Spain, Portugal, and Latin America, and to the languages of these countries (including Catalan, Galician, Portuguese, Basque, and the indigenous languages of the Americas). The Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut in Berlin is engaged in research in the fields of literature, linguistics, ethnology, history, and art history.
Under the
Nazi regime (1933–1945), German philology went through a difficult time. Some Romanists, through their work, praised and propagated the Nazi ideology. Meanwhile, others lost their professorships or underwent anti-Jewish persecution (such as
Yakov Malkiel and
Leo Spitzer, both of whom emigrated), by falling into disfavor with the regime or actively opposing it (for example
Helmut Hatzfeld Helmut is a German name. Variants include Hellmut, Helmuth, and Hellmuth.
From old German, the first element deriving from either ''heil'' ("healthy") or ''hiltja'' ("battle"), and the second from ''muot'' ("spirit, mind, mood").
Helmut may ref ...
, who fled from Germany, and Werner Krauss (not to be confused with the
actor
An actor or actress is a person who portrays a character in a performance. The actor performs "in the flesh" in the traditional medium of the theatre or in modern media such as film, radio, and television. The analogous Greek term is (), l ...
of the same name), who lost his academic position in 1935).
Laboriously reconstructed after World War II, the Hispanic philology of the German-speaking countries contributed the works of
Carolina Michaëlis de Vasconcellos and
Ernst Robert Curtius. Also:
*
Rudolph Grossmann produced a Spanish-German dictionary and an anthology of Spanish lyric poetry.
*
Hans Juretschke contributed studies o
Spanish Romanticismand o
German culture in Spain
*
Werner Beinhauer wrote several books on colloquial Spanish.
* Torsten Rox studied
Mariano José de Larra
Mariano José de Larra y Sánchez de Castro (24 March 1809 – 13 February 1837) was a Spanish romantic writer and journalist best known for his numerous essays and his infamous suicide. His works were often satirical and critical of the 19th-c ...
and the Spanish nineteenth-century media.
*
Hans Magnus Enzensberger published a new translation of
Federico García Lorca
Federico del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús García Lorca (5 June 1898 – 19 August 1936), known as Federico García Lorca ( ), was a Spanish poet, playwright, and theatre director. García Lorca achieved international recognition as an emblemat ...
.
Th
Deutscher Hispanistenverband(
German Association of Hispanists) was established in 1977 and since then has held a congress biennially. Currently in Germany, Spanish often surpasses French in number of students. About forty university departments of Romance philology exist in Germany, and there are more than ten thousand students of Spanish.
Today in Germany there are publishers specialized in Hispanic Studies, such a
Edition Reichenberger in
Kassel, which is devoted to the Golden Age, and Klaus Dieter Vervuert'
Iberoamericana Vervuert Verlag which has branches in Frankfurt and Madrid and facilitates collaboration among Hispanists.
In Austria,
Franz Grillparzer was the first scholar of Spanish and a reader of the theater of the Golden Age. Anton Rothbauer also distinguished himself, as a translator of modern lyric poetry and scholar of the
Black Legend.
Rudolf Palgen and Alfred Wolfgang Wurzbach (for example wit
his studyof
Lope de Vega) also contributed to Hispanism in Austria.
France and Belgium
Hispanism in France dates back to the powerful influence of
Spanish Golden Age
The Spanish Golden Age ( es, Siglo de Oro, links=no , "Golden Century") is a period of flourishing in arts and literature in Spain, coinciding with the political rise of the Spanish Empire under the Catholic Monarchs of Spain and the Spanish H ...
literature on authors such as
Pierre Corneille and
Paul Scarron. Spanish influence was also brought to France by Spanish Protestants who fled the
Inquisition, many of whom took up teaching of the Spanish language. These included
Juan de Luna, author of a sequel to ''
Lazarillo de Tormes''. N. Charpentier'
''Parfaicte méthode pour entendre, écrire et parler la langue espagnole''(Paris: Lucas Breyel, 1597) was supplemented by the grammar of
César Oudin (also from 1597) that served as a model to those that were later written in French.
Michel de Montaigne read the chroniclers of the
Spanish Conquest and had as one of his models
Antonio de Guevara.
Molière,
Alain-René Lesage
Alain-René Lesage (; 6 May 166817 November 1747; older spelling Le Sage) was a French novelist and playwright. Lesage is best known for his comic novel '' The Devil upon Two Sticks'' (1707, ''Le Diable boiteux''), his comedy ''Turcaret'' (1709 ...
, and
Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian borrowed plots and characters from Spanish literature.
French travelers to Spain in the 19th century who left written and artistic testimony include painters such as
Eugène Delacroix
Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix ( , ; 26 April 1798 – 13 August 1863) was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of the French Romantic school.Noon, Patrick, et al., ''Crossing the Channel: British ...
and
Henri Regnault; well-known authors such as
Alexandre Dumas,
Théophile Gautier,
George Sand,
Stendhal
Marie-Henri Beyle (; 23 January 1783 – 23 March 1842), better known by his pen name Stendhal (, ; ), was a 19th-century French writer. Best known for the novels ''Le Rouge et le Noir'' (''The Red and the Black'', 1830) and ''La Chartreuse de P ...
,
Hippolyte Taine and
Prosper Mérimée; and other writers, including
Jean-François de Bourgoing,
Jean Charles Davillier
Jean Charles Davillier (17 March 1823 – 1 March 1883) was a French writer and art collector.
Grandson of the banker Jean Charles Joachim Davillier, his inheritance was donated to the Louvre, Bibliothèque nationale de France and the Manufactu ...
,
Louis Viardot,
Isidore Justin Séverin,
Charles Didier,
Alexandre de Laborde,
Antoine de Latour,
Joseph Bonaventure Laurens
Joseph is a common male given name, derived from the Hebrew Yosef (יוֹסֵף). "Joseph" is used, along with "Josef", mostly in English, French and partially German languages. This spelling is also found as a variant in the languages of the mo ...
,
Édouard Magnien Marie Édouard Magnien ( Montfort-l'Amaury, 4 July 1795 – Versailles, after 1864) was a 19th-century French homme de lettres.
Biography
The son of a lawyer in Parliament, Stéphane Mallarmé's great-great-cousin, a tutor in the Sarthe depart ...
,
Pierre Louis de Crusy
Pierre is a masculine given name. It is a French form of the name Peter. Pierre originally meant "rock" or "stone" in French (derived from the Greek word πέτρος (''petros'') meaning "stone, rock", via Latin "petra"). It is a translation ...
and
Antoine Frédéric Ozanam.
Victor Hugo
Victor-Marie Hugo (; 26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French Romantic writer and politician. During a literary career that spanned more than sixty years, he wrote in a variety of genres and forms. He is considered to be one of the great ...
was in Spain accompanying his father in 1811 and 1813. He was proud to call himself a "
grandee of Spain", and he knew the language well. In his works there are numerous allusions to
El Cid and the works of
Miguel de Cervantes.
Prosper Mérimée, even before his repeated trips to Spain, had shaped his intuitive vision of the country in hi
''Théatre de Clara Gazul''(1825) and in ''La Famille de Carvajal'' (1828). Mérimée made many trips between 1830 and 1846, making numerous friends, among them the
Duke of Rivas and
Antonio Alcalá Galiano. He wrote ''Lettres addressées d'Espagne au directeur de la Revue de Paris'', which are
''costumbrista'' sketches that feature the description of a bullfight. Mérimée's short novels ' (1834) and ''Carmen'' (1845) are classic works on Spain.
Honoré de Balzac
Honoré de Balzac ( , more commonly , ; born Honoré Balzac;Jean-Louis Dega, La vie prodigieuse de Bernard-François Balssa, père d'Honoré de Balzac : Aux sources historiques de La Comédie humaine, Rodez, Subervie, 1998, 665 p. 20 May 179 ...
was a friend of
Francisco Martínez de la Rosa and dedicated his novel ''El Verdugo'' (1829) to him. (And Martínez de la Rosa's play ''Abén Humeya'' was produced in Paris in 1831.)
The Spanish ''
romancero'' is represented in the Frenc
''Bibliothèque universelle des romans'' which was published in 1774.
Auguste Creuzé de Lesser published
folk ballads about
El Cid in 1814, comparing them (as
Johann Gottfried Herder had done before him) with the Greek epic tradition, and these were reprinted in 1823 and 1836, providing much raw material to the French Romantic movement. The journalist and publisher
Abel Hugo, brother of
Victor Hugo
Victor-Marie Hugo (; 26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French Romantic writer and politician. During a literary career that spanned more than sixty years, he wrote in a variety of genres and forms. He is considered to be one of the great ...
, emphasized the literary value of the
romancero, translating and publishing a collection of ''romances'' and a history of King Rodrigo in 1821, and ''Romances historiques traduits de l'espagnol'' in 1822. He also composed a stage review, ''Les français en Espagne'' (1823), inspired by the time he spent with his brother at the Seminario de Nobles in Madrid during the reign of
Joseph Bonaparte
it, Giuseppe-Napoleone Buonaparte es, José Napoleón Bonaparte
, house = Bonaparte
, father = Carlo Buonaparte
, mother = Letizia Ramolino
, birth_date = 7 January 1768
, birth_place = Corte, Corsica, Republic ...
.
Madame de Stäel contributed to the knowledge of Spanish Literature in France (as she did also for German literature), which helped introduce Romanticism to the country. To this end she translated volume IV of
Friedrich Bouterwek's ''Geschichte der Poesie und Beredsamkeit seit dem Ende des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts'' in 1812 and gave it the title of ''Histoire de la littérature espagnole''.
Spanish literature was also promoted to readers of French by the Swiss author
Simonde de Sismondi with his study ''De la littérature du midi de l'Europe'' (1813).
Also important for French access to Spanish poetry was the two-volum
''Espagne poétique''(1826–27), an anthology of post-15th-century Castilian poetry translated by
Juan María Maury
Juan María Maury (1772–1845) was a Spanish writer.
Spanish male writers
1772 births
1845 deaths
{{spain-writer-stub
19th-century Spanish writers
19th-century Spanish poets
Spanish-language poets ...
. In Paris, the publishing house Baudry published many works by Spanish Romantics and even maintained a collection of "best" Spanish authors, edited by
Eugenio de Ochoa.
Images of Spain were offered by the travel books of
Madame d'Aulnoy and
Saint-Simon, as well as the poet
Théophile Gautier, who travelled in Spain in 1840 and publishe
''Voyage en Espagne''(1845) and ''Espagne'' (1845). These works are so full of color and the sense of the picturesque that they even served as inspirations to Spanish writers themselves (poets such as
José Zorrilla and narrators such as those of the
Generation of '98), as well as to
Alexandre Dumas, who attended the production of Zorrilla's ''
Don Juan Tenorio
''Don Juan Tenorio: Drama religioso-fantástico en dos partes'' (Don Juan Tenorio: Religious-Fantasy Drama in Two Parts) is a play written in 1844 by José Zorrilla. It is the more romantic of the two principal Spanish-language literary interpr ...
'' in Madrid. Dumas wrote his somewhat negative views of his experience in hi
''Impressions de voyage''(1847–1848). In his play ''Don Juan de Marana'', Dumas revived the legend of
Don Juan
Don Juan (), also known as Don Giovanni ( Italian), is a legendary, fictional Spanish libertine who devotes his life to seducing women. Famous versions of the story include a 17th-century play, ''El burlador de Sevilla y convidado de piedra'' ...
, changing the ending after having seen Zorrilla's version in the edition of 1864.
François-René de Chateaubriand traveled through Iberia in 1807 on his return trip from Jerusalem, and later took part in the
French intervention in Spain in 1823, which he describes in hi
''Mémoires d'Outre-tombe''(1849–1850). It may have been at that time that he began to write ''Les aventures du dernier Abencerraje'' (1826), which exalted Hispano-Arabic chivalry. Another work that was widely read was th
''Lettres d'un espagnol''(1826), by
Louis Viardot, who visited Spain in 1823.
Stendhal
Marie-Henri Beyle (; 23 January 1783 – 23 March 1842), better known by his pen name Stendhal (, ; ), was a 19th-century French writer. Best known for the novels ''Le Rouge et le Noir'' (''The Red and the Black'', 1830) and ''La Chartreuse de P ...
included a chapter "De l'Espagne" in his essay ''De l'amour'' (1822). Later (1834) he visited the country.
George Sand spent the winter of 1837–1838 with
Chopin in
Majorca, installed in the
Valldemossa Charterhouse
The Valldemossa Charterhouse (Catalan: ''Cartoixa de Valldemossa'', Spanish: ''Cartuja de Valldemosa'', translatable as Carthusian Monastery of Valldemossa) is a palace in Valldemossa, Mallorca that was residence of the king Sancho of Majorca for ...
. Their impressions are captured in Sand'
''Un hiver au midi de l'Europe''(1842) and in Chopin's ''Memoirs''.
Spanish classical painting exerted a strong influence on
Manet, and more recently, painters such as
Picasso and
Dalí have influenced modern painting generally.
Spanish music has influenced composers such as
Georges Bizet
Georges Bizet (; 25 October 18383 June 1875) was a French composer of the Romantic era. Best known for his operas in a career cut short by his early death, Bizet achieved few successes before his final work, '' Carmen'', which has become ...
,
Emmanuel Chabrier,
Édouard Lalo,
Maurice Ravel, and
Claude Debussy.
At present the most important centers for Hispanism in France are at the Universities of
Bordeaux
Bordeaux ( , ; Gascon oc, Bordèu ; eu, Bordele; it, Bordò; es, Burdeos) is a port city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, Southwestern France. It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture ...
and
Toulouse, and in Paris, with the Institut des Études Hispaniques, founded in 1912. Journals include ''Bulletin Hispanique''.
Prominent Hispanists in Belgium include
Pierre Groult and
Lucien-Paul Thomas. Groult studie
Castilian mysticismin relation to its Flemish counterpart
''A Comprehensive Spanish Grammar''(1995)—an English translation of the original Dutc
''Spaanse Spraakkunst''(1979)—was written by Jacques de Bruyne, a professor at
Ghent University.
United States and Canada
Hispanism in the United States has a long tradition and is highly developed. To a certain extent this is a result of the United States's own history, which is tied closely to the Spanish empire and its former colonies, especially
Mexico
Mexico ( Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guate ...
,
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico (; abbreviated PR; tnq, Boriken, ''Borinquen''), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( es, link=yes, Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, lit=Free Associated State of Puerto Rico), is a Caribbean island and Unincorporated ...
, the
Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
, and
Cuba
Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es, República de Cuba, links=no ), is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbea ...
. Historically, many Americans have romanticized the Spanish legacy and given a privileged position to the Castilian language and culture, while simultaneously downplaying or rejecting the Latin American and Caribbean dialects and cultures of the Spanish-speaking areas of U.S. influence. There are now more than thirty-five million Spanish-speakers in the United States, making Spanish the second most spoken language in the country and Latinos the largest national minority. Spanish is used actively in some of the most populous states, including
California
California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the ...
,
Florida
Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, a ...
,
New Mexico
)
, population_demonym = New Mexican ( es, Neomexicano, Neomejicano, Nuevo Mexicano)
, seat = Santa Fe, New Mexico, Santa Fe
, LargestCity = Albuquerque, New Mexico, Albuquerque
, LargestMetro = Albuquerque metropolitan area, Tiguex
, Offi ...
, and
Texas
Texas (, ; Spanish language, Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2 ...
, and in large cities such as
New York,
Los Angeles
Los Angeles ( ; es, Los Ángeles, link=no , ), often referred to by its initials L.A., is the largest city in the state of California and the second most populous city in the United States after New York City, as well as one of the wor ...
,
Miami
Miami ( ), officially the City of Miami, known as "the 305", "The Magic City", and "Gateway to the Americas", is a coastal metropolis and the county seat of Miami-Dade County in South Florida, United States. With a population of 442,241 at th ...
,
San Antonio
("Cradle of Freedom")
, image_map =
, mapsize = 220px
, map_caption = Interactive map of San Antonio
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdivision_name = United States
, subdivision_type1= State
, subdivision_name1 = Texas
, subdivision_t ...
and
San Francisco
San Francisco (; Spanish language, Spanish for "Francis of Assisi, Saint Francis"), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the commercial, financial, and cultural center of Northern California. The city proper is the List of Ca ...
. The
American Association of Teachers of Spanish was founded in 1917 and holds a biennial congress outside the United States; ''Hispania'' is the association's official publication. (Since 1944, it is the
American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese
The American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese is a language-specific professional association in the United States that was founded on December 29, 1917, in New York City as the American Association of Teachers of Spanish.
The na ...
.) The
North American Academy of the Spanish Language brings together Spanish speakers in North America.
The first academic professorships of Spanish at United States universities were established at
Harvard (1819),
Virginia
Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States, between the East Coast of the United States, Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The geography an ...
(1825), and
Yale (1826). The U.S. consul in
Valencia
Valencia ( va, València) is the capital of the autonomous community of Valencia and the third-most populated municipality in Spain, with 791,413 inhabitants. It is also the capital of the province of the same name. The wider urban area al ...
,
Obadiah Rich
Obadiah Rich (November 25, 1777 – January 20, 1850) was an American diplomat, bibliophile and bibliographer specializing in the history of Latin America. He was credited with making the field of Americana a recognized field of scholarship by th ...
, imported numerous books and valuable manuscripts that became the Obadiah Rich Collection at the
New York Public Library, and numerous magazines, especially the ''North American Review'', published translations. Many travelers published their impressions on Spain, such as
Alexander Slidell Mackenzie ''A Year in Spain'' 836an
''Spain Revisited'' 836. These were read by
Washington Irving,
Edgar Allan Poe
Edgar Allan Poe (; Edgar Poe; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American writer, poet, editor, and literary critic. Poe is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre. He is wide ...
, and other travelers like the Sephardic journalist
Mordecai M. Noah
Mordecai Manuel Noah (July 14, 1785, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – May 22, 1851, New York) was an American sheriff, playwright, diplomat, journalist, and utopian. He was born in a family of Portuguese Sephardic ancestry. He was the most import ...
and the diplomat
Caleb Cushing and his wife. Poe studied Spanish at the University of Virginia and some of his stories have Spanish settings. He also wrote scholarly articles on
Spanish literature.
The beginnings of Hispanism itself are found in the works of
Washington Irving, who met
Leandro Fernández de Moratín in
Bordeaux
Bordeaux ( , ; Gascon oc, Bordèu ; eu, Bordele; it, Bordò; es, Burdeos) is a port city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, Southwestern France. It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture ...
in 1825 and was in Spain in 1826 (when he frequented the social gatherings of another American,
Sarah Maria Theresa McKean
Sarah (born Sarai) is a biblical matriarch and prophetess, a major figure in Abrahamic religions. While different Abrahamic faiths portray her differently, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam all depict her character similarly, as that of a p ...
(1780–1841), the marquise widow of
Casa Irujo), as well as in 1829. He went on to become ambassador between 1842 and 1846. Irving studied in Spanish libraries and met
Martín Fernández de Navarrete in
Madrid
Madrid ( , ) is the capital and most populous city of Spain. The city has almost 3.4 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.7 million. It is the second-largest city in the European Union (EU), an ...
, using one of the latter's works as a source for his ''
A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus'' (1828), and made friends and corresponded with
Cecilia Böhl de Faber
Cecilia is a personal name originating in the name of Saint Cecilia, the patron saint of music.
The name has been popularly used in Europe (particularly the United Kingdom and Italy, where in 2018 it was the 43rd most popular name for girls born ...
, from where a mutual influence was born. His Romantic interest in Arab topics shaped hi
''Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada''(1829) an
''Alhambra''(1832). McKean's social gatherings were also attended by the children of the Bostonian of Irish origin John Montgomery, who was the consul of the United States in
Alicante
Alicante ( ca-valencia, Alacant) is a city and municipality in the Valencian Community, Spain. It is the capital of the province of Alicante and a historic Mediterranean port. The population of the city was 337,482 , the second-largest in th ...
, and particularly by the Spanish-born writer
George Washington Montgomery
George Washington Montgomery, or Jorge Montgomery (Alicante, Spain, 1804 - Washington D.C., June 5, 1841) was an American Spanish-born writer, translator and diplomat.
His father was an Irishman businessman, John Montgomery; his mother was per ...
.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's translations of Spanish classics also form part of the history of North American Hispanism; he went through
Madrid
Madrid ( , ) is the capital and most populous city of Spain. The city has almost 3.4 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.7 million. It is the second-largest city in the European Union (EU), an ...
in 1829 expressing his impressions in his letters, a diary and i
''Outre-Mer''(1833–1834). A good connoisseur of the classics, Longfellow translated
Jorge Manrique'
couplets In order to fulfill his duties as a Spanish professor, he composed his ''Spanish Novels'' (1830), which are story adaptations of Irving and published several essays on Spanish literature and a drama, includin
''The Spanish Student''(1842), where he imitates those of the
Spanish Golden Age
The Spanish Golden Age ( es, Siglo de Oro, links=no , "Golden Century") is a period of flourishing in arts and literature in Spain, coinciding with the political rise of the Spanish Empire under the Catholic Monarchs of Spain and the Spanish H ...
. In his antholog
''The Poets and Poetry of Europe''(1845) he includes the works of many Spanish poets.
William Cullen Bryant translated
Morisco
Moriscos (, ; pt, mouriscos ; Spanish for "Moorish") were former Muslims and their descendants whom the Roman Catholic church and the Spanish Crown commanded to convert to Christianity or face compulsory exile after Spain outlawed the open ...
romances and composed the poems "The Spanish Revolution" (1808) and "Cervantes" (1878). He was linked in New York to Spaniards and, as director of the ''Evening Post'', included many articles on Iberian subjects in the magazine. He was in Spain in 1847, and narrated his impressions i
''Letters of a traveller''(1850–1857). In Madrid he met
Carolina Coronado, translating into English her poem "The Lost Bird" and nove
''Jarilla'' both of which were published in the ''Evening Post''. But the most important group of Spanish scholars was one from Boston. The work of
George Ticknor
George Ticknor (August 1, 1791 – January 26, 1871) was an American academician and Hispanist, specializing in the subject areas of languages and literature. He is known for his scholarly work on the history and criticism of Spanish literatur ...
, a professor of Spanish at Harvard who wrot
''History of Spanish Literature'' and
William H. Prescott, who wrote historical works on the conquest of America, are without doubt contributions of the first order. Ticknor was a friend of
Pascual de Gayangos y Arce, whom he met in
London
London is the capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary dow ...
, and visited
Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' ( Latin)(English: "Further Beyond")
, national_anthem = (English: "Royal March")
, ...
in 1818, describing his impressions i
''Life, letters and journals''(1876). In spite of significant difficulties with his vision, Prescott composed histories of the conquest o
Mexicoan
Peru as well as
history of the reign of the Catholic Monarchs
In the United States there are important societies that are dedicated to the study, conservation and spread of Spanish culture, of which the
Hispanic Society of America is the best known. There are also libraries specialized in Hispanic matter, including ones at Tulane University, New Orleans. Important journals include ''Hispanic Review'', ', ''Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica'', ''Hispania'', ''Dieciocho'', ''
Revista Hispánica Moderna'' and ''Cervantes''.
Russia
The history of Hispanism in
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eigh ...
—before, during, and after the
Soviet period—is long and deep, and it even survived the rupture of relations between Russia and Spain caused by the
Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War ( es, Guerra Civil Española)) or The Revolution ( es, La Revolución, link=no) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War ( es, Cuarta Guerra Carlista, link=no) among Carlism, Carlists, and The Rebellion ( es, La Rebeli ...
. This history started in the 18th century, and in the 19th century the influence of
Miguel de Cervantes on
realist novelists (such as
Dostoyevsky,
Turgenev, and
Tolstoy) was profound.
Romantic travellers, such as
Sergei Sobolevski, accumulated great libraries of books in Spanish and helped Spanish writers who visited Russia, such as
Juan Valera Juan Valera may refer to:
* Juan Valera y Alcalá-Galiano (1824–1905), Spanish author, diplomat and politician
* Juan Valera (footballer)
Juan Valera Espín (born 21 December 1984) is a Spanish retired professional footballer. He operated as ...
. The Russian realist dramatist
Alexander Ostrovsky translated the theater of
Calderón and wrote texts on Spanish Golden Age theater.
Yevgeni Salias de Tournemir visited Spain and published ''Apuntes de viaje por España'' (1874), shortly before
Emilio Castelar published hi
''La Rusia contemporánea''(1881).
The Russian Association of Hispanists, founded in 1994, is currently supported by the
Russian Academy of Sciences
The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; russian: Росси́йская акаде́мия нау́к (РАН) ''Rossíyskaya akadémiya naúk'') consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across t ...
. The field of Spanish-American studies has undergone a great increase recently. A survey in 2003 revealed that there are at least four thousand students of Spanish in Russian universities.
Twentieth-century Spanish scholars include
Sergei Goncharenko (mentor of a whole generation of Spanish scholars), Victor Andreyev, Vladimir Vasiliev, Natalia Miod, Svetlana Piskunova, and Vsevolod Bagno
''El Quijote vivido por los rusos''. Recently, a Russian Hernandian Circle was founded, devoted to studying the work of
Miguel Hernández, who visited the USSR in September
1937.
Poland
Records of visits to Spain by Poles begin in the Middle Ages, with pilgrimages to
Santiago de Compostela. According to one estimate, more than 100 Poles made the pilgrimage during that era.
In the 16th century, the humanist
Jan Dantyszek
Johannes Dantiscus, (german: Johann(es) von Höfen-Flachsbinder; pl, Jan Dantyszek; 1 November 1485 – 27 October 1548) was prince-bishop of bishop of Warmia, Warmia and Bishop of Chełmno (Culm). In recognition of his diplomatic services for ...
(1485–1548), ambassador of King
Sigismund I the Old
Sigismund I the Old ( pl, Zygmunt I Stary, lt, Žygimantas II Senasis; 1 January 1467 – 1 April 1548) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1506 until his death in 1548. Sigismund I was a member of the Jagiellonian dynasty, the ...
to
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, traveled to the Iberian Peninsula three times and remained there for nearly ten years, becoming friends with outstanding figures such as
Hernán Cortés and leaving letters of his travels. The bishop
Piotr Dunin-Wolski took 300 Spanish books to Poland, and these were added to the
Jagiellonian Library of Kraków under the name of ''Bibliotheca Volsciana''. Several professors from Spain worked in the Academy of Kraków (today known as the
Jagiellonian University), including the Sevillian Garsías Cuadras and the Aragonese jurist
Pedro Ruiz de Moros (1506–1571), known in Poland as Roizjusz, who mainly wrote in Latin and was adviser to the king. The
Society of Jesus was active in Poland, promoting not only Spanish ideas of theology, but also Spanish theater, which they considered a teaching tool. In the 16th century, the travelers
Stanisław Łaski,
Andrzej Tęczyński Andrzej Tęczyński, (b. 1480 – 2 January 1536) Count (title of the Holy Roman Empire, 1527), was a voivode of Lublin, voivode of Sandomierz, voivode of Kraków, Castellan of Kraków. He came from one of the most powerful clans in Lesser Polan ...
,
Jan Tarnowski
Jan Amor Tarnowski (Latin: Joannes Tarnovius; 1488 – 16 May 1561) was a Polish nobleman, knight, military commander, military theoretician, and statesman of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. He was Grand Crown Hetman from 1527, and was th ...
,
Stanisław Radziwiłł
:''See also Stanisław Albrecht Radziwiłł.''
Stanisław "the Pious" Radziwiłł ( lt, Stanislovas Radvila II) (12 May 1559 – 19 March 1599) was a sixth generation Radziwill family noble ( szlachcic) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Po ...
, and Szymon Babiogórski visited Spain, among others. An anonymous traveler who arrived in Barcelona in August 1595 left an account of his impressions in a manuscript called ''Diariusz z peregrynacji włoskiej, hiszpańskiej, portugalskiej'' (''Diary of the Italian, Spanish and Portuguese Pilgrimages'').
In the 17th century, the Polish nobleman
Jakub Sobieski made the
pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela and wrote an account of his journey. In the years 1674–1675, Canon
Andrzej Chryzostom Załuski, Jerzy Radziwiłł, and Stanisław Radziwiłł visited Spain, and all left written testimony of their travels.
Modern Polish Hispanic Studies begin with the Romantic poet
Adam Mickiewicz. He was followed in the 19th century by
Joachim Lelewel, Wojciech Dzieduszycki,
Leonard Rettel
Leonard or ''Leo'' is a common English masculine given name and a surname.
The given name and surname originate from the Old High German ''Leonhard'' containing the prefix ''levon'' ("lion") from the Greek Λέων ("lion") through the Latin '' ...
, and Julian Adolf Swiecicki.
Karol Dembowski wrote, in French,
book on his travelsin Spain and Portugal during
First Carlist War.
Felix Rozanski, Edward Porebowicz and
Zygmunt Czerny were enthusiastic translators who taught in Poland at that time. Maria Strzałkowa wrote the firs
outline of history of Spanish literaturein Polish. Other important translators include Kazimierz Zawanowski, Zofia Szleyen, Kalina Wojciechowska, and Zofia Chądzyńska.
The poet and Hispanist
Florian Śmieja taught Spanish and Spanish American literature in London, Ontario. In 1971 the first professorship of Hispanic Studies not subordinate to a department of Romance literature was created at the
University of Warsaw, and in the following year a degree program in Hispanic Studies was instituted there. Today it is called the Institute of Iberian and Latin American Studies. Those who have taught in it include Urszula Aszyk-Bangs, M.-Pierrette Malcuzynski (1948–2004), Robert Mansberger Amorós, Víctor Manuel Ferreras, and Carlos Marrodán Casas. In Kraków the first National Symposium of Spanish Scholars was held in 1985. The historians
Janusz Tazbir
Janusz Tazbir (August 5, 1927 – May 3, 2016 ) was a Polish historian, specializing in the culture and religion of Poland in the 16th and 17th centuries. He was the Polish-side Chairman of German-Polish Textbook Commission from 1991 to 1997.
C ...
and Jan Kienewicz wrote on Spanish themes, as did the literary scholars Gabriela Makowiecka, Henryk Ziomek, Beata Baczynska,
Florian Śmieja, Piotr Sawicki, and Kazimierz Sabik. Grzegorz Bak studied the image of Spain in 19th-century Polish literature.
Brazil
The integration of Brazil into
Mercosur in 1991 created a need for closer relations between Brazil and the Hispanic world, as well as better knowledge of the Spanish language within Brazil. For this reason, Brazil has promoted the inclusion of Spanish as a required subject in the country's education system. A large core of Spanish scholars formed at the
University of São Paulo
The University of São Paulo ( pt, Universidade de São Paulo, USP) is a public university in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. It is the largest Brazilian public university and the country's most prestigious educational institution, the best ...
, including
Fidelino de Figueiredo, Luis Sánchez y Fernández, and José Lodeiro. The year 1991 also marks the creation of the ''Anuario Brasileño de Estudios Hispánicos'', whos
''Suplemento: El hispanismo en Brasil'' (2000) traces the history of Hispanic Studies in the country. In 2000 the first Congresso Brasileiro de Hispanistas took place, and its proceedings were published under the titl
''Hispanismo 2000'' At that meeting, the Associação Brasileira de Hispanistas was established. The organization's second congress took place in 2002, and since then it has been held every two years.
Portugal
Compared to Brazil, Portugal has shown less interest in Hispanism; it was not until 2005 that a national association for it was founded. Portuguese activities in this field are mostly of a
comparatist nature and focus on Luso-Spanish topics, partly because of academic and administrative reasons. The journa
''Península''is one of the most important Hispanist journals in the country. Portuguese Hispanism appears somewhat limited, and to an extent there is a mutual distrust between the two cultures, motivated by a history of conflicts and rivalry. Nevertheless, Portuguese writers of the Renaissance—such as the dramatist
Gil Vicente,
Jorge de Montemayor,
Francisco Sá de Miranda
Francisco is the Spanish and Portuguese form of the masculine given name '' Franciscus''.
Nicknames
In Spanish, people with the name Francisco are sometimes nicknamed " Paco". San Francisco de Asís was known as ''Pater Comunitatis'' (father o ...
, and the historian
Francisco Manuel de Mello
Francisco Manuel de Mello (23 November 160824 August 1666), was a Portuguese writer.
Youth
De Mello, a connection on his father's side of the royal house of Braganza, was a native of Lisbon. He studied the humanities at the Jesuit College of S ...
—wrote in both Spanish and Portuguese.
Italy
The cultural relationship between Spain and Italy developed early in the Middle Ages, especially centered in
Naples
Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adminis ...
through the relation that it had with the
Crown of Aragon
The Crown of Aragon ( , ) an, Corona d'Aragón ; ca, Corona d'Aragó, , , ; es, Corona de Aragón ; la, Corona Aragonum . was a composite monarchy ruled by one king, originated by the dynastic union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of ...
and Sicily, and intensified during the Spanish Pre-Renaissance and Renaissance through Castile.
Garcilaso de la Vega engaged members of the
Accademia Pontaniana and introduced the
Petrarchian metrical style and themes to Spanish lyric poetry. This close relation extended throughout the periods of
Mannerism and the
Baroque in the 16th and 17th centuries. In the 18th century the poet Giambattista Conti (1741–1820) was perhaps the foremost Spanish scholar, translator and anthologist of Europe. Dramatist, critic, and theater historiographer
Pietro Napoli Signorelli
Pietro Napoli Signorelli (28 September 1731 – 1 April 1815) was an Italian scholar of classic literature, mainly drama, and historian.
Biography
He was born in Naples to a father who was a notary, and initially trained as a lawyer, including un ...
(1731–1815) defended Spanish literature against critics such as
Girolamo Tiraboschi
Girolamo Tiraboschi S.J. (; 18 December 1731 – 9 June 1794) was an Italian literary critic, the first historian of Italian literature.
Biography
Born in Bergamo, he studied at the Jesuit college in Monza, entered the order, and was appointed ...
and
Saverio Bettinelli, who accused it of "bad taste", "corruption", and "barbarism".
Giacomo Casanova and
Giuseppe Baretti traveled throughout Spain, leaving interesting descriptions of their experiences: Baretti was fluent in Spanish. The critic Guido Bellico was in the
Reales Estudios de San Isidro with the eminent Arabist Mariano Pizzi. Among other prominent Italian Hispanists were Leonardo Capitanacci, Ignazio Gajone, Placido Bordoni, Giacinto Ceruti, Francesco Pesaro, Giuseppe Olivieri, Giovanni Querini and Marco Zeno.
In the 19th century, Italian Romanticism took great interest in the Spanish ''
romancero'', with translations by
Giovanni Berchet in 1837 an
Pietro Montiin 1855.
Edmondo de Amicis
Edmondo De Amicis (; 21 October 1846 – 11 March 1908) was an Italian novelist, journalist, poet, and short-story writer. His best-known book is ''Cuore'', a children's novel translated into English as '' Heart''.
Early career
Born in Oneglia ...
traveled throughout Spain and wrote
bookof his impressions.
Antonio Restori (1859–1928), a professor at the Universities of Messina and of Genoa, published some works of Lope de Vega and dedicated hi
''Saggi di bibliografia teatrale spagnuola''(1927) to the bibliography of the Spanish theater; he also wrote ''Il Cid, studio storico-critico'' (1881) an
''Le gesta del Cid''(1890).
Bernardo Sanvisenti, a professor of Spanish language and literature at the University of Milan, wrot
''Manuale di letteratura spagnuola''(1907), as well as
study(1902) on the influence of
Boccaccio,
Dante and
Petrarch in Spanish literature.
Italian Hispanism arose from three sources, already identifiable in the 19th century. The first of these was the Spanish hegemonic presence in the Italian peninsula, which sparked interest in the study of Spain and in the creation of works about Spain. Secondly, Italian Hispanism was encouraged by a
comparatist approach, and in fact the first Italian studies on literature in Spanish were of a comparative nature, such as
Benedetto Croce'
''La Spagna nella vita italiana durante la Rinascenza''(1907) and the works of
Arturo Farinelli Arturo is a Spanish and Italian variant of the name Arthur.
People
* Arturo Álvarez (footballer, born 1985), American-born Salvadoran footballer
*Arturo Álvarez (footballer, born 1959), Mexican footballer
*Arthuro Henrique Bernhardt (b. 1982), B ...
and Bernardino Sanvisenti, which were dedicated to the relationships between Spain and Italy, Italy and Germany, and Spain and Germany. Thirdly, the development of Italian Hispanism was supported by Romance philology, especially through the works of
Mario Casella (author o
''Cervantes: Il Chisciotte''938
Year 938 ( CMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* Summer – The Hungarian army invades Northern Italy with the permission of King H ...
,
Ezio Levi,
Salvatore Battaglia, and
Giovanni Maria Bertini (translator of Spanish modern poetry, especially the poems of
Lorca).
Cesare de Lollis also made important contributions to Cervantes studies.
The field of modern Hispanic Studies originated in 1945, with the trio of
Oreste Macrì
''Oreste'' ("Orestes", HWV A11, Händel-Gesellschaft, HG 48/102) is an opera by George Frideric Handel in three Act (theater), acts. The libretto was anonymously adapted from Giangualberto Barlocci’s ''L’Oreste'' (1723, Rome), which was in tu ...
(editor of works of
Antonio Machado and of Fray
Luis de León
Luis de León ( Belmonte, Cuenca, 1527 – Madrigal de las Altas Torres, Castile, Spain, 23 August 1591), was a Spanish lyric poet, Augustinian friar, theologian and academic, active during the Spanish Golden Age.
Early life
Luis de L ...
),
Guido Mancini, and
Franco Meregalli. Eventually Spanish-American studies emerged as an area of independent of the literature of Spain. Between 1960 and 1970 the first professorships of Spanish-American language and literature were created, pioneered by Giovanni Meo Zilio, who occupied the first chair of that sort created at the
University of Florence in 1968. He was followed by
Giuseppe Bellini (historian of Spanish-American literature, translator of
Pablo Neruda, and student of
Miguel Ángel Asturias);
Roberto Paoli
The name Robert is an ancient Germanic given name, from Proto-Germanic "fame" and "bright" (''Hrōþiberhtaz''). Compare Old Dutch ''Robrecht'' and Old High German ''Hrodebert'' (a compound of ''Hrōþ, Hruod'' ( non, Hróðr) "fame, glory ...
(Peruvianist and translator of
César Vallejo); and
Dario Puccini
Dario is a masculine given name, etymologically related to Darius.
Given name
*Dario Allevi (born 1965), Italian politician
*Dario Argento (born 1940), Italian film director
*Dario Badinelli (born 1946), Italian triple jumper
*Dario Bellezza (194 ...
(student of the lyric poetry of Sor
Juana Inés de la Cruz, as well as that of the 20th century).
Th
Association of Italian Hispanists(AISPI) was created in May 1973 and has held numerous congresses almost annually since then. Italian Hispanists include
Silvio Pellegrini,
Pio Rajna,
Antonio Viscardi,
Luigi Sorrento,
Guido Tammi,
Francesco Vian,
Juana Granados de Bagnasco,
Gabriele Ranzato,
Lucio Ambruzzi,
Eugenio MeleManlio Castello Francesco Ugolini, Lorenzo Giussi
Elena Milazzo Luigi de Filippo,
Carmelo Samonà
Carmelo Samonà (17 March 1926 – 17 March 1990) was an Italian academic and writer, as well one of the most important Italian Hispanists.
Biography
He came from the Sicilian aristocratic family Samonà, and was the son of the architect Giuseppe ...
,
Giuseppe Carlo Rossi, the poets
Giuseppe Ungaretti (who translated
Góngora) and
Pier Paolo Pasolini,
Margherita Morreale,
Giovanni Maria Bertini,
Giuliano Bonfante,
Carlo Bo (who worked with the poetry of
Juan Ramón Jiménez),
Ermanno Caldera,
Rinaldo Froldi, and
Guido Mancini (author of
''Storia della letteratura spagnola''
Israel
At the time of its founding in 1948, the modern state of Israel already included a substantial Spanish-speaking community. Their language,
Judeo-Spanish, was derived from
Old Spanish along a path of development that diverged from that of the Spanish of Spain and its empire, beginning in 1492, when the
Jews
Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""T ...
were
expelled from Spain. Between the 16th and 20th centuries many of them lived in the old
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
and North Africa. There are some 100,000 speakers of Judeo-Spanish in Israel today.
At present there are several Israeli media outlets in (standard Castilian) Spanish, some of which have a long history. The newsweekly ''Aurora'', for example, was founded in the late 1960s, and today it also has a
online edition Israel has at least three radio stations that broadcast in Spanish.
Modern Israeli Hispanists include
Samuel Miklos Stern
Samuel Miklos Stern (Tab, Hungary, 22 November 1920 – Oxford, 29 October 1969) was a Hungarian– British academic specializing in Oriental studies.
Life
He was born to an Orthodox Jewish family in Hungary, and lost his father at the age of th ...
(the discoverer of the Spanish
kharjas and a student of the
Spanish Inquisition), professor
Benzion Netanyahu
Benzion Netanyahu ( he, בֶּנְצִיּוֹן נְתַנְיָהוּ, ; born Benzion Mileikowsky; March 25, 1910 – April 30, 2012)'' Contemporary Authors Online'', Gale, 2009. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Michiga ...
, and Haim Beinart. Other Israeli scholars have studied the literature and history of Spain, frequently influenced by the theses of
Américo Castro
Américo Castro y Quesada (May 4, 1885 – July 25, 1972) was a Spanish cultural historian, philologist, and literary critic who challenged some of the prevailing notions of Spanish identity, raising controversy with his conclusions that Spaniar ...
. ''
Don Quixote
is a Spanish epic novel by Miguel de Cervantes. Originally published in two parts, in 1605 and 1615, its full title is ''The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha'' or, in Spanish, (changing in Part 2 to ). A founding work of Wester ...
'' has been translated into Hebrew twice, first by Natan Bistritzky and Nahman Bialik (Jerusalem, Sifriat Poalim, 1958), and later (Tel Aviv: Hakibutz Hameuchad, 1994) by Beatriz Skroisky-Landau and Luis Landau, the latter a professor in the Department of Hebrew Literature at
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and author of ''Cervantes and the Jews'' (Beer Sheva: Ben-Gurion University Press, 2002). The historian
Yosef Kaplan
Yosef (; also transliterated as Yossef, Josef, Yoseph Tiberian Hebrew and Aramaic ''Yôsēp̄'') is a Hebrew male name derived from the Biblical character Joseph. The name can also consist of the Hebrew yadah meaning "praise", "fame" and the wor ...
has written numerous works and has translated
Isaac Cardoso's ''Las excelencias y calumnias de los hebreos'' into Hebrew. Th
Asociación de Hispanistas de Israelwas created on 21 June 2007 at th
Instituto Cervantes de Tel Aviv consisting of over thirty professors, researchers and intellectuals linked to the languages, literatures, history and cultures of Spain, Portugal, Latin America and the Judeo-Spanish Sephardic world. Its first meeting was convened by professors
Ruth Fine (
Hebrew University of Jerusalem), who was appointed the first president of the association; Raanán Rein (
Tel Aviv University); Aviva Dorón (
University of Haifa); and Tamar Alexander (
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev).
Arab world
Spain's links with the Arab world began in the Middle Ages with the
Moorish conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. Arabic-speaking
Moorish kingdoms were present in Spain until 1492, when the
Reconquista defeated the
Emirate of Granada. Many Moors remained in Spain until their final expulsion in 1609. The
Spanish Empire
The Spanish Empire ( es, link=no, Imperio español), also known as the Hispanic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Hispánica) or the Catholic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Católica) was a colonial empire governed by Spain and its prede ...
, at its height, included a number of Arabic-speaking enclaves in the
Maghreb, such as
Spanish Sahara and
Spanish Morocco
Morocco (),, ) officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the westernmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to ...
.
The Moroccan historian
Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari (c. 1591 – 1632) wrote about the Muslim dynasties in Spain. The Egyptian poet
Ahmed Shawqi (1869–1932) spent six years of exile in Andalusia. Perhaps the first "scientific" Arab Hispanist was the Lebanese writer
Shakib Arslan (1869–1946), who wrote a book about his trips to Spain in three volumes. The Egyptian writer
Taha Husayn
Taha Hussein (, ar, طه حسين; November 15, 1889 – October 28, 1973) was one of the most influential 20th-century Egyptian writers and intellectuals, and a figurehead for the Egyptian Renaissance and the modernist movement in the Middle ...
(1889–1973) promoted the renewal of relations with Spain, among other European countries of the Mediterranean, and led the creation of an edition of the great 12th-century Andalusian literary encyclopedia ''
Al-Dakhira
Ibn Bassām or Ibn Bassām al-Shantarinī (; 1058-1147) was an Arab poet and historian from al-Andalus. He was born in Santarém (sometimes spelled Shantarin or Xantarin) and hailed from the Banu Taghlib tribe. He died in 1147.
Ibn Bassam d ...
'', of
Ibn Bassam. Other important figures were 'Abd al-'Aziz al-Ahwani, 'Abd Allah 'Inan, Husayn Mu'nis, Salih al-Astar, Mahmud Mekki, and Hamid Abu Ahmad. Linked to the
Egyptian Institute of Madrid are Ahmad Mukhtar al-'Abbadi (who specialized in the history of Moorish Granada), Ahmad Haykal, Salah Fadl, As'ad Sharif 'Umar, and Nagwa Gamal Mehrez. Th
Asociación de Hispanistas de Egiptowas formed in 1968. The First Colloquium of Arab Hispanism took place in Madrid in 1975.
Netherlands
In spite of
a bitter war between Spain and the United Provinces in the late 16th century, Hispanism has deep roots in the Netherlands. The influence of
Spanish Golden Age
The Spanish Golden Age ( es, Siglo de Oro, links=no , "Golden Century") is a period of flourishing in arts and literature in Spain, coinciding with the political rise of the Spanish Empire under the Catholic Monarchs of Spain and the Spanish H ...
literature can be seen in the work of the Dutch poet and playwright
Gerbrand Bredero and in the translations of
Guilliam de Bay in the 17th century. Nineteenth-century
Romanticism
Romanticism (also known as the Romantic movement or Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate ...
aroused Dutch curiosity about the exoticism of things Spanish. The Arabist
Reinhart Dozy (1820–1883) made important contributions to the study of the Moorish domination in Spain, includin
''Histoire des Musulmans d'Espagne''(1861) and the continuatio
''Recherches sur l'Histoire et littérature de l'Espagne'' which was published in its definitive form in 1881. A few years later, the Dutch scholar
Fonger de Haan (1859–1930) held the chair of Spanish literature at
Boston University
Boston University (BU) is a private research university in Boston, Massachusetts. The university is nonsectarian, but has a historical affiliation with the United Methodist Church. It was founded in 1839 by Methodists with its original c ...
. Two of his publications
''Pícaros y ganapanes''(1899) an
''An Outline of the History of the'' Novela Picaresca ''in Spain''(1903) still serve as starting points for research today. In 1918 he tried in vain to spark the interest of the State
University of Groningen in Hispanic Studies, but nevertheless donated his library of Hispanic Studies to it a few years later.
Serious studies of literature gained new impetus thanks to the work of
Jan te Winkel of the
University of Amsterdam
The University of Amsterdam (abbreviated as UvA, nl, Universiteit van Amsterdam) is a public research university located in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The UvA is one of two large, publicly funded research universities in the city, the other bein ...
who, with his seven-volum
''De Ontwikkelingsgang der Nederlandsche Letterkunde''(1908–1921), drew attention to the influence that Spanish literature exerted on Dutch literature in the 17th century. Other researchers, such as
William Davids (1918),
Joseph Vles (1926) and
Simon Vosters (1955), continued in the same direction as te Winkel. Two Romanists who were of great importance to Dutch Hispanism were Salverda de Grave and Sneyders de Vogel.
Jean Jacques Salverda de Grave (1863–1947) became a professor of Romance philology at the
University of Groningen in 1907, and he was succeeded by
Kornelis Sneyders de Vogel (1876–1958) in 1921. In 1906, for the first time since 1659,
Spanish/Dutch dictionarywas published, followed in 1912 by
Dutch/Spanish dictionary both composed by
A. A.
Fokker. Since then many such dictionaries have been published, including one b
C. F. A. van Dam and H. C. Barrauand another b
S. A. Vosters Many Spanish grammars in Dutch also have been published, includin
a grammarby
Gerardus Johannes Geers (1924), one b
Jonas Andries van Praag(1957) and one by
Jos Hallebeek, Antoon van Bommel, and Kees van Esch(2004). Doctor W. J. van Baalen was an important popularizer of the history, customs, and wealth of Spanish America, producing ten books in those areas. Along with C. F. A. Van Dam, he founded the Nederlandsch Zuid-Amerikaansch Instituut in order to promote commercial and cultural contact between both worlds. The Groningen poet
Hendrik de Vries (1896–1989) travelled twelve times to Spain between 1924 and 1936 and—although his father, an eminent philologist and polyglot, always refused to study Spanish because of the
Eighty Years' War—the poet dedicated his book of poem
''Iberia''(1964) to Spain.
In the Netherlands, the Institute of Hispanic Studies at the
University of Utrecht was founded in 1951 by
Cornelis Frans Adolf van Dam (who was a student of
Ramón Menéndez Pidal) and has since been an important center for Spanish scholars. The Mexican Training Center at the
University of Groningen was established in 1993.
Johan Brouwer, who wrote his thesis on Spanish mysticism, produced twenty-two books on Spanish subjects, as well as numerous translations.
Jonas Andries van Prague, a professor at Groningen, studied Spanish Golden Age theater in the Netherlands and the
Generation of '98, as well as the
Sephardic
Sephardic (or Sephardi) Jews (, ; lad, Djudíos Sefardíes), also ''Sepharadim'' , Modern Hebrew: ''Sfaradim'', Tiberian: Səp̄āraddîm, also , ''Ye'hude Sepharad'', lit. "The Jews of Spain", es, Judíos sefardíes (or ), pt, Judeus sefar ...
refugee writers in the Netherlands.
Cees Nooteboom
Cees Nooteboom (; born 31 July 1933) is a Dutch novelist, poet and journalist. After the attention received by his novel ''Rituelen'' (''Rituals'', 1980), which received the Pegasus Prize, it was the first of his novels to be translated into an ...
has written books about travel to Spain, includin
''Roads to Santiago'' Barber van de Pol produced a Dutch translation of ''Don Quixote'' in 1994, and Hispanism continues to be promoted by Dutch writers such as Rik Zaal
''Alles over Spanje'') Gerrit Jan Zwier, Arjen Duinker, Jean Pierre Rawie, Els Pelgrom
''The Acorn Eaters'', Chris van der Heijden
''The Splendour of Spain from Cervantes to Velázquez'',
"Albert Helman", Maarten Steenmeijer, and Jean Arnoldus Schalekamp
''This is Majorca: The Balearic Islands : Minorca, Ibiza, Formentera''.
Scandinavia
Denmark
Miguel de Cervantes had an impact in Denmark, where his ''
Don Quixote
is a Spanish epic novel by Miguel de Cervantes. Originally published in two parts, in 1605 and 1615, its full title is ''The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha'' or, in Spanish, (changing in Part 2 to ). A founding work of Wester ...
'' was translated into
Danish (1776–1777) by
Charlotte Dorothea Biehl
Charlotta Dorothea Biehl (June 2, 1731 – May 17, 1788) was a Danish author, playwright and translator.
Biography
Charlotta Dorothea Biehl was born in Copenhagen, Denmark. Her parents were Christian Æmilius Biehl and Sophie Hedevig Brøer ...
, who also translated his ''
Novelas ejemplares'' (1780–1781).
Hans Christian Andersen made a trip to Spain and kept a diary about his experiences. Other prominent Danish Hispanists include
Knud Togeby; Carl Bratli (''Spansk-dansk Ordbog''
panish/Danish dictionary 1947); Johann Ludwig Heiberg (1791–1860,
Calderón studies); Kristoffer Nyrop (1858–1931
''Spansk grammatik''; and Valdemar Beadle (Middle Ages and the Spanish and Italian Baroque).
Sweden
In
Sweden
Sweden, ; fi, Ruotsi; fit, Ruotti; se, Ruoŧŧa; smj, Svierik; sje, Sverji; sju, Sverje; sma, Sveerje or ; yi, שוועדן, Shvedn; rmu, Svedikko; rmf, Sveittiko. formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic cou ...
, prominent Hispanists include
Erik Staaf;
Edvard Lidforss
Edvard is a form of Edward and may refer to:
* Edvard Askeland (born 1954), Norwegian jazz musician
* Edvard Befring (born 1936), Norwegian educationalist
* Edvard Beneš (1884–1948), Czech politician
* Edvard Christian Danielsen (1888–1964), ...
(translator of ''Don Quixote'' into Swedish);
Gunnar Tilander (publisher of medieval Spanish ''
fueros'');
Alf Lombard; Karl Michaëlson;
Emanuel Walberg; Bertil Maler (who edite
''Tratado de las enfermedades de las aves de caza'';
Magnus Mörner
Magnus, meaning "Great" in Latin, was used as cognomen of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus in the first century BC. The best-known use of the name during the Roman Empire is for the fourth-century Western Roman Emperor Magnus Maximus. The name gained wi ...
;
Bengt Hasselrot; and
Nils Hedberg.
Inger Enkvist researched Latin American novels and
Juan Goytisolo. Mateo López Pastor, author o
''Modern spansk litteratur''(1960), taught and published in Sweden.
Norway
Hispanism was founded in
Norway
Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, the mainland territory of which comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and t ...
by professor
Magnus Gronvold, who translated ''Don Quixote'' into Norwegian in collaboration with
Nils Kjær. Leif Sletsjoe (author o
''Sancho Panza, hombre de bien'' and Kurt E. Sparre (a
Calderón scholar) were both professors at the
University of Oslo
The University of Oslo ( no, Universitetet i Oslo; la, Universitas Osloensis) is a public research university located in Oslo, Norway. It is the highest ranked and oldest university in Norway. It is consistently ranked among the top univers ...
. Currently there is a strong and renewed interest in Hispanism among Norwegian youth, and the 21st century has seen the publication of at least three Spanish grammars for Norwegians—one b
Cathrine Grimseid(2005); another b
Johan Falk, Luis Lerate, and Kerstin Sjölin(2008); and one b
Ana Beatriz Chiquito(2008). There is an Association of Norwegian Hispanism, a National Association of Professors of Spanish, and several journals, including ''La Corriente del Golfo (Revista Noruega de Estudios Latinoamericanos'', ''Tribune'', and ''Romansk forum''.
Finland
In
Finland
Finland ( fi, Suomi ; sv, Finland ), officially the Republic of Finland (; ), is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bo ...
, at the beginning of the 20th century there was an important group of Hispanists in
Helsinki
Helsinki ( or ; ; sv, Helsingfors, ) is the Capital city, capital, primate city, primate, and List of cities and towns in Finland, most populous city of Finland. Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, it is the seat of the region of U ...
, including
Oiva J. Tallgren (1878–1941; he adopted the surname Tuulio in 1933); his wife
Tyyni Tuulio
Tyyni Maria Tuulio (née Haapanen; 28 August 1892, in Karvia – 9 June 1991, in Helsinki), was a Finnish writer and translator.
Tuulio was the daughter of vicar Jaakko Haapanen and Hilma Antoinette Rikberg. She graduated from high school in 191 ...
(1892–1991); (1904–1981), who studie
Arabisms in Old Spanish and Sinikka Kallio-Visapää (translator of
Ortega y Gasset).
Romania
In Romania, the initiator of Hispanism was
Ștefan Vârgolici, who translated a great part of the early 17th-century
Miguel de Cervantes novel ''
Don Quixote
is a Spanish epic novel by Miguel de Cervantes. Originally published in two parts, in 1605 and 1615, its full title is ''The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha'' or, in Spanish, (changing in Part 2 to ). A founding work of Wester ...
'' into Romanian and published—under the title ''Studies on Spanish Literature'' (Jasi, 1868–1870)—works on
Calderón, Cervantes, and
Lope de Vega, which had appeared in the journal ''Convorbiri literare'' (Literary Conversations).
Alexandru Popescu-Telega
Alexandru is the Romanian form of the name Alexander. Common diminutives are Alecu, Alex, and Sandu.
Origin
Etymologically, the name is derived from the Greek "Αλέξανδρος" (Aléxandros), meaning "defending men" or "protector of men ...
(1889–1970) wrote a book on
Unamuno
Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo (29 September 1864 – 31 December 1936) was a Spanish essayist, novelist, poet, playwright, philosopher, professor of Greek and Classics, and later rector at the University of Salamanca.
His major philosophical e ...
(1924), a comparison between Romanian and Spanish
folklore
Folklore is shared by a particular group of people; it encompasses the traditions common to that culture, subculture or group. This includes oral traditions such as Narrative, tales, legends, proverbs and jokes. They include material culture, r ...
(1927), a biography of Cervantes (1944), a translation from the
romancero (1947),
book on Hispanic Studies in Romania(1964), and an anthology in Romanian.
Ileana Georgescu
Ileana (also Illeana, Iliana, Eleana, Eliana) is a female given name. It is the feminine form of the male name Elijah (given name), Elijah. It has been adapted for Romanian language, Romanian, Bulgarian language, Bulgarian, Macedonian language, Ma ...
,
George Călinescu''Iscusitul hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha'', and
Tudor Vianu''Cervantes'' have published books on Cervantes.
Asia and the Pacific
There is an Asian Association of Spanish Scholars
Asociación Asiática de Hispanistas , which was founded in 1985 and meets every three years.
The Philippines
Hispanism in Asia and the Pacific is mostly related to the literature and languages of the
Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
, where Spanish has a history as a colonial language. In 1900 a million Filipinos spoke Spanish as their mother tongue;
estimates of the number of Filipinos whose first language is Spanish today vary widely, ranging from 2,660 to over 400,000. Spanish remains alive in some
creole languages, such as
Chabacano. In
Manila
Manila ( , ; fil, Maynila, ), officially the City of Manila ( fil, Lungsod ng Maynila, ), is the capital city, capital of the Philippines, and its second-most populous city. It is Cities of the Philippines#Independent cities, highly urbanize ...
, the
Instituto Cervantes has given Spanish classes for years, and the
Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language
The Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language (, abbreviated AFLE; fil, Akademyang Pilipino ng Wikang Espanyol) is the language regulator for the Spanish language in the Philippines. It is one of two Spanish language regulators located in count ...
is involved in the teaching and standard use of Spanish in the Philippines. But there is no institution or association that brings together and defends the interests of Hispanic Filipinos themselves. The most important Spanish scholars—aside from the national hero, poet and novelist
José Rizal (who wrote in Spanish)—are Antonio M. Molina (not the composer
Antonio J. Molina), José María Castañer,
Edmundo Farolan,
Guillermo Gómez, Miguel Fernández Passion, Alfonso Felix, and Lourdes Castrillo de Brillantes. The weekly ''Nueva Era'', edited by
Guillermo Gómez Rivera, is the only newspaper in Spanish still published in the Philippines, although the quarterly journa
''Revista Filipina'' edited by Edmundo Farolán, also exists, in print and online.
Japan
The first Japanese institution to offer Spanish language classes, in 1897, was the Language School of Tokyo, known today as the
Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. There,
Gonzalo Jiménez de la Espada mentored the first Japanese Hispanists, including Hirosada Nagata (1885–1973, now considered a "patriarch" of Hispanism in Japan) and Shizuo Kasai. Meanwhile, the
Osaka University of Foreign Studies established Hispanic Studies in its curriculum in 1921, but most university Hispanic Studies departments were founded in the 1970s and '80s. Translations of ''Don Quixote'' into Japanese are at first incomplete and by way of an English version (e.g. one by Shujiro Watanabe in 1887, and others in 1893, 1901, 1902, and 1914). Japanese versions of ''Don Quixote'' in its entirety—although still based on an English translation—were published in 1915 (by Hogetsu Shimamura and Noburu Katakami) and in 1927–28 (by Morita). In 1948, Hirosada Nagata published a nearly-complete direct (from the Spanish) Japanese translation. It fell to Nagata's student, Masatake Takahashi (1908–1984), to complete that translation (published in 1977). Meanwhile, an entire, direct Japanese translation of ''Don Quixote'' was also produced (the two parts in 1958 and 1962) by Yu Aida (1903–1971).
Th
Asociación Japonesa de Hispanistaswas founded in Tokyo in 1955, consisting mostly of university professors. The association publishes the journa
The journa
''Lingüística Hispánica''is published by the Círculo de Lingüística Hispánica de Kansai.
Japanese Hispanism was surveyed by Ryohei Uritani in the article "Historia del hispanismo en el Japón", which was published in the journal ''Español actual: Revista de español vivo'' (48
987
Year 987 ( CMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
* February 7 – Bardas Phokas (the Younger) and Bardas Skleros, two membe ...
69–92).
Korea
The relations between Spain and
Korea
Korea ( ko, 한국, or , ) is a peninsular region in East Asia. Since 1945, it has been divided at or near the 38th parallel, with North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) comprising its northern half and South Korea (Republi ...
began with
Gregorio Céspedes in the 16th century, who was studied b
Chul Park Spanish education in Korea has continued for the past fifty years, and there is currently a strong demand for it. Since 2001, Spanish has been an optional language in secondary education. The Asociación Coreana de Hispanistas was founded in 1981 and holds two annual congresses, one in June and another in December. It also publishes the journal ''Hispanic Studies''.
Associations of Hispanists
The Spanish-language portal run by the
Instituto Cervantes lists over 60 associations of Hispanists around the world, including the following:
*Asociación Hispánica de Literatura Medieval (''Hispanic Association of Medieval Literature'')
*Asociación Internacional de Hispanistas (''International Association of Hispanists'')
*Association of Hispanists of Great Britain and Ireland (AHGBI)
*Women in Spanish, Portuguese, and Latin-American Studies (WiSPS)
*Asociación de Hispanismo Filosófico (AHF) (''Philosophical Hispanism Association'')
*Asociación Canadiense de Hispanistas (ACH) (''Canadian Association of Hispanists'')
Leading Hispanists
*
Ida Altman (born 1950)
*
Gerald Brenan (1894–1987)
*
Raymond Carr (1919–2005)
[Raymond Carr]
at fundacionprincipedeasturias.org (accessed 25 April 2009)
*
Alan Deyermond
Alan Deyermond FBA (24 February 1932 – 19 September 2009) was a British professor of medieval Spanish literature and Hispanist. His obituary called him "the English-speaking world's leading scholar of medieval Hispanic literature". He spen ...
(1932–2009)
*
J.H. Elliott
Sir John Huxtable Elliott (23 June 1930 – 10 March 2022) was a British historian and Hispanist who was Regius Professor Emeritus at the University of Oxford and honorary fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, and Trinity College, Cambridge. He p ...
(born 1930)
*
Ian Gibson (born 1939)
*
Guillermo Gómez (born 1936)
Publications
Instituto Cervantes Portal del hispanismo. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
* Archer M. Huntington (1870–1955), founder of the Hispanic Society of America
* Gabriel Jackson (1921–2019)
* (1913–1997), ( Brown University)
* Angus Mackay (born 1939)
* Edward Malefakis (1932–2016)
*Erwin Kempton Mapes Erwin Kempton Mapes (9 June 1884 – 18 February 1961) was an American scholar of Spanish-American literature and Hispanist, renowned for his work on the Hispanic Modernists.
Born in Gilman, Illinois, Mapes received his bachelors from Cornell ...
(1884–1961), ( University of Iowa)[in memoriam utexas.edu](_blank)
/ref>
*Eric Woodfin Naylor
Eric Woodfin Naylor (December 6, 1936 – September 16, 2019) was an American Hispanist, scholar and educator.
Naylor was born in Union City, Tennessee. He completed his undergraduate work at The University of the South and a PhD at University of ...
(1936–2019), (University of the South
The University of the South, familiarly known as Sewanee (), is a private Episcopal liberal arts college in Sewanee, Tennessee. It is owned by 28 southern dioceses of the Episcopal Church, and its School of Theology is an official seminary of ...
)
* Geoffrey Parker (historian) (born 1943)
*Stanley G. Payne
Stanley George Payne (born September 9, 1934) is an American historian of modern Spain and European Fascism at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He retired from full-time teaching in 2004 and is currently Professor Emeritus at its Department ...
(born 1943)
* Edgar Allison Peers (1891–1952)
* Paul Preston (born 1946)
* John D. Rutherford (born 1941)
* Dorothy Severin (born 1942)
* Alison Sinclair
* Robert Southey (1774–1843)
* Walter Starkie (1894–1976)
* Hugh Thomas (1931–2017)
*George Ticknor
George Ticknor (August 1, 1791 – January 26, 1871) was an American academician and Hispanist, specializing in the subject areas of languages and literature. He is known for his scholarly work on the history and criticism of Spanish literatur ...
(1791–1871)
* John Brande Trend (1887–1958)
*Leslie Walton
Leslie Bannister Walton (1894 or 1895 – 9 September ) was an academic in Hispanic Studies at the University of Edinburgh and a Hispanist.
Life
Walton was educated at University College, London and Jesus College, Oxford, where he was a ...
(1894–1960)
See also
* Instituto Cervantes
* Hispanist
* Hispagnolisme
*'' Hispania'' quarterly published by the American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese
The American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese is a language-specific professional association in the United States that was founded on December 29, 1917, in New York City as the American Association of Teachers of Spanish.
The na ...
(AATSP).
References
Bibliography
*
*
*
*
Further reading
*Richard L. Kagan has edited a volume on Hispanism in the United States
*Hispanist historian J.H. Elliot has discussed it in his volume ''History in the Making''.
External links
History of the Spanish Literature, Arts, Architecture, Music
Hispanic Society of America
{{Regional Cultural Studies
Literary criticism
Spanish culture
Spanish language
European studies
Romance studies