Hishikawa Moronobu ( ja, 菱川 師宣; 1618 – 25 July 1694) was a Japanese artist known for popularizing the
ukiyo-e
Ukiyo-e is a genre of Japanese art which flourished from the 17th through 19th centuries. Its artists produced woodblock prints and paintings of such subjects as female beauties; kabuki actors and sumo wrestlers; scenes from history and folk t ...
genre of
woodblock prints
Woodblock printing or block printing is a technique for printing text, images or patterns used widely throughout East Asia and originating in China in antiquity as a method of printing on textiles and later paper. Each page or image is crea ...
and paintings in the late 17th century. He consolidated the works of scattered Japanese art styles and forged the early development of ukiyo-e.
Early life
Born in Hoda at the distant end of
Edo Bay
is a bay located in the southern Kantō region of Japan, and spans the coasts of Tokyo, Kanagawa Prefecture, and Chiba Prefecture. Tokyo Bay is connected to the Pacific Ocean by the Uraga Channel. The Tokyo Bay region is both the most populous ...
, Moronobu was the son of a well-respected embroiderer of rich tapestries who produced it for the use of temples and wealthy patrons. After moving to
Edo in the 1660s, Moronobu, who had likely learned skills from his father's craft, and studied both
Tosa and
Kanō-style painting.
He thus had a solid grounding in both decorative crafts and academic painting, which served him well when he then turned to ukiyo-e, which he studied with his mentor, the
Kanbun Master.
Work
![Moronobu b-w shunga](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Moronobu_b-w_shunga.jpg)
The earliest known illustration of Moronobu that can be dated comes from his work titled ''One Hundred Warrior Poets'' from 1672, although earlier works are yet possible to surface.
By the mid-1670s Moronobu had already become the most important ukiyo-e printmaker, a position he maintained until his death. He produced more than 100 sets of illustrations, perhaps as many as 150, with around 20 being of an erotic nature.
Though it is difficult to attribute to him many unsigned examples (for example, the scholar
Kiyoshi Shibui established, in 1926, a basis for crediting some of the designs previously given to Moronobu as the work of Sugumura Jihei). Very few of Moronobu's single-sheet prints have survived, and most, if not all, are unsigned.
Moronobu was not the "founder" of ukiyo-e, as some early scholars surmised. Instead, he made an assimilation of inchoate ukiyo-e designs by previous artists, a consolidation of genre and early ukiyo-e painting and prints. It was Moronobu who created the first truly mature form of ukiyo-e, in a style of great strength and presence that would set the standards for generations of artists who followed. Moronobu's mastery of line has often been cited in assessments of his oeuvre, as well as the interactive arrangement of figures, which seem always to serve a dramatic function not usually seen in the work of his predecessors.
![Hishikawa Courtesans](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Hishikawa_Courtesans.jpg)
Some of Moronobu's prints are found with hand coloring, but this specimen is a ''
sumizuri-e'' (
:ja:墨摺絵) (print with black pigment only) in its original, uncolored state. There is something almost elemental in Moronobu's line work and figure placements in black and white, which most often was diminished into more decorative effects when colors were applied by hand. The black and gray lines and solid areas contrast boldly with the white paper to produce a range of tonal values, with emphasis on the shape and movement of the lines and the "positive" values of the white spaces. As in many other designs by Moronobu, the artist was inventive in his use of curvilinear forms juxtaposed against straight diagonals.
Groupings of 12 images had been common for centuries in court and genre paintings. Among the more famous surviving early specimens were the painted single sheets by the master
Tosa Mitsunobu
was a Japanese painter, the founder of the Tosa school of Japanese painting. Born into a family that had traditionally served as painters to the Imperial court, he was head of the court painting bureau from 1493 to 1496. In 1518, he was appointe ...
(1434–1525). Thus Moronobu's adoption of a grouping of 12 was conventional enough, particularly as such an arrangement afforded a context in which to alter the furnishings, clothing, and design patterns, matched more or less to the months of the year. However, it cannot be said that much ''
shunga
is a type of Japanese erotic art typically executed as a kind of ukiyo-e, often in woodblock print format. While rare, there are also extant erotic painted handscrolls which predate ukiyo-e. Translated literally, the Japanese word ''shunga' ...
'' (erotic art) strictly adhered to seasonal progressions or 12-step narratives. Moronobu's print qualifies as an ''abuna-e'' (危な絵;"risqué print"), a non-explicit erotic design of a type often found as the frontispiece to ''shunga'' sets or occasionally interspersed among the explicit sheets. Moronobu's formalism is evident here, with curves and straight lines balanced in near perfect proportion. As for the amorous couple, the seduction has just begun with the loosening of the ''
obi #REDIRECT Obi {{redirect category shell, {{R from other capitalisation{{R from ambiguous title ...
'' (the woman's sash). Erotic signifiers enhance the scene. For example, the young beauty raises her right sleeve toward her mouth in a gesture of suppressed emotion. Water imagery evokes the woman's sexuality, with feminine or "
yin
Yin may refer to:
*the dark force in the yin and yang from traditional Chinese philosophy and medicine
*Yīn (surname) (), a Chinese surname
*Yǐn (surname) (), a Chinese surname
*Shang dynasty, also known as the Yin dynasty
**Yinxu or Yin, the S ...
" erotic symbols in the garden stream behind the lovers and in the waves on the robe of the young gallant, while the flowering
ume
''Prunus mume'' is an East Asian and Southeast Asian tree species classified in the ''Armeniaca'' section of the genus ''Prunus'' subgenus ''Prunus''. Its common names include Chinese plum, Japanese plum, and Japanese apricot. The flower, long ...
on the standing screen serves as a metaphor for male or "
yang
Yang may refer to:
* Yang, in yin and yang, one half of the two symbolic polarities in Chinese philosophy
* Korean yang, former unit of currency of Korea from 1892 to 1902
* YANG, a data modeling language for the NETCONF network configuration ...
" sexuality.
In 1685, the
ukiyo-e
Ukiyo-e is a genre of Japanese art which flourished from the 17th through 19th centuries. Its artists produced woodblock prints and paintings of such subjects as female beauties; kabuki actors and sumo wrestlers; scenes from history and folk t ...
book by Moronobu was published.
It features heroic popular tales of
samurai
were the hereditary military nobility and officer caste of medieval and early-modern Japan from the late 12th century until their abolition in 1876. They were the well-paid retainers of the '' daimyo'' (the great feudal landholders). They h ...
warriors with simple descriptions per artwork.
The title includes the word ''
bushido'' and it was meant for children which shows that it had spread among the general population.
Despite his popularity with ukiyo-e prints, his illustrations found in collaborations with other artists and in printed books are kicked off his career. In some cases Moronobu would take the images and subjects from other prints and illustrations made in Kyoto but would replace the images with his own illustrations to make it his own. A common subject Moronobu worked with was the depiction of women in their daily lives. He did this right up until the end of the 19th century, or in other words, the end of the Edo period. An example would be his contribution of illustrations for Hyankunin isshu zōsanshō (One Hundred Poets with Portraits and Commentaries). This publication produced an argument on whether it was designed for women or not. Moronobu's illustrations can also be found in The Pictorial Survey, drafted by Ochikochi Dōin. The images depicted include long military processions and travelers of all ages and stations. As he continued to do prints the subjects, scenes, colors, composition, and even his line work changed with adaptation of techniques and the audience that was interested in the current activities displayed.
As a famous ukiyo-e he drew, there is a beautiful figure in return. This painting was completed around the 17th century, depicting a beautiful woman wearing a kimono turning around. It was adopted as a stamp design around 1948 and became popular.
Moronobu's work is held in numerous museum collections around the world, and in the
Library of Congress
The Library of Congress (LOC) is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the ''de facto'' national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the country. The library ...
.
Gallery
File:Hishikawa-Moronobu-woodblock-print-1680.jpg, ''Lobby of a brothel'' from ''Yoshiwara no tei'' series, ca. 1680.
File:MORONOBU.JPG, ''Shunga'', early 1680s, private collection.
File:Brooklyn Museum - Ayame no Sikku - Hishikawa Moronobu.jpg, ''Ayame no Sikku'', between 1650 and 1700, Brooklyn Museum.
File:Brooklyn Museum - Women Dressmaking (left) and Artesans at Work (right) - Hishikawa Moronobu.jpg, ''Women dressmaking and artisans at work'', between 1675 and 1695, Brooklyn Museum.
File:Gardens and Pavilions of Pleasure, by Hishikawa Moronobu, late 17th century - Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art - DSC09096.JPG, ''Gardens and Pavilions of Pleasure'', late 17th century, Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art
The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art is an art museum in Kansas City, Missouri, known for its encyclopedic collection of art from nearly every continent and culture, and especially for its extensive collection of Asian art.
In 2007, ''Time'' magaz ...
.
File:Kokon-Bushido-Ezukushi-(Bushido-Through-The-Ages-Book).png, Book cover of Kokon Bushido Ezukushi ( Bushido Through The Ages) (1685)
2 Bijin-zu by Hishikawa Moronobu.jpg, Two beauties (ink and color on silk)
References
External links
*
Ukiyoe The third story''Beauty looking back'', Tokyo National Museum''Kabuki drama'', Tokyo National Museum*More examples of Moronobu's work can be found a
Ukiyo-e Searchref>Resig, John. "Hishikawa Moronobu". Ukiyo-e Search, 2012. 23, February 2015.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hishikawa, Moronobu
Ukiyo-e artists
1618 births
1694 deaths
Japanese erotic artists
Artists from Chiba Prefecture
17th-century Japanese artists