Hannathon, and of the 1350-1335 BC

Amarna letters The Amarna letters (; sometimes referred to as the Amarna correspondence or Amarna tablets, and cited with the abbreviation EA, for "El Amarna") are an archive, written on clay tablets, primarily consisting of diplomatic correspondence between t ...

, Hinnatuna, or Hinnatuni/Hinnatunu, is the

Biblical The Bible (from Koine Greek , , 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures that are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, and many other religions. The Bible is an anthologya compilation of texts of a ...

city/

city-state A city-state is an independent sovereign city which serves as the center of political, economic, and cultural life over its contiguous territory. They have existed in many parts of the world since the dawn of history, including cities such as ...

of Hannathon, (meaning: ''"the Gift of Grace"''); in the Amarna letters correspondence as ''Hinnatuna'', it is a site in southern

Canaan Canaan (; Phoenician: 𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍 – ; he, כְּנַעַן – , in pausa – ; grc-bib, Χανααν – ;The current scholarly edition of the Greek Old Testament spells the word without any accents, cf. Septuaginta : id est Vetus T ...

, site uncertain. Ancient settlement of

Tel Hanaton Tel Hanaton ( he, תל חנתון; ar, تل بدويه, translit=Tal Badawiye, lit=the nomads' tell) is an archaeological tell situated at the western edge of the Beit Netofa Valley, in the western Lower Galilee region of Israel, 2 km south o ...

Lower Galilee The Lower Galilee (; ar, الجليل الأسفل, translit=Al Jalil Al Asfal) is a region within the Northern District (Israel), Northern District of Israel. The Lower Galilee is bordered by the Jezreel Valley to the south; the Upper Galilee to t ...

has been suggested as a candidate.

Amarna letters mentioning ''Hinnatuna''

Hinnatuna is referenced in 2

Amarna Amarna (; ar, العمارنة, al-ʿamārnah) is an extensive Egyptian archaeological site containing the remains of what was the capital city of the late Eighteenth Dynasty. The city was established in 1346 BC, built at the direction of the Ph ...

letters, EA 8, and EA 245 ('EA' stands for 'El Amarna'). Amarna letter EA 8 is a letter to

Pharaoh Pharaoh (, ; Egyptian: ''pr ꜥꜣ''; cop, , Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: ''Parʿō'') is the vernacular term often used by modern authors for the kings of ancient Egypt who ruled as monarchs from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BC) until the an ...

Burna-Buriash Burna-Buriaš II, rendered in cuneiform as ''Bur-na-'' or ''Bur-ra-Bu-ri-ia-aš'' in royal inscriptions and letters, and meaning ''servant'' or ''protégé of the Lord of the lands'' in the Kassite language, where Buriaš (, dbu-ri-ia-aš₂) is a ...

of Karaduniyaš-(i.e.

Babylon ''Bābili(m)'' * sux, 𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠 * arc, 𐡁𐡁𐡋 ''Bāḇel'' * syc, ܒܒܠ ''Bāḇel'' * grc-gre, Βαβυλών ''Babylṓn'' * he, בָּבֶל ''Bāvel'' * peo, 𐎲𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎽𐎢 ''Bābiru'' * elx, 𒀸𒁀𒉿𒇷 ''Babi ...

). The letter, entitled: ''"Merchants murdered, vengeance demanded"'', states near the letter beginning: ''"...Now, my

merchant A merchant is a person who trades in commodities produced by other people, especially one who trades with foreign countries. Historically, a merchant is anyone who is involved in business or trade. Merchants have operated for as long as indust ...

s who were on their way with Ahu-tabu, were detained in

for business matters. After Ahu-tabu went on to my brother-(the pharaoh), –in'' Hinnatuna ''of Canaan, Šum-Adda, the son of Balumme, and Šutatna, the son of Šaratum of

Akka Akka or AKKA may refer to: Arts and entertainment * ''Akka'' (film), a 1976 Indian Tamil film * ''Akka'' (TV series), a 2014–2015 Indian Tamil soap opera * Akka, a character in the children's novel ''The Wonderful Adventures of Nils'' by Selma ...

-(modern

Acre The acre is a unit of land area used in the imperial Imperial is that which relates to an empire, emperor, or imperialism. Imperial or The Imperial may also refer to: Places United States * Imperial, California * Imperial, Missouri * Imp ...

), having sent their men, killed my merchants and took away hir money."'' Burna-Buriash continues, and states that he demands retribution, as well as he makes a warning to the pharaoh, that his own merchants/envoys are in danger.

Letter EA 245, title: ''"Assignment of guilt"''

Letter EA 245, to pharaoh, letter no. 4 of 7 by

Biridiya Biridiya was the ruler of Megiddo in the 14th century BC. Biridiya authored five of the Amarna letters correspondence. The name 'Biridiya' is also mentioned in the corpus from the city of 'Kumidu' (letter KL 72:600), the Kamid al lawz. However, ...

, concerns the rebel, and mayor of

Shechem Shechem ( ), also spelled Sichem ( ; he, שְׁכֶם, ''Šəḵem''; ; grc, Συχέμ, Sykhém; Samaritan Hebrew: , ), was a Canaanite and Israelite city mentioned in the Amarna Letters, later appearing in the Hebrew Bible as the first cap ...

-(Amarna Šakmu),

Labayu Labaya (also transliterated as Labayu or Lib'ayu) was a 14th-century BCE ruler or warlord in the central hill country of southern Canaan. He lived contemporaneously with Pharaoh Akhenaten. Labaya is mentioned in several of the Amarna Letters (abb ...

, and his cohort and protector: Surata of Akka-(modern

Acre, Israel Acre ( ), known locally as Akko ( he, עַכּוֹ, ''ʻAkō'') or Akka ( ar, عكّا, ''ʻAkkā''), is a city in the coastal plain region of the Northern District of Israel. The city occupies an important location, sitting in a natural harb ...

). EA 245 is the second tablet of a 2–Tablet letter-(Part 1 lost).
Letter Part 2 of 2: :(1-7)"Moreover, I urged my brothers, "If the god of the king, our lord, brings it about that we overcome

Lab'ayu Labaya (also transliterated as Labayu or Lib'ayu) was a 14th-century BCE ruler or warlord in the central hill country of southern Canaan. He lived contemporaneously with Pharaoh Akhenaten. Labaya is mentioned in several of the Amarna Letters (abb ...

, then we must bring him alive: '' ha- ia- ma'' to the king, our lord." :(8-12)My

mare A mare is an adult female horse or other equine. In most cases, a mare is a female horse over the age of three, and a filly is a female horse three and younger. In Thoroughbred horse racing, a mare is defined as a female horse more than four ...

, however, ''having been put out of action: tu- ra (having been shot), I took my place behind him: ah- ru- un- ú'' and rode with Yašdata. :(13-20)But before my arrival they had struck him down: '' ma-ah-sú- ú,''-(mahāsū). Yašdata being truly your servant, he it was that entered with me into batt e. :(21-47)(''bottom/tablet and reverse'')May ... ..the ''life'' of the king, my

ord Ord or ORD may refer to: Places * Ord of Caithness, landform in north-east Scotland * Ord, Nebraska, USA * Ord, Northumberland, England * Muir of Ord, village in Highland, Scotland * Ord, Skye, a place near Tarskavaig * Ord River, Western Austral ...

that ''he may br ng peace to everone'' in 'the lands of''the king, ylord. It had been Surata that took Lab'ayu from Magidda and said to me, "I will send him to the king by

boat A boat is a watercraft of a large range of types and sizes, but generally smaller than a ship, which is distinguished by its larger size, shape, cargo or passenger capacity, or its ability to carry boats. Small boats are typically found on inl ...

: '' a- na-yi''." Surata took him, but he sent him from ''Hinnatunu'' to his home, for it was Surata that had accepted from him: '' ba-di- ú'' his ransom. :(?41-47)Moreover, what have I done to the king, my lord, that he has treated me with contempt: ''ia₈- qí-ìl- li- ni'' and honored: ''ia₈- ka- bi- id'' my ''less important'' brothers? :(?41-47)It was Surata that let Lab'ayu go, and it was Surata that let ''Ba'l-mehir'' go, (both) to their homes. And may the king, my lord, know." -EA 245, lines 1-47 (complete, (minor 1-sentence

lacuna Lacuna (plural lacunas or lacunae) may refer to: Related to the meaning "gap" * Lacuna (manuscripts), a gap in a manuscript, inscription, text, painting, or musical work **Great Lacuna, a lacuna of eight leaves where there was heroic Old Norse po ...

))(Letter Part 2 of 2; Letter Part 1–lost)

External links

EA 245-(Obverse)EA 245-(Reverse)
Note: Reverse up-side-down to Front.

References

* Moran, William L. ''The Amarna Letters.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. (softcover, {{ISBN, 0-8018-6715-0) Amarna letters locations Canaanite cities Former populated places in Southwest Asia

Amarna letters mentioning ''Hinnatuna''

Letter EA 245, title: ''"Assignment of guilt"''

See also

Amarna letters (photos)

External links

References