''Hibiscus'' is a genus of
flowering plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...
s in the
mallow family,
Malvaceae
Malvaceae, or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include okra, cotton, cacao and durian. There are also some genera containing familiar ...
. The genus is quite large, comprising
several hundred species that are
native
Native may refer to:
People
* Jus soli, citizenship by right of birth
* Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory
** Native Americans (disambiguation)
In arts and entert ...
to warm
temperate
In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout ...
,
subtropical and
tropical
The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in
the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...
regions throughout the world. Member species are renowned for their large, showy flowers and those species are commonly known simply as "hibiscus", or less widely known as rose mallow. Other names include hardy hibiscus, rose of sharon, and tropical hibiscus.
The genus includes both
annual
Annual may refer to:
*Annual publication, periodical publications appearing regularly once per year
** Yearbook
** Literary annual
*Annual plant
*Annual report
*Annual giving
*Annual, Morocco, a settlement in northeastern Morocco
*Annuals (band), ...
and
perennial
A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wid ...
herbaceous plant
Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent wood, woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennial plant, perennials, and nearly all Annual plant, annuals and Biennial plant, biennials.
Definition ...
s, as well as
woody shrubs and small trees. The
generic name is derived from the
Greek
Greek may refer to:
Greece
Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe:
*Greeks, an ethnic group.
*Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family.
**Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
name ἰβίσκος (''ibískos'') which
Pedanius Dioscorides
Pedanius Dioscorides ( grc-gre, Πεδάνιος Διοσκουρίδης, ; 40–90 AD), “the father of pharmacognosy”, was a Greek physician, pharmacologist, botanist, and author of '' De materia medica'' (, On Medical Material) —a 5-vo ...
gave to ''
Althaea officinalis
''Althaea officinalis'', the marsh mallow or marshmallow, is a species of flowering plant indigenous to Europe, Western Asia and North Africa, which is used in herbalism and as an ornamental plant. A confection made from the root since ancient ...
'' ( 40–90 AD).
Several species are widely cultivated as ornamental plants, notably ''
Hibiscus syriacus
''Hibiscus syriacus'' is a species of flowering plant in the mallow family, Malvaceae. It is native to Korea, and south-central and southeast China, but widely introduced elsewhere, including much of Asia. It was given the epithet ''syriacus'' b ...
'' and ''
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'', known colloquially as Chinese hibiscus, China rose, Hawaiian hibiscus, rose mallow and shoeblack plant, is a species of tropical hibiscus, a flowering plant in the Hibisceae tribe of the family Malvaceae. It is wide ...
''.
A
tea made from hibiscus flowers is known by many names around the world and is served both hot and cold. The beverage is known for its red colour, tart flavour, and vitamin C content.
Description
The
leaves are
alternate
Alternative or alternate may refer to:
Arts, entertainment and media
* Alternative (''Kamen Rider''), a character in the Japanese TV series ''Kamen Rider Ryuki''
* ''The Alternative'' (film), a 1978 Australian television film
* ''The Alternative ...
, ovate to lanceolate, often with a toothed or lobed margin (
dentate
Dentate may refer to:
* A species having dentition
* An energy-dissipating baffle block in a spillway
* An individual not being edentulous
* Dentate gyrus of the hippocampus
* Dentate nucleus of the cerebellum
* Denticity in chemistry
* Dentat ...
). The
flower
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechani ...
s are large, conspicuous, trumpet-shaped, with five or more
petals, colour from white to pink, red, blue, orange, peach, yellow or purple,
and from 4–18 cm broad.
![Pollen grain of Hibiscus](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Pollen_grain_of_Hibiscus.jpg)
Flower colour in certain species, such as ''
H. mutabilis'' and ''
H. tiliaceus'', changes with age. The
fruit
In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering.
Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particu ...
is a dry five-lobed
capsule, containing several
seed
A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering, along with a food reserve. The formation of the seed is a part of the process of reproduction in seed plants, the spermatophytes, including the gymnosperm and angiospe ...
s in each lobe, which are released when the capsule
dehisces (splits open) at maturity. It is of red and white colours. It is an example of complete flowers.
Species
![Yellow Hibiscus+ (110014928)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Yellow_Hibiscus%2B_%28110014928%29.jpg)
In temperate zones, probably the most commonly grown
ornamental species is ''
Hibiscus syriacus
''Hibiscus syriacus'' is a species of flowering plant in the mallow family, Malvaceae. It is native to Korea, and south-central and southeast China, but widely introduced elsewhere, including much of Asia. It was given the epithet ''syriacus'' b ...
'', the common garden hibiscus, also known in some areas as the "rose of Althea" or "rose of Sharon" (but not to be confused with the unrelated ''
Hypericum calycinum'', also called "rose of Sharon"). In tropical and subtropical areas, the
Chinese hibiscus
''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'', known colloquially as Chinese hibiscus, China rose, Hawaiian hibiscus, rose mallow and shoeblack plant, is a species of tropical hibiscus, a flowering plant in the Hibisceae tribe of the family Malvaceae. It is wide ...
(''H. rosa-sinensis''), with its many showy
hybrids, is the most popular hibiscus.
Several hundred species are known, including:
*''
Hibiscus abelmoschus''
L. synonym of ''
Abelmoschus moschatus
''Abelmoschus moschatus'' (Abelmosk, ambrette, annual hibiscus, Bamia Moschata, Galu Gasturi, muskdana, musk mallow, musk okra, ornamental okra, rose mallow, tropical jewel hibiscus, Yorka okra) is an aromatic and medicinal plant in the family Ma ...
'' Medik.
*''
Hibiscus abelmoschus'' var. ''betulifolius''
Mast. synonym of ''
Abelmoschus moschatus
''Abelmoschus moschatus'' (Abelmosk, ambrette, annual hibiscus, Bamia Moschata, Galu Gasturi, muskdana, musk mallow, musk okra, ornamental okra, rose mallow, tropical jewel hibiscus, Yorka okra) is an aromatic and medicinal plant in the family Ma ...
'' Medik.
*''
Hibiscus abelmoschus'' var. ''genuinus''
Hochr. synonym of ''
Abelmoschus moschatus
''Abelmoschus moschatus'' (Abelmosk, ambrette, annual hibiscus, Bamia Moschata, Galu Gasturi, muskdana, musk mallow, musk okra, ornamental okra, rose mallow, tropical jewel hibiscus, Yorka okra) is an aromatic and medicinal plant in the family Ma ...
'' Medik.
*''
Hibiscus laevis abutiloides
''Hibiscus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the Malva, mallow family, Malvaceae. The genus is quite large, comprising List of Hibiscus species, several hundred species that are Native plant, native to warm temperate, Subtropics, subtropical a ...
''
Willd. synonym of ''
Talipariti tiliaceum
''Hibiscus tiliaceus'', commonly known as the sea hibiscus or coast cottonwood, is a species of flowering tree in the mallow family, Malvaceae, with a pantropical distribution along coastlines. It has also been introduced to Florida and New Zea ...
'' var. ''pernambucense'' (Arruda) Fryxell
*''
Hibiscus abyssinicus''
Steud. (unresolved)
*''
Hibiscus acapulcensis
''Hibiscus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. The genus is quite large, comprising several hundred species that are native to warm temperate, subtropical and tropical regions throughout the world. Member species ...
''
Fryxell
*''
Hibiscus acerifolius''
Salisb. (unresolved)
*''
Hibiscus acerifolius''
DC. (unresolved)
*''
Hibiscus acetosaefolius
''Hibiscus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. The genus is quite large, comprising several hundred species that are native to warm temperate, subtropical and tropical regions throughout the world. Member species ...
''
DC. (unresolved)
*''
Hibiscus acetosella
''Hibiscus acetosella'', the cranberry hibiscus or African rosemallow, is a flowering plant of the family Malvaceae. The epithet ''acetosella'' is of Latin origin and is a diminutive of the Latin name for sorrel which comes from the sour taste ex ...
''
Welw.
Friedrich Martin Josef Welwitsch (25 February 1806 – 20 October 1872) was an Austrian explorer and botanist who in Angola was the first European to describe the plant ''Welwitschia mirabilis''. His report received wide attention among the ...
ex Hiern. false roselle
*''
Hibiscus acicularis''
*''
Hibiscus aculeatus''—comfortroot
*''
Hibiscus aethiopicus''
L.
*''
Hibiscus altissimus''
*''
Hibiscus andongensis
''Hibiscus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. The genus is quite large, comprising several hundred species that are native to warm temperate, subtropical and tropical regions throughout the world. Member species ...
''
*''
Hibiscus angolensis''
*''
Hibiscus aponeurus
''Hibiscus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. The genus is quite large, comprising several hundred species that are native to warm temperate, subtropical and tropical regions throughout the world. Member species ...
''
*''
Hibiscus archeri''—Archer's hibiscus
*''
Hibiscus aridicola
''Hibiscus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. The genus is quite large, comprising several hundred species that are native to warm temperate, subtropical and tropical regions throughout the world. Member species ...
''
*''
Hibiscus arnottianus
Hawaiian hibiscus are seven species of hibiscus native to Hawaii. The yellow hibiscus is Hawaii's state flower. Most commonly grown as ornamental plants in the Hawaiian Islands are the non-native Chinese hibiscus (''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'') and i ...
''
A.Gray
Asa Gray (November 18, 1810 – January 30, 1888) is considered the most important American botanist of the 19th century. His '' Darwiniana'' was considered an important explanation of how religion and science were not necessarily mutually exc ...
—''kokiʻo ʻula'' (
Hawaii
Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only state ...
)
*''
Hibiscus asper
Kenaf tymology: Persian ''Hibiscus cannabinus'', is a plant in the family Malvaceae also called Deccan hemp and Java jute. ''Hibiscus cannabinus'' is in the genus ''Hibiscus'' and is native to Africa, though its exact origin is unknown. The name ...
''—bush roselle
*''
Hibiscus austroyunnanensis
''Hibiscus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. The genus is quite large, comprising several hundred species that are native to warm temperate, subtropical and tropical regions throughout the world. Member species ...
''
*''
Hibiscus barbosae''
*''
Hibiscus benguellensis''
*''
Hibiscus berberidifolius''
*''
Hibiscus bernieri''
*''
Hibiscus bifurcatus''—fork-bracted rosemallow
*''
Hibiscus biseptus''—Arizona rosemallow
*''
Hibiscus bojerianus
''Hibiscus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. The genus is quite large, comprising several hundred species that are native to warm temperate, subtropical and tropical regions throughout the world. Member species ...
''
*''
Hibiscus boryanus''—foulsapate marron
*''
Hibiscus brackenridgei
Hawaiian hibiscus are seven species of hibiscus native to Hawaii. The yellow hibiscus is Hawaii's state flower. Most commonly grown as ornamental plants in the Hawaiian Islands are the non-native Chinese hibiscus (''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'') and i ...
''
A.Gray—
Hawaiian hibiscus
Hawaiian hibiscus are seven species of hibiscus native to Hawaii. The yellow hibiscus is Hawaii's state flower. Most commonly grown as ornamental plants in the Hawaiian Islands are the non-native Chinese hibiscus (''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'') and i ...
''maʻo hau hele''
*''
Hibiscus burtt-davyi''
*''
Hibiscus caerulescens''
*''
Hibiscus caesius''—dark-eyed hibiscus (
South Africa
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the Atlantic Ocean, South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the ...
)
*''
Hibiscus calyphyllus''—lemonyellow rosemallow (
tropical Africa
Although tropical Africa is mostly familiar to the West for its rainforests, this biogeographic realm of Africa is far more diverse. While the tropics are thought of as regions with hot moist climates, which are caused by latitude and the trop ...
)
*''
Hibiscus cameronii''—Cameron's hibiscus, pink hibiscus
*''
Hibiscus cannabinus''
L.—
Kenaf
Kenaf tymology: Persian ''Hibiscus cannabinus'', is a plant in the family Malvaceae also called Deccan hemp and Java jute. ''Hibiscus cannabinus'' is in the genus '' Hibiscus'' and is native to Africa, though its exact origin is unknown. The name ...
*''
Hibiscus castroi
''Hibiscus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. The genus is quite large, comprising several hundred species that are native to warm temperate, subtropical and tropical regions throughout the world. Member species ...
''
*''
Hibiscus cisplatinus''—rosa del rio
*''
Hibiscus citrinus''
*''
Hibiscus clayi
''Hibiscus clayi'', common names red Kauai rosemallow, Clay's hibiscus or Kokiʻo ʻula (Hawaiian name), is a perennial angiosperm of the mallow family Malvaceae.
Etymology
The generic name is derived from the Greek word ἱβίσκος (''hib ...
''
O.Deg. & I.Deg.—
Hawaiian red hibiscus (Hawaii)
*''
Hibiscus clypeatus''—Congo mahoe
*''
Hibiscus coccineus''
( Medik.) Walter
Walter may refer to:
People
* Walter (name), both a surname and a given name
* Little Walter, American blues harmonica player Marion Walter Jacobs (1930–1968)
* Gunther (wrestler), Austrian professional wrestler and trainer Walter Hahn (born 19 ...
—scarlet rosemallow
*''
Hibiscus colimensis''
*''
Hibiscus columnaris''—mahot rempart
*''
Hibiscus comoensis''
*''
Hibiscus congestiflorus''
*''
Hibiscus costatus''
*''
Hibiscus coulteri
''Hibiscus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. The genus is quite large, comprising several hundred species that are native to warm temperate, subtropical and tropical regions throughout the world. Member species ...
''—desert rosemallow
*''
Hibiscus cuanzensis''
*''
Hibiscus dasycalyx''—Neches River rosemallow
*''
Hibiscus denudatus''
Benth.
George Bentham (22 September 1800 – 10 September 1884) was an English botanist, described by the weed botanist Duane Isely as "the premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century". Born into a distinguished family, he initially studie ...
—pale face (
Southwestern United States, Northwestern
Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
)
*''
Hibiscus dimidiatus''
*''
Hibiscus dioscorides''
(Yemen)
*''
Hibiscus diplocrater''
*''
Hibiscus diriffan''
A.G.Mill. (Yemen)
*''
Hibiscus diversifolius
''Hibiscus diversifolius'', the swamp hibiscus, is a widespread species of hibiscus. It grows to between 1 and 2 metres in height, with prickly stems and yellow flowers with a maroon basal spot during spring summer.
Distribution
It occurs in tr ...
''—swamp hibiscus
*''
Hibiscus dongolensis''
*''
Hibiscus donianus''
*''
Hibiscus elatus
''Talipariti elatum'', the blue mahoe, is a species of flowering tree in the mallow family, Malvaceae.
Distribution
''Talipariti elatum'' is native to the islands of Cuba, Jamaica the US. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. In wetter areas it wil ...
''—mahoe
*''
Hibiscus elegans''
*''
Hibiscus engleri''—wild hibiscus
*''
Hibiscus escobariae''
*''
Hibiscus excellii''
*''
Hibiscus ferrugineus''
*''
Hibiscus ficalhoanus''
*''
Hibiscus flavoroseus''
*''
Hibiscus fragilis''
DC.—mandrinette (
Mascarene Islands
The Mascarene Islands (, ) or Mascarenes or Mascarenhas Archipelago is a group of islands in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar consisting of the islands belonging to the Republic of Mauritius as well as the French department of Réunion. Their ...
)
*''
Hibiscus fragrans''
*''
Hibiscus fritzscheae''
*''
Hibiscus fugosioides''
*''
Hibiscus furcellatus
Hawaiian hibiscus are seven species of hibiscus native to Hawaii. The yellow hibiscus is Hawaii's state flower. Most commonly grown as ornamental plants in the Hawaiian Islands are the non-native Chinese hibiscus (''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'') and i ...
''
Desr.—lindenleaf rosemallow (
Caribbean,
Florida
Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and to ...
,
Central America
Central America ( es, América Central or ) is a subregion of the Americas. Its boundaries are defined as bordering the United States to the north, Colombia to the south, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. ...
,
South America
South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the sout ...
,
Hawaii
Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only state ...
)
*''
Hibiscus fuscus''
*''
Hibiscus genevii''
Bojer (Mauritius)
*''
Hibiscus gilletii''
*''
Hibiscus gossweileri''
*''
Hibiscus grandidieri''
*''
Hibiscus grandiflorus''
Michx.—swamp rosemallow (
Southeastern United States
The Southeastern United States, also referred to as the American Southeast or simply the Southeast, is a geographical region of the United States. It is located broadly on the eastern portion of the southern United States and the southern por ...
)
*''
Hibiscus grandistipulatus''
*''
Hibiscus grewiifolius''
*''
Hibiscus hamabo''
*''
Hibiscus hastatus''
*''
Hibiscus heterophyllus''—native rosella
*''
Hibiscus hirtus''—lesser mallow
*''
Hibiscus hispidissimus''
*''
Hibiscus huellensis''
*''
Hibiscus hybridus''
*''
Hibiscus indicus
''Hibiscus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. The genus is quite large, comprising several hundred species that are native to warm temperate, subtropical and tropical regions throughout the world. Member species ...
''
*''
Hibiscus insularis
''Hibiscus insularis'', the Phillip Island hibiscus, is a species of flowering plant in the mallow family Malvaceae, that is endemic to Phillip Island, a small island to the south of Norfolk Island, Australia. The entire natural extent of this ...
''
Endl.—Phillip Island hibiscus (
Phillip Island
Phillip Island ( Boonwurrung: ''Corriong'', ''Worne'' or ''Millowl'') is an Australian island about south-southeast of Melbourne, Victoria. The island is named after Governor Arthur Phillip, the first Governor of New South Wales, by explore ...
)
*''
Hibiscus integrifolius
''Hibiscus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. The genus is quite large, comprising several hundred species that are native to warm temperate, subtropical and tropical regions throughout the world. Member species ...
''
*''
Hibiscus jaliscensis
''Hibiscus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the Malva, mallow family, Malvaceae. The genus is quite large, comprising List of Hibiscus species, several hundred species that are Native plant, native to warm temperate, Subtropics, subtropical a ...
''
*''
Hibiscus kochii''
*''
Hibiscus kokio
Hawaiian hibiscus are seven species of hibiscus native to Hawaii. The yellow hibiscus is Hawaii's state flower. Most commonly grown as ornamental plants in the Hawaiian Islands are the non-native Chinese hibiscus (''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'') and it ...
''—red rosemallow
*''
Hibiscus labordei''
*''
Hibiscus laevis
''Hibiscus laevis'' (syn. ''Hibiscus militaris''), the halberd-leaf rosemallow, is a herbaceous perennial flower native to central and eastern North America. Their showy, creamy-white or pink flowers are large, up to across, and are hard to miss ...
''
All.
Carlo Allioni (23 September 1728 in Turin – 30 July 1804 in Turin) was an Italian physician and professor of botany at the University of Turin. His most important work was ''Flora Pedemontana, sive enumeratio methodica stirpium indigenarum P ...
(=''H. militaris'')—halberd-leaved rosemallow (central and eastern North America)
*''
Hibiscus lasiocarpos''—woolly rosemallow
*''
Hibiscus lasiococcus''
*''
Hibiscus lavaterioides''
*''
Hibiscus laxiflorus''
*''
Hibiscus leptocladus'' (
orthwest Australia
*''
Hibiscus leviseminus''
*''
Hibiscus lilacinus''—lilac hibiscus
*''
Hibiscus liliiflorus
''Hibiscus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. The genus is quite large, comprising several hundred species that are native to warm temperate, subtropical and tropical regions throughout the world. Member species ...
''—Rodrigues tree hibiscus
*''
Hibiscus longifolius''
*''
Hibiscus longisepalus''
*''
Hibiscus ludwigii''
*''
Hibiscus lunariifolius''
*''
Hibiscus macilwraithensis
''Hibiscus macilwraithensis'', the Macilwraithe hibiscus, is shrub growing from one to four metres tall. Endemic to Cape York Peninsula
Cape York Peninsula is a large peninsula located in Far North Queensland, Australia. It is the largest ...
''
- Australia
*''
Hibiscus macrogonus''
*''
Hibiscus macrophyllus''—largeleaf rosemallow
*''
Hibiscus macropodus''
*''
Hibiscus makinoi''—Okinawan hibiscus
*''
Hibiscus malacophyllus''
Balf.f. (
Yemen
Yemen (; ar, ٱلْيَمَن, al-Yaman), officially the Republic of Yemen,, ) is a country in Western Asia. It is situated on the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula, and borders Saudi Arabia to the Saudi Arabia–Yemen border, north and ...
)
*''
Hibiscus malacospermus''
*''
Hibiscus martianus
''Hibiscus martianus'', the heartleaf rosemallow or heart-leaf hibiscus, is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae, native to Texas and Mexico. In the wild it is found growing in a variety of harsh habitats, including in canyons, on ...
''— heartleaf rosemallow
*''
Hibiscus mesnyi''
Pierre ex Laness. (Vietnam endemic)
*''
Hibiscus moscheutos''
L.—crimsoneyed rosemallow (Central and Eastern North America)
*''
Hibiscus mutabilis
''Hibiscus mutabilis'', also known as the Confederate rose, Dixie rosemallow, cotton rose or cotton rosemallow, is a plant long cultivated for its showy flowers. Originally native to southern China and Taiwan, it is now found on all continents e ...
''
L.—cotton rosemallow, Confederate rose (East Asia)
*''
Hibiscus paramutabilis''
*''
Hibiscus pedunculatus''
*''
Hibiscus phoeniceus''—Brazilian rosemallow
*''
Hibiscus platanifolius''
*''
Hibiscus pusillus''
Thunb. -bladderweed
*''
Hibiscus quattenensis''
*''
Hibiscus poeppigii
''Hibiscus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. The genus is quite large, comprising several hundred species that are native to warm temperate, subtropical and tropical regions throughout the world. Member species ...
''—Poeppig's rosemallow
*''
Hibiscus radiatus''—monarch rosemallow
*''
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'', known colloquially as Chinese hibiscus, China rose, Hawaiian hibiscus, rose mallow and shoeblack plant, is a species of tropical hibiscus, a flowering plant in the Hibisceae tribe of the family Malvaceae. It is wide ...
''
L.—Chinese hibiscus (
East Asia
East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which is defined in both Geography, geographical and culture, ethno-cultural terms. The modern State (polity), states of East Asia include China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. ...
)
*''
Hibiscus sabdariffa
Roselle (''Hibiscus sabdariffa'') is a species of flowering plant in the genus ''Hibiscus'' that is native to Africa, most likely West Africa and also found in India especially Maharashtra with local name ambali. In the 16th and early 17th cent ...
''
L.—roselle, omutete, or sorrel
*''
Hibiscus schizopetalus''—fringed rosemallow
*''
Hibiscus scottii''
*''
Hibiscus socotranus''
*''
Hibiscus sinosyriacus
''Hibiscus sinosyriacus'', the Chinese rose of Sharon, is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae, native to southern China. The Royal Horticultural Society
The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), founded in 1804 as the Horticultur ...
''
*''
Hibiscus splendens''
*''
Hibiscus stenanthus
''Hibiscus stenanthus'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae. It is found only in Yemen. Its natural habitat
In ecology, the term habitat summarises the array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present ...
''
Balf.f. (Yemen)
*''
Hibiscus striatus''—striped rosemallow
*''
Hibiscus sturtii Australia
*''
Hibiscus syriacus
''Hibiscus syriacus'' is a species of flowering plant in the mallow family, Malvaceae. It is native to Korea, and south-central and southeast China, but widely introduced elsewhere, including much of Asia. It was given the epithet ''syriacus'' b ...
''
L. (type species)—rose of Sharon (
Asia
Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an are ...
)
*''
Hibiscus taiwanensis S.Y. Hu
''Hibiscus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the Malva, mallow family, Malvaceae. The genus is quite large, comprising List of Hibiscus species, several hundred species that are Native plant, native to warm temperate, Subtropics, subtropical a ...
''
*''
Hibiscus tiliaceus
''Hibiscus tiliaceus'', commonly known as the sea hibiscus or coast cottonwood, is a species of flowering tree in the mallow family, Malvaceae, with a pantropical distribution along coastlines. It has also been introduced to Florida and New Zea ...
''
L.—sea hibiscus (
Australia,
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical south-eastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of mainlan ...
,
Oceania
Oceania (, , ) is a geographical region that includes Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Spanning the Eastern and Western hemispheres, Oceania is estimated to have a land area of and a population of around 44.5 million ...
)
*''
Hibiscus tozerensis
''Hibiscus tozerensis'', the Iron Range hibiscus, is shrub to small tree, growing from one to six metres tall. Found in the Iron Range, Queensland, Australia.
References
tozerensis
Flora of Queensland
{{Hibisceae-stub ...
'' -
Australia
*''
Hibiscus trilobus''—threelobe rosemallow
*''
Hibiscus trionum
''Hibiscus trionum'', commonly called flower-of-an-hour, bladder hibiscus, bladder ketmia, bladder weed, modesty, puarangi, shoofly, and venice mallow, is an annual plant native to the Old World tropics and subtropics. It has spread throughout s ...
''
L.—flower-of-an-hour
*''
Hibiscus vitifolius''—tropical rose mallow
*''
Hibiscus waimeae
''Hibiscus waimeae'' (white Kauai rosemallow, haw, kokio keokeo, or ) is a species of flowering plant within the okra family, Malvaceae, that is endemic to the island of Kauai in Hawaii.
Etymology
Hibiscus refers to the Greek word ''ibiscos ...
''
A.Heller—''kokiʻo keʻokeʻo'' (Hawaii)
Formerly placed in the genus
*''
Abelmoschus esculentus
Okra or Okro (, ), ''Abelmoschus esculentus'', known in many English-speaking countries as ladies' fingers or ochro, is a flowering plant in the mallow family. It has edible green seed pods. The geographical origin of okra is disputed, with su ...
''
(L.) Moench (as ''H. esculentus''
L.)
*''
Abelmoschus ficulneus
''Abelmoschus ficulneus'' is a species of flowering plant in the genus '' Abelmoschus'', family Malvaceae. Commonly known as white wild musk mallow or native rosella, it is fibrous perennial with a woody stem. Its flowers are about an inch in ...
''
(L.) Wight & Arn. (as ''H. ficulneus''
L.)
*
''Abelmoschus manihot'' subsp. ''manihot'' (as ''H. manihot''
L.)
*
''Abelmoschus manihot'' var. ''pungens'' (Roxb.) Hochr. (as ''H. pungens''
Roxb.)
*
''Abelmoschus manihot'' var. ''tetraphyllus'' (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Borss. Waalk. (as ''H. tetraphyllus''
Roxb. ex Hornem.)
*
''Abelmoschus moschatus'' subsp. ''moschatus'' (as ''H. abelmoschus''
L.)
*
''Abelmoschus moschatus'' subsp. ''tuberosus'' (Span.) Borss. Waalk. (as ''H. sagittifolius''
Kurz)
*''
Alyogyne cuneiformis''
(DC.) Lewton (as ''H. cuneiformis''
DC.)
*''
Alyogyne hakeifolia''
(Giord.) Alef. (as ''H. hakeifolius''
Giord.)
*''
Alyogyne huegelii''
(Endl.) Fryxell (as ''H. wrayae''
Lindl.)
*''
Alyogyne pinoniana''
(Gaudich.) Fryxell (as ''H. pinonianus''
Gaudich.)
*''
Firmiana simplex
''Firmiana simplex'', commonly known as the Chinese parasol tree, Chinese parasoltree, or wutong (), is an ornamental plant of tree size assigned to the family Malvaceae that was formerly in the family Sterculiaceae in the order Malvales, and i ...
''
(L.) W.Wight (as ''H. simplex''
L.)
*
''Lagunaria patersonia'' subsp. ''patersonia'' (as ''H. patersonius''
Andrews)
*''
Kosteletzkya adoensis''
(Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Mast. (as ''H. adoensis''
Hochst. ex A.Rich.)
*''
Kosteletzkya pentacarpos
''Kosteletzkya pentacarpos'', the seashore mallow, also known as the saltmarsh mallow, sweat weed, Virginia saltmarsh mallow, or hibiscus à cinq carpelles, is an herb found in marshes along the eastern seashore of North America, parts of coast ...
''
(L.) Ledeb. (as ''H. pentacarpos''
L.)
*''
Kosteletzkya tubiflora''
(DC.) Blanch. & McVaugh (as ''H. tubiflorus''
DC.)
*''
Kosteletzkya virginica''
(L.) C.Presl ex A.Gray (as ''H. virginicus''
L.)
*''
Pavonia arabica''
Hochst. & Steud. ex Boiss. (as ''H. flavus''
Forssk.)
*''
Pavonia spinifex''
(L.) Cav. (as ''H. spinifex''
L.)
*''
Radyera farragei''
(F.Muell.) Fryxell & S.H.Hashmi (as ''H. farragei''
F.Muell.)
*''
Thespesia lampas
''Azanza lampas'' is an Asian shrub in the family Malvaceae and tribe Gossypieae; its native range is tropical and subtropical Asia. It has yellow flowers, grows up to 3 metres and in Vietnam it is called ''Tra nhỏ''.
Uses
Its roots and fru ...
''
(Cav.) Dalzell (as ''H. lampas''
Cav.)
*''
Thespesia populnea
''Thespesia populnea'', commonly known as the portia tree (), Pacific rosewood, Indian tulip tree, or milo, among other names, is a species of flowering plant belonging to the mallow family, Malvaceae. It is a tree found commonly on coasts ar ...
''
(L.) Sol. ex Corrêa (as ''H. populneoides''
Roxb. or ''H. populneus''
L.)
Uses
Landscaping
Many species are grown for their showy
flower
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechani ...
s or used as landscape
shrubs, and are used to attract butterflies, bees, and hummingbirds.
Hibiscus is a very hardy, versatile plant and in tropical conditions it can enhance the beauty of any garden. Being versatile it adapts itself easily to balcony gardens in crammed urban spaces and can be easily grown in pots as a creeper or even in hanging pots. It is a perennial and flowers throughout the year. As it comes in a variety of colors, it's a plant which can add vibrancy to any garden.
The only infestation that gardeners need to be vigilant about is
mealybugs. Mealybug infestations are easy to spot as they are clearly visible as a distinct white cottony infestation on buds, leaves or even stems. To protect the plant you need to trim away the infected part, spray with water, and apply an appropriate pesticide.
Paper
One species of ''Hibiscus'', known as
kenaf
Kenaf tymology: Persian ''Hibiscus cannabinus'', is a plant in the family Malvaceae also called Deccan hemp and Java jute. ''Hibiscus cannabinus'' is in the genus '' Hibiscus'' and is native to Africa, though its exact origin is unknown. The name ...
(''Hibiscus cannabinus''), is extensively used in
paper
Paper is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, rags, grasses or other vegetable sources in water, draining the water through fine mesh leaving the fibre evenly distrib ...
-making.
Rope and construction
The inner bark of the sea hibiscus (''
Hibiscus tiliaceus
''Hibiscus tiliaceus'', commonly known as the sea hibiscus or coast cottonwood, is a species of flowering tree in the mallow family, Malvaceae, with a pantropical distribution along coastlines. It has also been introduced to Florida and New Zea ...
''), also called 'hau', is used in Polynesia for making rope, and the wood for making canoe floats. The ropes on the missionary ship ''
Messenger of Peace
''Messenger of Peace'' is a 1947 American drama film directed by Frank Strayer, which stars John Beal, Peggy Stewart, and Paul Guilfoyle. The screenplay was written by Glenn Tryon from an original story by Henry Rische. It was produced by the ...
'' were made of fibres from hibiscus trees.
Beverage
The tea made of the
calyces of ''
Hibiscus sabdariffa
Roselle (''Hibiscus sabdariffa'') is a species of flowering plant in the genus ''Hibiscus'' that is native to Africa, most likely West Africa and also found in India especially Maharashtra with local name ambali. In the 16th and early 17th cent ...
'' is known by many names in many countries around the world and is served both hot and cold. The beverage is well known for its red colour, tartness and unique flavour. Additionally, it is highly nutritious because of its vitamin C content.
It is known as ''bissap'' in West Africa, "Gul e Khatmi" in Urdu & Persian, ''agua de jamaica'' in Mexico and Central America (the flower being'' flor de jamaica'') and ''Orhul'' in India. Some refer to it as ''roselle'', a common name for the hibiscus flower. In
Jamaica
Jamaica (; ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea. Spanning in area, it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean (after Cuba and Hispaniola). Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, and west of His ...
,
Trinidad
Trinidad is the larger and more populous of the two major islands of Trinidad and Tobago. The island lies off the northeastern coast of Venezuela and sits on the continental shelf of South America. It is often referred to as the southernmos ...
and many other islands in the Caribbean, the drink is known as ''sorrel'' (''
Hibiscus sabdariffa
Roselle (''Hibiscus sabdariffa'') is a species of flowering plant in the genus ''Hibiscus'' that is native to Africa, most likely West Africa and also found in India especially Maharashtra with local name ambali. In the 16th and early 17th cent ...
''; not to be confused with ''
Rumex acetosa'', a species sharing the common name ''sorrel''). In Ghana, the drink is known as ''soobolo'' in one of the local languages.
In
Cambodia
Cambodia (; also Kampuchea ; km, កម្ពុជា, UNGEGN: ), officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia, spanning an area of , bordered by Thailan ...
, a cold beverage can be prepared by first steeping the petals in hot water until the colors are leached from the petals, then adding lime juice (which turns the beverage from dark brown/red to a bright red), sweeteners (sugar/honey) and finally cold water/ice cubes.
In Egypt and Sudan, hibiscus tea is known as ''karkadé'' (كركديه), and is served as both a hot and a cold drink.
Hibiscus (also known in Sri Lanka as shoe flower, සපත්තු මල, වද මල in Sinhalese) is an ingredient with a rich heritage of refreshing Lankans. Fresh juices, ice teas and syrups made of the Hibiscus flower are famous refreshments among Sri Lankans.
Food
Dried hibiscus is edible, and it is often a delicacy in Mexico. It can also be candied and used as a garnish, usually for desserts.
The
roselle (''Hibiscus sabdariffa'') is used as a
vegetable
Vegetables are parts of plants that are consumed by humans or other animals as food. The original meaning is still commonly used and is applied to plants collectively to refer to all edible plant matter, including the flowers, fruits, stems, ...
.
The species ''Hibiscus suratensis'' Linn synonymous with ''Hibiscus aculeatus'' G. Don is noted in
Visayas
The Visayas ( ), or the Visayan Islands (Visayan: ''Kabisay-an'', ; tl, Kabisayaan ), are one of the three principal geographical divisions of the Philippines, along with Luzon and Mindanao. Located in the central part of the archipelago, ...
in the Philippines as being a souring ingredient for almost all local vegetables and menus. Known as labog in the Visayan area (or labuag/sapinit in Tagalog), the species is an ingredient in cooking native chicken soup.
''Hibiscus'' species are used as food plants by the
larvae of some
lepidopteran species, including ''
Chionodes hibiscella'', ''
Hypercompe hambletoni
''Hypercompe hambletoni'' is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by William Schaus in 1938. It is found in Brazil.
Larvae have been recorded feeding on ''Bidens'', ''Eriobotrya'', ''Gossypium'', ''Hibiscus'', '' Manihot'' and ''Ricin ...
'', the
nutmeg moth, and the
turnip moth
''Agrotis segetum'', sometimes known as the turnip moth, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Michael Denis and Ignaz Schiffermüller in 1775. It is a common European species and it is found in Africa and across ...
.
Folk medicine
''
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'', known colloquially as Chinese hibiscus, China rose, Hawaiian hibiscus, rose mallow and shoeblack plant, is a species of tropical hibiscus, a flowering plant in the Hibisceae tribe of the family Malvaceae. It is wide ...
'' is described as having a number of medical uses in
Indian Ayurveda
Ayurveda () is an alternative medicine system with historical roots in the Indian subcontinent. The theory and practice of Ayurveda is pseudoscientific. Ayurveda is heavily practiced in India and Nepal, where around 80% of the population rep ...
.
[Plants for a Future: ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis''](_blank)
(accessed 07/05/2009)
Claimed effects on blood pressure
It has been claimed that sour teas derived from ''
Hibiscus sabdariffa
Roselle (''Hibiscus sabdariffa'') is a species of flowering plant in the genus ''Hibiscus'' that is native to Africa, most likely West Africa and also found in India especially Maharashtra with local name ambali. In the 16th and early 17th cent ...
'' may lower blood pressure.
Precautions and contraindications
Pregnancy and lactation
While the mechanism is not well understood, previous animal studies have demonstrated both an inhibitory effect of ''H. sabdariffa'' on
muscle tone and the anti-fertility effects of ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'', respectively.
The extract of ''H. sabdariffa'' has been shown to stimulate contraction of the rat bladder and uterus;
the ''H. rosa-sinensis'' extract has exhibited contraceptive effects in the form of
estrogen
Estrogen or oestrogen is a category of sex hormone responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. There are three major endogenous estrogens that have estrogenic hormonal ac ...
activity in rats.
[ These findings have not been observed in humans. The ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'' is also thought to have ]emmenagogue Emmenagogues (also spelled ''emmenagogs'') are herbs which stimulate blood flow in the pelvic area and uterus
The uterus (from Latin ''uterus'', plural ''uteri'') or womb () is the organ in the reproductive system of most female mammals, in ...
effects which can stimulate menstruation and, in some women, cause an abortion
Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus. An abortion that occurs without intervention is known as a miscarriage or "spontaneous abortion"; these occur in approximately 30% to 40% of pre ...
. Due to the documented adverse effects in animal studies and the reported pharmacological properties, the ''H. sabdariffa'' and ''H. rosa-sinensis'' are not recommended for use during pregnancy
Pregnancy is the time during which one or more offspring develops (gestation, gestates) inside a woman, woman's uterus (womb). A multiple birth, multiple pregnancy involves more than one offspring, such as with twins.
Pregnancy usually occur ...
.
Drug interactions
It is postulated that ''H. sabdariffa'' interacts with diclofenac
Diclofenac, sold under the brand name Voltaren, among others, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat pain and inflammatory diseases such as gout. It is taken by mouth or rectally in a suppository, used by injection, or ...
, chloroquine
Chloroquine is a medication primarily used to prevent and treat malaria in areas where malaria remains sensitive to its effects. Certain types of malaria, resistant strains, and complicated cases typically require different or additional medi ...
and acetaminophen by altering the pharmacokinetics. In healthy human volunteers, the ''H. sabdariffa'' extract was found to reduce the excretion of diclofenac upon co-administration. Additionally, co-administration of Karkade (''H. sabdariffa''), a common Sudanese beverage, was found to reduce chloroquine bioavailability
In pharmacology, bioavailability is a subcategory of absorption and is the fraction (%) of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation.
By definition, when a medication is administered intravenously, its bioavailability is 100%. Ho ...
. However, no statistically significant changes were observed in the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen when administered with the Zobo (''H. sabdariffa'') drink. Further studies are needed to demonstrate clinical significance.
Symbolism and culture
The red hibiscus is the flower of the Hindu
Hindus (; ) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pages 35–37 Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for ...
goddess Kali
Kali (; sa, काली, ), also referred to as Mahakali, Bhadrakali, and Kalika ( sa, कालिका), is a Hindu goddess who is considered to be the goddess of ultimate power, time, destruction and change in Shaktism. In this tra ...
, and appears frequently in depictions of her in the art of Bengal
Bengal ( ; bn, বাংলা/বঙ্গ, translit=Bānglā/Bôngô, ) is a geopolitical, cultural and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal, predom ...
, India, often with the goddess and the flower merging in form. The hibiscus is used as an offering to Kali and the god Ganesha
Ganesha ( sa, गणेश, ), also known as Ganapati, Vinayaka, and Pillaiyar, is one of the best-known and most worshipped Deva_(Hinduism), deities in the Hindu deities, Hindu pantheon and is the Supreme God in Ganapatya sect. His image is ...
in Hindu worship.
In the Philippines, the ''gumamela'' (the local name for hibiscus) is used by children as part of a bubble-making pastime. The flowers and leaves are crushed until the sticky juices come out. Hollow papaya stalks are then dipped into this and used as straws for blowing bubbles. Together with soap, hibiscus juices produce more bubbles. It is also called "Tarukanga" in Waray, particularly in Eastern Samar province.
The hibiscus flower is traditionally worn by Tahiti
Tahiti (; Tahitian ; ; previously also known as Otaheite) is the largest island of the Windward group of the Society Islands in French Polynesia. It is located in the central part of the Pacific Ocean and the nearest major landmass is Austra ...
an and Hawaii
Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only state ...
an girls. If the flower is worn behind the left ear, the woman is married or has a boyfriend. If the flower is worn on the right, she is single or openly available for a relationship. The yellow hibiscus is Hawaii's state flower.
Nigerian
Nigerians or the Nigerian people are citizens of Nigeria or people with ancestry from Nigeria. The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. This name was allegedly coined in the late 19th century by British jour ...
author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie ( ; born 15 September 1977) is a Nigerian writer whose works include novels, short stories and nonfiction. She was described in ''The Times Literary Supplement'' as "the most prominent" of a "procession of criticall ...
named her first novel ''Purple Hibiscus
''Purple Hibiscus'' is a novel written by the Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie. Her debut novel, it was first published by Algonquin Books in 2003.
Synopsis
''Purple Hibiscus'' is set in postcolonial Nigeria, a country beset by political ...
'' after the delicate flower.
The bark of the hibiscus contains strong bast fibre
Bast fibre (also called phloem fibre or skin fibre) is plant fibre collected from the phloem (the "inner bark", sometimes called "skin") or bast surrounding the stem of certain dicotyledonous plants. It supports the conductive cells of the phl ...
s that can be obtained by letting the stripped bark set in the sea to let the organic material rot away.
As a national and state symbol
The hibiscus is a national symbol of Haiti, and the national flower of nations including the Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands is an island country consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania, to the east of Papua New Guinea and north-west of Vanuatu. It has a land area of , and a population of approx. 700,000. Its capit ...
and Niue
Niue (, ; niu, Niuē) is an island country in the South Pacific Ocean, northeast of New Zealand. Niue's land area is about and its population, predominantly Polynesian, was about 1,600 in 2016. Niue is located in a triangle between Tong ...
. ''Hibiscus syriacus
''Hibiscus syriacus'' is a species of flowering plant in the mallow family, Malvaceae. It is native to Korea, and south-central and southeast China, but widely introduced elsewhere, including much of Asia. It was given the epithet ''syriacus'' b ...
'' is the national flower of South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea. Its western border is formed by the Yellow Sea, while its eas ...
, and ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'', known colloquially as Chinese hibiscus, China rose, Hawaiian hibiscus, rose mallow and shoeblack plant, is a species of tropical hibiscus, a flowering plant in the Hibisceae tribe of the family Malvaceae. It is wide ...
'' is the national flower of Malaysia
Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...
.[ '']Hibiscus brackenridgei
Hawaiian hibiscus are seven species of hibiscus native to Hawaii. The yellow hibiscus is Hawaii's state flower. Most commonly grown as ornamental plants in the Hawaiian Islands are the non-native Chinese hibiscus (''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'') and i ...
'' is the state flower of Hawaii
Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only state ...
.
References
External links
American Hibiscus Society (AHS)
Australian Hibiscus Society
International Hibiscus Society
*Vicki J. Coldwel
Plant and care Hibiscus
Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions
*
{{Authority control
Medicinal plants
Malvaceae genera
National symbols of Haiti
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Plants that can bloom all year round
Flowers in religion