Apolinario de la Cruz (July 22, 1815 – November 4, 1841
), better known as Hermano Pule (,
Spanish for "
Brother
A brother is a man or boy who shares one or more parents with another; a male sibling. The female counterpart is a sister. Although the term typically refers to a familial relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to refer to non-famili ...
Pule"; also spelled Hermano Puli), was a Filipino religious leader who founded and led the ''Cofradía de San José'' (
Confraternity
A confraternity ( es, cofradía; pt, confraria) is generally a Christian voluntary association of laypeople created for the purpose of promoting special works of Christian charity or piety, and approved by the Church hierarchy. They are most c ...
of St. Joseph). The ''cofradía'' was established in 1832 in response to the
racially discriminatory practices of the
Catholic Church in the Philippines
, native_name_lang =
, image = Front view of The Cathedral in Intramuros, Manila.jpg
, imagewidth = 250px
, alt =
, caption = Minor Basilica of the Immaculate Concepcion
, abbreviation ...
. During the
Spanish colonial period
Spanish might refer to:
* Items from or related to Spain:
**Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain
** Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries
** Spanish cuisine
Other places
* Spanish, Ontario, C ...
, Catholic
religious orders
A religious order is a lineage of communities and organizations of people who live in some way set apart from society in accordance with their specific religious devotion, usually characterized by the principles of its founder's religious pract ...
refused to admit native Filipinos as members. In retaliation, Pule established his own religious order that was exclusive for native Filipinos. During its peak, the ''cofradía'' had 4,500 to 5,000 members from the provinces of
Tayabas,
Batangas
Batangas, officially the Province of Batangas ( tl, Lalawigan ng Batangas ), is a province in the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region on Luzon. Its capital is the city of Batangas, and is bordered by the provinces of Cavite and L ...
, and
Laguna. Fearing an armed rebellion, the Spanish colonial government sent military forces to suppress the ''cofradía'', an attack that was resisted by Hermano Pule and his followers on October 23, 1841. However, more troops were sent and the ''cofradía'' was finally quelled by the colonial military forces on November 1, 1841. Pule was then captured, tried, and executed.
Early life
Apolinario de la Cruz was born on July 22, 1815, in
Barrio
''Barrio'' () is a Spanish word that means " quarter" or " neighborhood". In the modern Spanish language, it is generally defined as each area of a city, usually delimited by functional (e.g. residential, commercial, industrial, etc.), social, a ...
Pandác in the town of
Lucban in
Tayabas province (now
Quezon Province) back when the
Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
was
a colony of the
Spanish Empire
The Spanish Empire ( es, link=no, Imperio español), also known as the Hispanic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Hispánica) or the Catholic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Católica) was a colonial empire governed by Spain and its prede ...
. His parents—Pablo de la Cruz and Juana Andres—were peasants and devout Catholics.
[Mallari, D. T., Jr. (November 13, 2014)]
Local hero remembered in Quezon ceremony
. ''Philippine Daily Inquirer''. Apolinario de la Cruz was literate, but stated that he had no formal education.
Despite that, it is very likely that he received primary religious instruction and attended the local public primary school in Lucban.
In 1829, he decided to become a priest and tried to join the
Order of Preachers
The Order of Preachers ( la, Ordo Praedicatorum) abbreviated OP, also known as the Dominicans, is a Catholic mendicant order of Pontifical Right for men founded in Toulouse, France, by the Spanish priest, saint and Mysticism, mystic Saint ...
in Manila. During those times, Roman Catholic religious orders barred ''indios'' (native people of the Philippines) from joining, thus De la Cruz's application was rejected for the sole reason of his race.
He then decided to work as a ''donado'' (
lay brother) at the
San Juan de Dios Hospital
San Juan de Dios Educational Foundation, Inc. (SJDEFI or SJ, formerly Hospital de San Juan de Dios) is a private, non-stock, non-profit, joint institute of education and tertiary health sciences operating as a college and a hospital in Pasay, ...
where he was admitted to the ''Cofradía de San Juan de Dios'', a brotherhood affiliated with the hospital open to ''indios''. During this time, he improved his public speaking and studied the Bible along with other religious writings.
''Cofradía de San José''
Formation and expansion
In December 1832, 18-year-old De la Cruz, along with ''indio''
secular priest Br. Ciriaco de los Santos and 19 other individuals from Tayabas, founded the ''Hermandad de la Archi-Cofradia del Glorioso Señor San Jose y de la Virgen del Rosario'' (Brotherhood of the Great Sodality of the Glorious Lord
Saint Joseph
Joseph (; el, Ἰωσήφ, translit=Ioséph) was a 1st-century Jewish man of Nazareth who, according to the canonical Gospels, was married to Mary, the mother of Jesus, and was the legal father of Jesus. The Gospels also name some brothers ...
and of the
Virgin of the Rosary
Our Lady of the Rosary, also known as Our Lady of the Holy Rosary, is a Marian title.
The Feast of Our Lady of the Rosary, formerly known as Feast of Our Lady of Victory and Feast of the Holy Rosary is celebrated on 7 October in the General Roma ...
), shortened to ''Cofradía de San José'' (
Confraternity
A confraternity ( es, cofradía; pt, confraria) is generally a Christian voluntary association of laypeople created for the purpose of promoting special works of Christian charity or piety, and approved by the Church hierarchy. They are most c ...
of St. Joseph). He then became known to his followers as ''Hermano Pule'' (
Brother
A brother is a man or boy who shares one or more parents with another; a male sibling. The female counterpart is a sister. Although the term typically refers to a familial relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to refer to non-famili ...
Pule).
The brotherhood fostered the practice of Christian virtues centered around the
cults
In modern English, ''cult'' is usually a pejorative term for a social group that is defined by its unusual religious, spiritual, or philosophical beliefs and rituals, or its common interest in a particular personality, object, or goal. This ...
of
Saint Francis of Assisi
Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone, better known as Saint Francis of Assisi ( it, Francesco d'Assisi; – 3 October 1226), was a mystic Italian Catholic friar, founder of the Franciscans, and one of the most venerated figures in Christianit ...
and the
Virgin of Antipolo.
They also incorporated elements of
pre-colonial
Colonialism is a practice or policy of control by one people or power over other people or areas, often by establishing colonies and generally with the aim of economic dominance. In the process of colonisation, colonisers may impose their relig ...
pagan beliefs such as the use of ''anting-anting'' (
talismans
A talisman is any object ascribed with religious or magical powers intended to protect, heal, or harm individuals for whom they are made. Talismans are often portable objects carried on someone in a variety of ways, but can also be installed perm ...
).
Most of its adherents were from Tayabas,
Laguna,
Cavite
Cavite, officially the Province of Cavite ( tl, Lalawigan ng Kabite; Chavacano: ''Provincia de Cavite''), is a province in the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region in Luzon. Located on the southern shores of Manila Bay and southwest ...
, and
Batangas
Batangas, officially the Province of Batangas ( tl, Lalawigan ng Batangas ), is a province in the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region on Luzon. Its capital is the city of Batangas, and is bordered by the provinces of Cavite and L ...
, and some were from
Camarines Norte
Camarines Norte ( bcl, Amihanan na Camarines; fil, Hilagang Camarines), officially the Province of Camarines Norte, is a Provinces of the Philippines, province in the Philippines located in the Bicol Region in Luzon. Its capital is Daet, Camarin ...
and
Camarines Sur
Camarines Sur ( bcl, Habagatan na Camarines; tl, Timog Camarines), officially the Province of Camarines Sur, is a province in the Philippines located in the Bicol Region on Luzon. Its capital is Pili and the province borders Camarines Norte and ...
.
The ''cofradía'' prohibited Spaniards and ''
mestizo
(; ; fem. ) is a term used for racial classification to refer to a person of mixed Ethnic groups in Europe, European and Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indigenous American ancestry. In certain regions such as Latin America, it may also r ...
s'' from joining without Pule's permission as a form of retaliation against the Church for discriminating against natives.
Hermano Pule continued to work at the San Juan de Dios Hospital and regularly corresponded with his followers through letters, which were read aloud to the ''cofradía'' members. Some ''cofradía'' members also found time to visit Pule in Manila. In Pule's absence, the ''cofradía'' was led by ''hermano mayor'' Octavio Ygnacio "Purgatorio" de San Jorge and Br. Ciriaco delos Santos, who was the ''cofradías treasurer and spiritual adviser.
Members of the ''cofradía'' met monthly on the 19th day to honor the feast of
Saint Joseph
Joseph (; el, Ἰωσήφ, translit=Ioséph) was a 1st-century Jewish man of Nazareth who, according to the canonical Gospels, was married to Mary, the mother of Jesus, and was the legal father of Jesus. The Gospels also name some brothers ...
. They also paid monthly fees of one ''
real
Real may refer to:
Currencies
* Brazilian real (R$)
* Central American Republic real
* Mexican real
* Portuguese real
* Spanish real
* Spanish colonial real
Music Albums
* ''Real'' (L'Arc-en-Ciel album) (2000)
* ''Real'' (Bright album) (2010)
...
'' to cover the cost of their monthly
Masses and fiestas. The monthly Mass was held in the parish church of Lucban, and was facilitated by the parish priest, Fr. Manuel Sancho.
In 1837, the confraternity was renamed ''Cofradía del Sr. San José i voto del Santisimo Rosario'' and evangelized in Lucban,
Majayjay
Majayjay, officially the Municipality of Majayjay ( tgl, Bayan ng Majayjay), is a 4th class municipality in the province of Laguna, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 27,893 people.
It is located at the foot of M ...
, and
Sariaya
Sariaya, officially the Municipality of Sariaya ( tgl, Bayan ng Sariaya), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Quezon, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 161,868 people.
As the only Mount Banahaw town i ...
.
By 1841, the ''cofradía'' had grown to an estimated 4,500 to 5,000 members.
Suppression
The Spanish authorities were unaware of the ''cofradías existence until 1840. However, as early as 1833, Filipino priests have noticed their activities in the vicinity of
Mount San Cristobal
Mount San Cristobal is a potentially active stratovolcano at the boundary of the provinces of Laguna and Quezon on the island of Luzon, Philippines. The mountain rises to an elevation of above mean sea level and is one of the volcanic featu ...
and
Mount Banahaw.
In 1840, Fr. Antonio Mateo, the Vicar of Tayabas, became suspicious of the ''cofradías monthly masses and fees, thus Fr. Manuel Sancho stopped holding Masses for the ''cofradía''.
Mateo and Sancho then accused the ''cofradía'' of conducting heretical activities.
Due to religious persecution and the increasing number of its members, Pule decided to have the cofradía recognized by the colonial government and the Roman Catholic Church. He first sought recognition and authorization from the
Bishop of Camarines but his request was denied. Not discouraged, he then sought the approval of the ''
Real Audiencia
A ''Real Audiencia'' (), or simply an ''Audiencia'' ( ca, Reial Audiència, Audiència Reial, or Audiència), was an appellate court in Spain and its empire. The name of the institution literally translates as Royal Audience. The additional des ...
'' but he was also ignored.
In addition to the accusations of heresy, there was a rumor that the ''cofradía'' was planning to murder the
''alcaldes'' of Camarines and Laguna.
The
Franciscan
The Franciscans are a group of related Mendicant orders, mendicant Christianity, Christian Catholic religious order, religious orders within the Catholic Church. Founded in 1209 by Italian Catholic friar Francis of Assisi, these orders include t ...
friars of Tayabas passed this information to the ''
gobernadorcillo
The ''gobernadorcillo'' (, literally "little governor") was a municipal judge or governor in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period, who carried out in a town the combined charges or responsibilities of leadership, economic, and judic ...
'' of Lucban, who ordered a raid on October 19, 1840, during the ''cofradías monthly meeting. The authorities arrested 243 ''cofradía'' members and confiscated their cash box, two large portraits of Pule stylized as a saint, and Pule's letters to the ''cofradía''. The Spanish ''alcalde mayor'' (provincial governor) of Tayabas,
Don
Don, don or DON and variants may refer to:
Places
*County Donegal, Ireland, Chapman code DON
*Don (river), a river in European Russia
*Don River (disambiguation), several other rivers with the name
*Don, Benin, a town in Benin
*Don, Dang, a vill ...
Joaquín Ortega, whose wife was a member of the ''cofradía'', ordered the release of the prisoners, reasoning that it was an ecclesiastical matter. Afterwards, in early 1841, the ''cofradía'' transferred to Majayjay, hometown of "Purgatorio" de San Jorge.
Hermano Pule immediately sent a letter to
Archbishop
In Christian denominations, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office. In most cases, such as the Catholic Church, there are many archbishops who either have jurisdiction over an ecclesiastical province in addition to their own archdi ...
José Seguí in Manila rebuking the acts of the Tayabas friars, and accusing them of
beatings and threatening the
excommunication
Excommunication is an institutional act of religious censure used to end or at least regulate the communion of a member of a congregation with other members of the religious institution who are in normal communion with each other. The purpose ...
of ''cofradía'' members. He also challenged the friars' authority to perform such acts because the aims of the ''cofradía'' were never against the Catholic faith. On January 29, 1841, Pule sent a letter to the
Bishop of Nueva Cáceres restating that the ''cofradía'' was not against canon law. The letter was forwarded to the ''
juez provisor'' of the
bishopric
In church governance, a diocese or bishopric is the ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop.
History
In the later organization of the Roman Empire, the increasingly subdivided provinces were administratively associate ...
, who endorsed it to Fr. Antonio Mateo and Fr. Manuel Sancho, who rejected Pule's petition.
In June 1841, with the help of influential supporters (including
Domingo Róxas), Pule again sent a letter to the ''Real Audiencia'' requesting for the ''cofradía'' to be recognized. This letter was forwarded to the office of
Governor-General
Governor-general (plural ''governors-general''), or governor general (plural ''governors general''), is the title of an office-holder. In the context of governors-general and former British colonies, governors-general are appointed as viceroy t ...
Marcelino de Oraá Lecumberri
Marcelino de Oraá Lecumberri (1788–1851) was a Spanish military man and administrator. Born in Beriáin in Navarre, he distinguished himself as a cadet during the War of Spanish Independence. He was married to Josefa de Erice, later Cond ...
.
The Governor-General personally reviewed the petition and was disturbed by the ''cofradías rule that excluded Spaniards and ''mestizos'' from joining without Pule's permission. This made De Oraá believe that it was a seditious organization where religion was used as a blind for potential insurgence against Spanish authorities.
De Oraá then recommended Pule's dismissal from San Juan de Dios Hospital and had the ''cofradía'' outlawed in July 1841, ordering its disbandment and the arrests of its members. Pule immediately went into hiding to avoid capture.
In September 1841, Hermano Pule traveled from Manila to
Bay, Laguna
Bay () (), officially the Municipality of Bay ( tgl, Bayan ng Bay), is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Laguna, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 67,182 people.
It is situated from Santa Cruz and s ...
, to meet with the ''cofradía'' members that evaded capture.
Anticipating an imminent attack, Pule and Purgatorio rallied 4,000 followers at Barrio Isabang on the slopes of
Mount Banahaw. A group of pagan
Aetas from
Sierra Madre
Sierra Madre (Spanish, 'mother mountain range') may refer to:
Places and mountains Mexico
*Sierra Madre Occidental, a mountain range in northwestern Mexico and southern Arizona
*Sierra Madre Oriental, a mountain range in northeastern Mexico
*S ...
also allied themselves with the ''cofradía''.
On October 23, 1841, ''alcalde mayor'' Joaquín Ortega, with orders from Manila, led 300 men in an attack on the ''cofradías camp. The 4,000-strong ''cofradía'' was able to resist the attack, which resulted in the deaths of Ortega and many of his men.
Pule then transferred his camp to Alitao, near
Tayabas
Tayabas, officially the City of Tayabas ( fil, Lungsod ng Tayabas), is a 6th class component city in the province of Quezon, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 112,658 people.
It is known for ''lambanog'' (cocon ...
town, where his followers crowned him "King of the
Tagalogs
The Tagalog people ( tl, Mga Tagalog; Baybayin: ᜋᜅ ᜆᜄᜎᜓᜄ᜔) are the largest ethnolinguistic group in the Philippines, numbering at around 30 million. An Austronesian people, the Tagalog have a well developed society due to their ...
". By that time, he had considered severing his ties with the Church.
When the news of the Ortega's defeat reached the Governor-General, better-armed reinforcements from Manila were sent to Tayabas. On November 1, 1841, Col. Joaquín Huet arrived in Tayabas with 800 to 1,000 soldiers.
They initially offered amnesty to the members of the ''cofradía'', with the exception of Hermano Pule and other senior leaders, but the ''cofradía'' refused. Prior to Colonel Huet's arrival, Pule and the ''cofradía'' leaders promised their followers of victory through divine intervention. The ''cofradía'' fighters were made to believe that they were invulnerable to enemy bullets, and that angels from Heaven would come down and help them in battle, and finally the ground would open up and swallow the enemy troops. The battle between the ''cofradía'' and the government forces lasted for four hours. Three hundred to five hundred men, women, elders, and children were killed on the ''cofradía'' side. Afterwards, 500 were taken prisoner, including 300 women. The rest of the ''cofradía'' escaped to the forests and were not pursued. Only 11 were wounded on the government's side.
Capture, trial, and execution
Pule fled to Barrio Gibanga in
Sariaya
Sariaya, officially the Municipality of Sariaya ( tgl, Bayan ng Sariaya), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Quezon, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 161,868 people.
As the only Mount Banahaw town i ...
but was captured by Colonel Huet's forces the following evening. On November 4, 1841, after a summary trial held at the
Casa Comunidad in Tayabas town, he was tortured and later
executed by firing squad
Execution by firing squad, in the past sometimes called fusillading (from the French ''fusil'', rifle), is a method of capital punishment, particularly common in the military and in times of war. Some reasons for its use are that firearms are us ...
at age 26. The Spanish authorities had his body
quartered. His dismembered head, hands, and feet were exhibited throughout Tayabas province.
The other leaders of the ''Cofradía''—Octavio Ygnacio "Purgatorio" de San Jorge, Dionisio de los Reyes, Francisco Espinosa de la Cruz, Gregorio Miguel de Jesus, and around 200 other ''cofradía'' prisoners—were also executed the same day as Pule.
Aftermath and legacy
![Hermano Pule Monument Historical Marker](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Hermano_Pule_Monument_Historical_Marker.jpg)
Public reaction and Supreme Court investigation
The 1841 Alitao massacre became a public controversy in Manila, where
flyers criticizing the government's actions were circulated. The ''Real Audiencia'' blamed De Oraá for his failure to consult them prior to sending troops, and his order to give no quarter to the ''cofradía'' fighters. Meanwhile, Governor-General De Oraá blamed Colonel Huet for allegedly exceeding his orders.
After investigating the massacre, the
Supreme Court of Spain
The Supreme Court ('', TS'') is the highest court in the Kingdom of Spain. Originally established pursuant to Title V of the Constitution of 1812 to replace —in all matters that affected justice— the System of Councils, and currently regulat ...
officially reprimanded Governor-General De Oraá. The court affirmed that Pule and the ''cofradía'' had no political motives. However, they acknowledged that the ''cofradía'' had committed an ecclesiastical offense for conducting religious activities without the approval of the Catholic Church.
Mutiny of the Tayabas Regiment
On January 20, 1843, members of the
Spanish Armed Forces
The Spanish Armed Forces are in charge of guaranteeing the sovereignty and independence of the Kingdom of Spain, defending its territorial integrity and the constitutional order, according to the functions entrusted to them by the Constitution o ...
' Tayabas Regiment stationed in Manila, led by Sergeant Irineo Samaniego, rose in mutiny in retaliation for the November 1841 massacre of the ''cofradía'' members. They managed to capture
Fort Santiago
Fort Santiago ( es, Fuerte de Santiago; fil, Kutà ng Santiago), built in 1571, is a citadel built by Spanish navigator and governor Miguel López de Legazpi for the newly established city of Manila in the Philippines. The defense fortress is lo ...
and held it for a few hours, but were defeated the next day. Eighty-two mutineers were immediately executed on
Bagumbayan Field, while the rest were imprisoned.
Revival of the ''Cofradía'' and the origin of the ''colorums''
In 1870, the ''Cofradía de San José'' was revived under the leadership of ''Profeta y Pontifice'' ('Prophet and Pope') Juanario Labios. The members of the revived ''cofradía'' claimed to have witnessed the alleged joint apparition of the
Virgin of the Rosary
Our Lady of the Rosary, also known as Our Lady of the Holy Rosary, is a Marian title.
The Feast of Our Lady of the Rosary, formerly known as Feast of Our Lady of Victory and Feast of the Holy Rosary is celebrated on 7 October in the General Roma ...
, Hermano Pule, and Octavio Ygnacio "Purgatorio" de San Jorge. The activities of the revived ''cofradía'' ended in 1871 when Labios and his followers were captured and banished to
Mindoro
Mindoro is the seventh largest and eighth-most populous island in the Philippines. With a total land area of 10,571 km2 ( 4,082 sq.mi ) and has a population of 1,408,454 as of 2020 census. It is located off the southwestern coast of Luz ...
and the
Calamian Islands
The Calamian Islands or the Calamianes is a group of islands in the province of Palawan, Philippines. It includes:
* Busuanga Island
* Coron Island
* Culion Island
* Calauit Island
* Malcapuya Island
* Banana Island
* Pass Island
* Calumbuyan Isl ...
.
The surviving members of the ''Cofradía de San José'', who lived in the vicinity of Mount San Cristobal and Mount Banahaw, continued with their religious activities and were known as ''colorums'', a corruption of the
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
phrase ''
in saecula saeculorum
The phrase "unto the ages of ages" expresses either the idea of eternity, or an indeterminate number of aeons. The phrase is a translation of the original Koine Greek phrase "" (''eis toùs aionas ton aiṓnōn''), which occurs in the original ...
'' ('unto the ages of ages'), which was used at
Mass
Mass is an intrinsic property of a body. It was traditionally believed to be related to the quantity of matter in a physical body, until the discovery of the atom and particle physics. It was found that different atoms and different elementar ...
to end prayers. During the
American colonial era
The colonial history of the United States covers the history of European colonization of North America from the early 17th century until the incorporation of the Thirteen Colonies into the United States after the Revolutionary War. In the ...
, the term ''colorum'' was applied to all the cults and insurgent groups characterized by Roman Catholic devotion, folk superstition, and hero worship. Some of these groups are still active today in various provinces in the Philippines.
Beginning in the 1930s, the colloquial meaning in the Philippines behind ''colorum'' became extended to any illegal activity, notably the unregistered
public utility vehicles.
Commemoration
A monument to Hermano Pule now stands on the boundary of
Tayabas
Tayabas, officially the City of Tayabas ( fil, Lungsod ng Tayabas), is a 6th class component city in the province of Quezon, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 112,658 people.
It is known for ''lambanog'' (cocon ...
and
Lucena
Lucena, officially the City of Lucena ( fil, Lungsod ng Lucena), is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the Calabarzon region of the Philippines. It is the capital city of the province of Quezon where it is geographically situated but, in t ...
. His death anniversary, November 4, is a holiday in Quezon.
A
play
Play most commonly refers to:
* Play (activity), an activity done for enjoyment
* Play (theatre), a work of drama
Play may refer also to:
Computers and technology
* Google Play, a digital content service
* Play Framework, a Java framework
* Pla ...
titled ''"Ang Unang Pagtatanghal ng 'Ang Huling Pasyon ni Hermano Pule'"'' was written by Rosauro de la Cruz and was first performed in 1975. It won the first prize for the one-act play in Filipino category of the
1972
Within the context of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) it was the longest year ever, as two leap seconds were added during this 366-day year, an event which has not since been repeated. (If its start and end are defined using Solar time, me ...
Palanca Awards
The Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature, popularly known as the Palanca Awards, are a set of literary awards for Philippine writers. Usually referred to as the "Pulitzer Prize of the Philippines", it is the country's highest literary ...
.
The historical film ''Ang Hapis at Himagsik ni Hermano Puli'' (''The Agony and Fury of Brother Puli''), directed by
Gil Portes
Gil M. Portes (September 13, 1945 – May 24, 2017) was a Filipino film director, film producer and screenwriter.
Early life and education
Gil Portes took up his Journalism at the University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines and received a mas ...
and starring
Aljur Abrenica
Aljur Mikael Guiang Abrenica (born March 24, 1990) is a Filipino actor, dancer, model and singer. He appeared on the fourth season of '' StarStruck''.
Early and personal life
His father, Alfonso Abrenica Jr., was a musician, and his mother, Am ...
as Hermano Puli, was released in September 2016.
Footnotes
References
Bibliography
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Pule, Hermano
1815 births
1841 deaths
Catholic Church in the Philippines
Executed Filipino people
Filipino Christian religious leaders
Filipino revolutionaries
Filipino Roman Catholics
Paramilitary Filipinos
People from Quezon
People from Tayabas
People of Spanish colonial Philippines
People executed by Spain by firing squad
Tagalog people
Torture victims
19th-century Filipino people