Sir Henry Edward Landor Thuillier (10 July 1813 – 6 May 1906) was Surveyor General of India. Under his direction, 796,928 square miles of India were surveyed, including difficult mountainous, forest, and desert regions, often for the first time. He was responsible for the printing in 1854 of the first postage stamps valid throughout India. Thuillier was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1869, made a CSI in May 1870, and knighted in June 1879.

Early life

Thuillier was born at Bath on 10 July 1813, was youngest of eleven children (five sons and six daughters) of John Pierre Thuillier, Baron of Malapert, and merchant of Cadiz and Bath, by his wife Julia, daughter of James Burrow of Exeter. An elder sister, Julia, married Walter Savage Landor in 1811. He was descended from Huguenots who, on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, first settled in Geneva. He was educated at the East India Company's military academy, Addiscombe."Thuillier, Henry Edward Landor" by

Frank Herbert Brown Sir Frank Herbert Brown CIE (1868–1959) was an English journalist, on the editorial staff of ''The Times'' from 1929 to 1954. He was a recognised authority on Indian affairs. Life He was born 13 March 1868, a younger son of the Rev. Jospeh Brow ...

in ''

Dictionary of National Biography The ''Dictionary of National Biography'' (''DNB'') is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published since 1885. The updated ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (''ODNB'') was published on 23 September ...

'', 1912 supplement.

Marriage

Thuillier married firstly in 1836 Susanne Elizabeth (died 1844), daughter of the reverend Haydon Cardew of

Curry Mallet Curry Mallet (anciently "Cory Mallett") is a village and parish in Somerset, England. It is on the Fivehead River (also known as the River Ile), east of Taunton in the South Somerset district. The village has a population of 306. History At the ...

, Somerset, by whom he had a son (Colonel Sir

Henry Ravenshaw Thuillier Colonel Sir Henry Ravenshaw Thuillier, (1838–1922) was a British Army officer and the Surveyor General of India from 1887 to 1895. Thuillier was the son of Henry Edward Landor Thuillier, also Surveyor General of India. His mother was Susanne E ...

, KCIE, also Indian surveyor-general, 1887–95), and a daughter; and secondly in 1847 Annie Charlotte, daughter of

George Gordon Macpherson George may refer to: People * George (given name) * George (surname) * George (singer), American-Canadian singer George Nozuka, known by the mononym George * George Washington, First President of the United States * George W. Bush, 43rd Presiden ...

Bengal medical service The Indian Medical Service (IMS) was a military medical service in British India, which also had some civilian functions. It served during the two World Wars, and remained in existence until the independence of India in 1947. Many of its officer ...

, by whom he had six sons (three of them became officers in the Indian army) and two daughters.

Career

Thuillier was gazetted to the Bengal artillery on 14 December 1832 and was stationed at the headquarters, Dum Dum. Transferred to the survey department in December 1836, he first served with parties in Ganjam and Orissa, and later was in charge of the revenue surveys in the Bengal districts of

Cachar Cachar district is an administrative district in the state of Assam in India. After independence the undivided Cachar district was split into four districts in Assam: Dima Hasao district (formerly North Cachar Hills), Cachar district alongside ...

, SyLhet, Cuttack, and Patna. In January 1847, ten months before receiving his captaincy, he was appointed deputy surveyor-general and superintendent of revenue surveys. That post he held for seventeen years, in the course of which he much improved the survey system and rendered the results more readily accessible to the public. He "followed in the track of the different trigonometrical series, and thus had the advantage of fixed stations on which to base his detailed surveys". He was joint author with Captain R. Smythe of ''The Manual of Surveying in India'' (Calcutta, 1851; 3rd edit. 1885). There he discussed the difficult question of Indian orthography, which was officially standardised while he had charge of the department. He was president of

The Asiatic Society of Bengal The Asiatic Society is a government of India organisation founded during the Company rule in India to enhance and further the cause of "Oriental research", in this case, research into India and the surrounding regions. It was founded by the p ...

in 1863. Succeeding Sir Andrew Scott Waugh as surveyor-general on 13 March 1861, he was promoted lieutenant-colonel in the same year, colonel on 20 September 1865, and major-general on 26 March 1870. The survey of the more settled parts of India had been completed, and many of the surveys under Thuillier were over mountainous and forest-clad regions or sandy deserts, and frequently in parts never before visited by Europeans. In every branch, he showed organising and administrative talent. In 1868 he transferred the preparation of the ''Atlas of India'' from England to Calcutta, selecting a staff of engravers there for the purpose, and encouraging

John Bobanau Nicklerlieu Hennessey John is a common English name and surname: * John (given name) * John (surname) John may also refer to: New Testament Works * Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John * First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John * Second ...

to introduce the photo-zincographic process. Under Thuillier's superintendence 796,928 square miles, or more than half the dependency, were dealt with. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1869, made a C.S.I., in May 1870, and knighted on 26 June 1879. In July 1876 he was awarded a good service pension.

First stamps of India

In 1854, while a captain at the Lithographic Office of the survey department, he was responsible for the printing of the first postage stamps for the whole of India, the first stamps issued ''in'' India being the

Scinde Dawk Scinde Dawk was a postal system of runners that served the Indus Valley of Sindh, an area of present-day Pakistan. The term also refers to the first adhesive postage stamps in Asia, the forerunners of the adhesive stamps used throughout India, B ...

stamps issued for use in the Province of Scinde (now in Pakistan) in 1852. The stamps produced by Thuillier were only printed in India when the Court of Directors of the East India Company would not authorise the printing of the stamps in England despite several unsuccessful attempts by different people in India to produce a stamp that could be reliably printed in quantity. Hausburg, L.R.R., "The Stamps of British India", '' The London Philatelist'', Vol. XVII, March 1908, No. 195, pp. 53–57.

Retirement

Thuillier retired on 1 January 1878, and the secretary of state, in a despatch dated 18 July 1878, highly commended the energy and perseverance of his forty-one years' service, and congratulated him on the results. He was gazetted lieutenant-general on 10 July 1879, general on 1 July 1881, and (a rare distinction for an officer with little actual military service) colonel commandant of the Royal Artillery on 1 January 1883. Settling at Richmond, he was long a useful member of the

Royal Geographical Society The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), often shortened to RGS, is a learned society and professional body for geography based in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1830 for the advancement of geographical scien ...

's council and came to be looked upon as the father of the East India Company's service. Of fine presence and genial temper, he retained his faculties till his death on 6 May 1906 at

Richmond Richmond most often refers to: * Richmond, Virginia, the capital of Virginia, United States * Richmond, London, a part of London * Richmond, North Yorkshire, a town in England * Richmond, British Columbia, a city in Canada * Richmond, California, ...

, where he was buried in Richmond Old Cemetery.

Portraits

There are three portraits in oils: (1) by Mr. Beetham (1846), formerly owned by Sir Henry Thuillier; (2) by Mr. G. G. Palmer (1885), formerly in the surveyor-general's office, Calcutta; and (3) by Mrs. Rowley (1896), presented by her to his eldest daughter, Mrs. Westmorland.

Selected publications

*''The Manual of Surveying in India''. Calcutta, 1851; 3rd edit. 1885. (With Captain R. Smythe)

Notes and references

External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Thuillier, Henry 1813 births 1906 deaths Surveyors General of India British East India Company Military personnel from Bath, Somerset Fellows of the Royal Society Royal Artillery officers Knights Bachelor Companions of the Order of the Star of India British surveyors Henry Edward Landor Burials at Richmond Cemetery