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Henri Hauser (19 July 1866 – 27 May 1946) was a French
historian
A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the stu ...
,
geographer
A geographer is a physical scientist, social scientist or humanist whose area of study is geography, the study of Earth's natural environment and human society, including how society and nature interacts. The Greek prefix "geo" means "earth" a ...
, and
economist
An economist is a professional and practitioner in the social sciences, social science discipline of economics.
The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy. Within this ...
. A pioneer in the study of the
economic history
Economic history is the academic learning of economies or economic events of the past. Research is conducted using a combination of historical methods, statistical methods and the application of economic theory to historical situations and ins ...
of the
early modern period, he also wrote on contemporary economic issues and held the first chair in economic history to be established at a French university.
[Boer, Pim den (2014)]
''History as a Profession: The Study of History in France, 1818-1914''
pp. 275; 278. Princeton University Press. He was born in
Oran
Oran ( ar, وَهران, Wahrān) is a major coastal city located in the north-west of Algeria. It is considered the second most important city of Algeria after the capital Algiers, due to its population and commercial, industrial, and cultural ...
into a middle-class Jewish family who had moved to
French Algeria
French Algeria (french: Alger to 1839, then afterwards; unofficially , ar, الجزائر المستعمرة), also known as Colonial Algeria, was the period of French colonisation of Algeria. French rule in the region began in 1830 with the ...
for health reasons but returned to France when Hauser was four years old. Hauser was educated at the
Lycée Condorcet
The Lycée Condorcet () is a school founded in 1803 in Paris, France, located at 8, rue du Havre, in the city's 9th arrondissement. It is one of the four oldest high schools in Paris and also one of the most prestigious. Since its inception, var ...
in Paris and then at the
École Normale Supérieure
École may refer to:
* an elementary school in the French educational stages normally followed by secondary education establishments (collège and lycée)
* École (river), a tributary of the Seine flowing in région Île-de-France
* École, Savoi ...
where he came first in both the entrance and leaving examinations. He initially taught in provincial lycées before taking his doctorate in 1892 with a thesis on the 16th-century
Huguenot
The Huguenots ( , also , ) were a religious group of French Protestants who held to the Reformed, or Calvinist, tradition of Protestantism. The term, which may be derived from the name of a Swiss political leader, the Genevan burgomaster Be ...
leader,
François de la Noue
François de la Noue (1531 – August 4, 1591), called Bras-de-Fer (Iron Arm), was one of the Huguenot captains of the 16th century. He was born near Nantes in 1531, of an ancient Breton family.
He served in Italy under Marshal Brissac, and in th ...
.
[Davis, Natalie Zemon (2006)]
"Henri Hauser: historien, citoyen, pionnier"
pp. 15–24 in Séverine-Antigone Marin and Georges-Henri Soutou (eds.), ''Henri Hauser (1866-1946): humaniste, historien, républicain''. Presses de l'Université de Paris-Sorbonne. Hauser went on to become a professor of ancient and medieval history at the
University of Clermont-Ferrand
The University of Clermont-Ferrand was officially founded in 1896, by merging of two existing faculties (Literature and Sciences) and a medical school.
In 1976, due to political issues, the University split between University Clermont-Ferrand I - ...
, modern history and geography at the
University of Dijon
A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. In the United States, th ...
, and finally a professor of history and economic history at the
Sorbonne
Sorbonne may refer to:
* Sorbonne (building), historic building in Paris, which housed the University of Paris and is now shared among multiple universities.
*the University of Paris (c. 1150 – 1970)
*one of its components or linked institution, ...
from 1919 to 1936. His 1905 book ''L'impérialisme américain'' predicted the decline of Europe and the dominance of the United States, while his 1915 ''Méthodes allemandes d'expansion économique'' analyzed the role played by German industry in the outbreak of World War I.
Hauser was awarded the
Legion of Honor
The National Order of the Legion of Honour (french: Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), formerly the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour ('), is the highest French order of merit, both military and civil. Established in 1802 by Napoleon ...
in 1919 and in 1945 the
Académie française
An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary education, secondary or tertiary education, tertiary higher education, higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membershi ...
awarded him the ''Prix de l'Académie'' for his life's work.
Biography
Early life and education
Hauser was born into a Jewish family of
republican
Republican can refer to:
Political ideology
* An advocate of a republic, a type of government that is not a monarchy or dictatorship, and is usually associated with the rule of law.
** Republicanism, the ideology in support of republics or agains ...
sympathies. His father Auguste Hauser (1816–1884) had been a
Freemason
Freemasonry or Masonry refers to fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local guilds of stonemasons that, from the end of the 13th century, regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities ...
and was a tailor by trade. His mother, Zélia Hauser ''née'' Aron (1840–1879), was the daughter of a prosperous merchant and exporter in
Besançon
Besançon (, , , ; archaic german: Bisanz; la, Vesontio) is the prefecture of the department of Doubs in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. The city is located in Eastern France, close to the Jura Mountains and the border with Switzerl ...
. Although both of Hauser's parents were born in Besançon, their families' origins were in
Luemschwiller in the
Alsace region. Henri and his elder brother Félix-Paul were born in
Oran
Oran ( ar, وَهران, Wahrān) is a major coastal city located in the north-west of Algeria. It is considered the second most important city of Algeria after the capital Algiers, due to its population and commercial, industrial, and cultural ...
in French Algeria where the family had relocated to improve Zélia's health and where Auguste had a tailor shop. The family returned to France when Henri was four years old, on the eve of the
Franco-Prussian War. After a short stay in
Marseille
Marseille ( , , ; also spelled in English as Marseilles; oc, Marselha ) is the prefecture of the French department of Bouches-du-Rhône and capital of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Situated in the camargue region of southern Franc ...
, they settled in
Seine-Saint-Denis
() is a department of France located in the Grand Paris metropolis in the region. In French, it is often referred to colloquially as ' or ' ("ninety-three" or "nine three"), after its official administrative number, 93. Its prefecture is Bobigny ...
near Paris where Auguste resumed his trade as a tailor. Hauser's mother Zélia died of tuberculosis when he was thirteen. His maternal uncle,
Henry Aron
Henry Aron (11 November 1842 – 13 November 1885) was a French journalist and political essayist. He wrote for several prominent Parisian journals and was director of the ''Journal officiel de la République française'' from 1876 until 1881. He ...
, then looked after the education of Henri and Félix-Paul. He enrolled Henri in the
Lycée Condorcet
The Lycée Condorcet () is a school founded in 1803 in Paris, France, located at 8, rue du Havre, in the city's 9th arrondissement. It is one of the four oldest high schools in Paris and also one of the most prestigious. Since its inception, var ...
to prepare him for eventual study at the
École Normale Supérieure
École may refer to:
* an elementary school in the French educational stages normally followed by secondary education establishments (collège and lycée)
* École (river), a tributary of the Seine flowing in région Île-de-France
* École, Savoi ...
.
Hauser entered the École Normale Supérieure in August 1885. One of his mentors there was the geographer
Paul Vidal de la Blache #REDIRECT Paul Vidal de La Blache #REDIRECT Paul Vidal de La Blache
{{redirect category shell, {{R from move{{R from other capitalisation ...
{{redirect category shell, {{R from move{{R from other capitalisation ...
who would be a lifelong influence on him. Upon his graduation from the École in 1888 when he came first in the ''
Agrégation
In France, the ''agrégation'' () is a competitive examination for civil service in the French public education system. Candidates for the examination, or ''agrégatifs'', become ''agrégés'' once they are admitted to the position of ''professe ...
'' examinations for history and geography, Hauser received a teaching appointment at the lycée in
Bourges
Bourges () is a commune in central France on the river Yèvre. It is the capital of the department of Cher, and also was the capital city of the former province of Berry.
History
The name of the commune derives either from the Bituriges, t ...
. He subsequently taught at the lycées of
Pau and
Poitiers
Poitiers (, , , ; Poitevin: ''Poetàe'') is a city on the River Clain in west-central France. It is a commune and the capital of the Vienne department and the historical centre of Poitou. In 2017 it had a population of 88,291. Its agglomerat ...
before receiving his doctorate in 1892 from the ''Faculté des lettres de Paris'' (
University of France
The University of France (french: Université de France; originally the ''Imperial University of France'') was a highly centralized educational state organization founded by Napoleon I in 1808 and given authority not only over the individual (previ ...
). His doctoral dissertation, supervised by
Gabriel Monod
Gabriel Monod (7 March 1844 – 10 April 1912) was a French historian, the nephew of Adolphe Monod.
Biography
Born in Ingouville, Seine-Maritime, he was educated at Le Havre then went to Paris to complete his education, lodging with the de Pre ...
, was on the 16th-century
Huguenot
The Huguenots ( , also , ) were a religious group of French Protestants who held to the Reformed, or Calvinist, tradition of Protestantism. The term, which may be derived from the name of a Swiss political leader, the Genevan burgomaster Be ...
leader,
François de la Noue
François de la Noue (1531 – August 4, 1591), called Bras-de-Fer (Iron Arm), was one of the Huguenot captains of the 16th century. He was born near Nantes in 1531, of an ancient Breton family.
He served in Italy under Marshal Brissac, and in th ...
. It was published by
Hachette Hachette may refer to:
* Hachette (surname)
* Hachette (publisher), a French publisher, the imprint of Lagardère Publishing
** Hachette Book Group, the American subsidiary
** Hachette Distribution Services, the distribution arm
See also
* Hachett ...
that same year and reviewed by
Jean Réville
Jean Réville (6 November 1854 – 6 May 1908) was a French Protestant theologian born in Rotterdam, Netherlands. He was the son of theologian Albert Réville (1826–1906).
He studied theology at Geneva, Berlin and Heidelberg, obtaining his ...
in the ''Revue de l'histoire des religions''. Réville noted the dissertation's erudition and the new light shed on de la Noue's reputation by Hauser's study.
Academic career
Hauser's first university appointment was as a
lecturer
Lecturer is an List of academic ranks, academic rank within many universities, though the meaning of the term varies somewhat from country to country. It generally denotes an academic expert who is hired to teach on a full- or part-time basis. T ...
(''chargé de cours'') in ancient and medieval history at the
University of Clermont-Ferrand
The University of Clermont-Ferrand was officially founded in 1896, by merging of two existing faculties (Literature and Sciences) and a medical school.
In 1976, due to political issues, the University split between University Clermont-Ferrand I - ...
in 1893. There he published several studies which continued to shed new light on the religious and economic history of the 16th century, including ''Voyage du Levant''. Hauser had discovered
Philippe Canaye Philippe de La Canaye, sieur de Fresnes (1551–27 February 1610) was a French jurist and diplomat.
Life
He was born in Paris, son of an advocate of the Parlement; he was brought up liberally and allowed to choose his beliefs, which became Calvi ...
's hitherto unpublished account of his 1573 voyage to Constantinople in the
Bibliothèque nationale de France
The Bibliothèque nationale de France (, 'National Library of France'; BnF) is the national library of France, located in Paris on two main sites known respectively as ''Richelieu'' and ''François-Mitterrand''. It is the national repository ...
. He translated the Italian manuscript and published it in 1897 with extensive notes and a biography of Canaye which corrected many errors in previous accounts of his life. Hauser was promoted to Professor of History at Clermont-Ferrand in 1896 and remained at the university until 1899 when the
Dreyfus Affair
The Dreyfus affair (french: affaire Dreyfus, ) was a political scandal that divided the French Third Republic from 1894 until its resolution in 1906. "L'Affaire", as it is known in French, has come to symbolise modern injustice in the Francop ...
made his position untenable. During that year he established a section of the ''
Ligue des droits de l'homme
The Human Rights League (french: Ligue des droits de l’homme '' t du citoyen' or LDH) of France is a Human Rights NGO association to observe, defend and promulgation of Rights Man within the French Republic in all spheres of public life. The ...
'' at Clermont-Ferrand and gave a series of public lectures attacking the conviction of Dreyfus for treason as "illegal". Hauser wrote, "I want a France great and noble, a France faithful to its mission of justice and truth." Antisemitic students at the university and the right-wing press attacked him as a "traitor" and a "Prussian".
Hauser took a leave of absence from Clermont-Ferrand, moved back to Paris with his wife Thérèse and their young daughter Alice and threw himself into writing teaching manuals for geography and comparative studies on the teaching of geography and economics in the French colonies.
One of his more eclectic works from this period was his 1901 ''L'Or'', a book on
gold
Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from la, aurum) and atomic number 79. This makes it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally. It is a bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile met ...
in all its aspects including its extraction, metallurgy, the regions in which it is mined, and its use in both industry and commerce. The following year it was awarded the ''
Prix Montyon
The Montyon Prize (french: Prix Montyon) is a series of prizes awarded annually by the French Academy of Sciences and the Académie française. They are endowed by the French benefactor Baron de Montyon.
History
Prior to the start of the French ...
''.
In 1901, Hauser was offered an appointment to the
University of Dijon
A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. In the United States, th ...
and taught there until 1919 as Professor of Modern History. He also taught commercial and industrial geography at the
Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers
A music school is an educational institution specialized in the study, training, and research of music. Such an institution can also be known as a school of music, music academy, music faculty, college of music, music department (of a larger in ...
from 1915 to 1933, first as a lecturer and then as a professor. In 1919 he received his first appointment to the
University of Paris
, image_name = Coat of arms of the University of Paris.svg
, image_size = 150px
, caption = Coat of Arms
, latin_name = Universitas magistrorum et scholarium Parisiensis
, motto = ''Hic et ubique terrarum'' (Latin)
, mottoeng = Here and a ...
. He began there as a lecturer in modern economic history, was promoted to professor ''sans chaire'' in 1921, and in 1927 was given the university's first chair in economic history.
![Méthodes allemandes d'expansion économique by Henri Hauser, title page](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/M%C3%A9thodes_allemandes_d%27expansion_%C3%A9conomique_by_Henri_Hauser%2C_title_page.jpg)
According to cultural historian Pim den Boer, Hauser was "exceptionally knowledgeable about a wide range of subjects" which was reflected in his scholarship. Throughout his career Hauser's approach was a multidisciplinary one and emphasized the roles played by both economics and geography in historical scholarship, views expressed as early as his 1903 ''L'enseignement des sciences sociales'' and his influential 1906 essay "La Géographie humaine et l'histoire économique".
He also co-authored two books on the geography of France and its colonies with Joseph Fèvre: ''Régions et pays de France'' (1909) and ''Notre Empire colonial'' (1910). During World War I Hauser worked as an advisor to
Étienne Clémentel
Étienne Clémentel (11 January 1864 – 25 December 1936) was a French politician. He served as a member of the National Assembly of France from 1900 to 1919 and as French Senator from 1920 to 1936. He also served as Minister of Colonies from 2 ...
, France's
Minister of Commerce
A Commerce minister (sometimes business minister, industry minister, trade minister or international trade minister) is a position in many governments that is responsible for regulating external trade and promoting economic growth (commercial polic ...
and later sat on the economic committee at the
Paris Peace Conference in 1919.
Henri Hauser and
Henri Hitier
Henri Hitier (16 June 1864 – 1 April 1958) was a French agronomist.
Family
Henri-Joseph-Robert Hitier was born in Revelles, Somme, on 16 June 1864.
His parents were Joseph Hitier, Consul-General of France in China, and Augustine Vauchelet (1832 ...
co-directed a major inquiry into French manufacturing in 1915–16 for the National Association of Economic Expansion. The inquiry was supervised by
Paul de Rousiers
Paul de Rousiers (16 January 1857 – 28 March 1934) was a French social economist and industrial lobbyist.
He was a follower of Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play, and believed in industrial syndicates that would be independent of both workers a ...
.
Hauser's ''Méthodes allemandes d'expansion économique'' in which he analyzed the role played by German industry in the outbreak of the war had been published in 1915. The book was translated into
English
English usually refers to:
* English language
* English people
English may also refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England
** English national ide ...
by Manfred Emanuel and Hauser and was published in London in 1917 and New York in 1918 as ''Germany's Commercial Grip on the World''. The American edition came out as Germany's defeat seemed imminent and the
allied powers were contemplating the terms of an eventual peace treaty. In his preface to that edition
James Laurence Laughlin
James Laurence Laughlin (April 2, 1850 – November 28, 1933) was an American economist and Professor at Cornell University, Harvard University, and the University of Chicago, who helped to found the Federal Reserve System and was "one of the mo ...
wrote:
I know of no other available authority who has so fully and so intelligently explained the methods by which Germany has gained her remarkable position in the markets of the world. ..This volume is as necessary to us as to the French.
After World War I ended, Hauser returned to his primary specialty, the history of the
early modern period, but continued to publish on many contemporary historical, economic and geographical subjects. According to den Boer, one of Hauser's finest historical works from this period was his 1933 ''La prépondérance espagnole (1559-1660)'' which he characterised as "rightly considered a masterly and original synthesis." It echoes the view of
Augustin Renaudet in a paper read at a meeting of the ''Société d'Histoire Moderne'' shortly after Hauser's death.
''La prépondérance espagnole'' had multiple editions and was reprinted in 1973 with an introduction and eulogy to Hauser by
Pierre Chaunu
Pierre Chaunu (17 August 1923 – 22 October 2009) was a French historian. His specialty was Latin American history; he also studied French social and religious history of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. A leading figure in French quantitati ...
.
In the
interwar period
In the history of the 20th century, the interwar period lasted from 11 November 1918 to 1 September 1939 (20 years, 9 months, 21 days), the end of the World War I, First World War to the beginning of the World War II, Second World War. The in ...
Hauser had an increasingly international presence. Between 1918 and 1920, he regularly visited
Alfred Zimmern
Sir Alfred Eckhard Zimmern (26 January 1879–24 November 1957) was an English classical scholar, historian, and political scientist writing on international relations. A British policymaker during World War I and a prominent liberal thinker, Z ...
in
Oxford University
Oxford () is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is north-west of London, south-east of Birmingham and north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the ...
and Zimmern was also frequently in Paris to work on the post-war diplomatic conditions. In 1923, Hauser was invited by
Edwin F. Gay
Edwin Francis Gay (October 27, 1867 – February 8, 1946) was an American economist, Professor of Economic History and first Dean of the Harvard Business School.Morgen Witzel (2004) "Edwin Gay (1867-1946)" in: ''Fifty key figures in management''. ...
to be an exchange professor at
Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher le ...
where he taught an economics course and gave various lectures both at the university and in other American cities. In 1929 he was invited to give conferences and lectures at
King's College London
King's College London (informally King's or KCL) is a public research university located in London, England. King's was established by royal charter in 1829 under the patronage of King George IV and the Duke of Wellington. In 1836, King's ...
and the
London School of Economics
, mottoeng = To understand the causes of things
, established =
, type = Public research university
, endowment = £240.8 million (2021)
, budget = £391.1 millio ...
where he became one of the founder members of the
International scientific committee on price history The International scientific committee on price history was created in 1929 by William Beveridge and Edwin Francis Gay thanks to a five-years grant of the Rockefeller Foundation. The national representatives were William Beveridge for Great Britain, ...
led by
William Beveridge
William Henry Beveridge, 1st Baron Beveridge, (5 March 1879 – 16 March 1963) was a British economist and Liberal politician who was a progressive and social reformer who played a central role in designing the British welfare state. His 194 ...
.
Georges Dumas, an old friend from Hauser's student days at the École Normale invited him to
Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
in the 1930s to advise on the training of historians. Hauser was instrumental in bringing other French academics to teach in Brazilian universities. At his encouragement,
Pierre Monbeig
Pierre Monbeig (15 September 1908 in Marissel – 22 September 1987 in Cavalaire) was a French geographer.
Biography
Firstly Monbeig was professor in the lyceum Malherbe de Caen in 1931. In the year of 1935 he take the position of professor ...
focused his doctoral dissertation on the first settlements in Brazil. Hauser was also a pillar of the
Alliance Française
An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...
. He and his brother Félix-Paul had become members in the late 1880s, only a few years after its founding. He was appointed to its administrative council in 1912, contributed numerous articles on French historical figures to its publications, and was elected its vice president in 1933.
Later years
![Statut des Juifs - page 1](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Statut_des_Juifs_-_page_1.jpg)
Hauser retired from the University of Paris in 1936 at the age of 70 with
Marc Bloch
Marc Léopold Benjamin Bloch (; ; 6 July 1886 – 16 June 1944) was a French historian. He was a founding member of the Annales School of French social history. Bloch specialised in medieval history and published widely on Medieval France ov ...
succeeding him in the chair of economic history, but he continued his scholarly work and publication in the ensuing years. Amongst the works he produced after his retirement was ''La naissance du Protestantisme'' which won the 1941 ''Prix Eugène Carrière'' of the Académie française.
The lives of both men were seriously impacted by the outbreak of World War II. Hauser came out of retirement and moved with his family to
Rennes
Rennes (; br, Roazhon ; Gallo: ''Resnn''; ) is a city in the east of Brittany in northwestern France at the confluence of the Ille and the Vilaine. Rennes is the prefecture of the region of Brittany, as well as the Ille-et-Vilaine department ...
in 1939 to cover a teaching post at the university left vacant when its lecturer was drafted. Bloch left his position at the Sorbonne that same year to join the French Army.
After France's defeat by the Germans in June 1940, Bloch returned to Paris, but when the
Vichy laws on the status of Jews
Anti-Jewish laws were enacted by the Vichy France government in 1940 and 1941 affecting metropolitan France and its overseas territories during World War II. These laws were, in fact, decrees of head of state Marshal Philippe Pétain, since Parli ...
were passed in October of that year, both he and Hauser were declared "undesirable professors". Bloch joined the
French resistance
The French Resistance (french: La Résistance) was a collection of organisations that fought the German occupation of France during World War II, Nazi occupation of France and the Collaborationism, collaborationist Vichy France, Vichy régim ...
in 1942 and was later imprisoned by the
Gestapo
The (), abbreviated Gestapo (; ), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe.
The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of Prussia into one organi ...
and executed. Hauser remained in Rennes, now forced to wear the
yellow badge
Yellow badges (or yellow patches), also referred to as Jewish badges (german: Judenstern, lit=Jew's star), are badges that Jews were ordered to wear at various times during the Middle Ages by some caliphates, at various times during the Medieva ...
, and unable to teach. While there he learned that his apartment in Paris which contained his library had been completely pillaged as had his country house in
Herblay
Herblay-sur-Seine (, literally ''Herblay on Seine''; before 2018: ''Herblay'') is a commune in the department of Val-d'Oise, France. It is located from the center of Paris, in its northwest suburbs. It is twinned with Yeovil, UK.
Geography Cli ...
. Nevertheless, he continued to publish articles in journals such as ''Revue Historique'', although his name and those of the other Jewish scholars were replaced with their initials. He also began working on his memoires.
[ Renaudet, Augustin (1946)]
"Henri Hauser (1966–1946)"
''Revue Historique'', Vol. 196, No. 4, pp. 498-502. Retrieved via JSTOR
JSTOR (; short for ''Journal Storage'') is a digital library founded in 1995 in New York City. Originally containing digitized back issues of academic journals, it now encompasses books and other primary sources as well as current issues of j ...
28 January 2016 .[Crouzet, Denis and Crouzet-Pavan, Élisabeth (2012)]
"Postface"
pp. 135–140 in Lucien Febvre and François Crouzet ''Nous sommes des sang-mêlés: Manuel d'histoire de la civilisation française''. Albin Michel (electronic edition)
In June 1942 Hauser was warned that his name was on a list of persons to be arrested the following day. He fled with his wife, daughter, and granddaughter to a small village near
Toulouse
Toulouse ( , ; oc, Tolosa ) is the prefecture of the French department of Haute-Garonne and of the larger region of Occitania. The city is on the banks of the River Garonne, from the Mediterranean Sea, from the Atlantic Ocean and from Par ...
where they lived in hiding for the remainder of the war. It was there (and despite his failing eyesight) that Hauser completed his final book, a study of the economic thought of
Richelieu.
[Schwab, George (2007)]
"Hauser, Henri"
''Encyclopaedia Judaica
The ''Encyclopaedia Judaica'' is a 22-volume English-language encyclopedia of the Jewish people, Judaism, and Israel. It covers diverse areas of the Jewish world and civilization, including Jewish history of all eras, culture, holidays, langua ...
''. Retrieved via HighBeam Research
HighBeam Research was a paid search engine and full text online archive owned by Gale, a subsidiary of Cengage, for thousands of newspapers, magazines, academic journals, newswires, trade magazines, and encyclopedias in English. It was headquar ...
11 January 2015 . With the liberation of France in 1944 Hauser and his family moved to Montpellier, hoping to return to Paris once an apartment could be found. However, Hauser's health began to fail and he died in Montpellier on 27 May 1946, shortly before his 80th birthday. His funeral, like his wedding, was a non-religious ceremony. According to Hauser, he had lost his religious faith when preparing for his
Bar Mitzvah and "everything in the synagogue seemed dead".
In 1945 the
Académie française
An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary education, secondary or tertiary education, tertiary higher education, higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membershi ...
had awarded him the ''Prix de l'Académie'' for his life's work.
Family
![École normale supérieure de Paris, 26 January 2013](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Paris%2C_26_January_2013.jpg)
Hauser's uncle,
Henry Aron
Henry Aron (11 November 1842 – 13 November 1885) was a French journalist and political essayist. He wrote for several prominent Parisian journals and was director of the ''Journal officiel de la République française'' from 1876 until 1881. He ...
, who had played a major role in his education, died in 1885, the year Hauser entered the École Normale Supérieure. Aron, who wrote for several prominent Parisian journals and had served as the director of the ''
Journal officiel de la République française
A journal, from the Old French ''journal'' (meaning "daily"), may refer to:
*Bullet journal, a method of personal organization
*Diary, a record of what happened over the course of a day or other period
*Daybook, also known as a general journal, a ...
'', was awarded the Legion of Honor in 1878.
[Singer, Isidore (ed.) (1902)]
"Aron, Henry"
''The Jewish Encyclopedia
''The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day'' is an English-language encyclopedia containing over 15,000 articles on th ...
'', Vol. 2, pp. 134–135.
Hauser married Thérèse Franck on 3 September 1888 in a non-religious wedding ceremony, which drew disapproval from their Jewish families and from his Catholic classmates at the École Normale.
Their daughter, Alice Hauser, became a
bacteriologist
A bacteriologist is a microbiologist, or similarly trained professional, in bacteriology -- a subdivision of microbiology that studies bacteria, typically Pathogenic bacteria, pathogenic ones. Bacteriologists are interested in studying and learnin ...
at the main bacteriology laboratory in
Dijon
Dijon (, , ) (dated)
* it, Digione
* la, Diviō or
* lmo, Digion is the prefecture of the Côte-d'Or department and of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in northeastern France. the commune had a population of 156,920.
The earlies ...
and was awarded the silver ''Médaille d'honneur des épidémies'' by the French War Ministry in 1916. Alice married Jean Dabert, a lawyer from
Metz
Metz ( , , lat, Divodurum Mediomatricorum, then ) is a city in northeast France located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers. Metz is the prefecture of the Moselle department and the seat of the parliament of the Grand E ...
, in 1922. The following year their daughter Françoise was born.
[Hauser, Henri "Souvenirs d'un vieux grand-père à sa petite fille", p. 315–342 in Séverine-Antigone Marin and Georges-Henri Soutou (eds.), ''Henri Hauser (1866-1946): humaniste, historien, républicain''. Presses de l'Université de Paris-Sorbonne. ]
Hauser's elder brother, Félix-Paul, died in 1916. He had a long career in the French civil service, primarily in
French Indochina
French Indochina (previously spelled as French Indo-China),; vi, Đông Dương thuộc Pháp, , lit. 'East Ocean under French Control; km, ឥណ្ឌូចិនបារាំង, ; th, อินโดจีนฝรั่งเศส, ...
, and was awarded the Legion of Honor in 1909 for his role in the .
Henri Hauser's great-grandson,
Denis Crouzet
Denis Bertrand Yves Crouzet (born 10 March 1953) is a French historian specialising in the history of the early modern period and particularly in the French Wars of Religion during the Protestant Reformation, reformation. He is a professor at Paris ...
, followed in his footsteps and became a specialist in the history of the
Reformation
The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation) was a major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and in ...
and a professor at the
Sorbonne
Sorbonne may refer to:
* Sorbonne (building), historic building in Paris, which housed the University of Paris and is now shared among multiple universities.
*the University of Paris (c. 1150 – 1970)
*one of its components or linked institution, ...
. He is the son of the historian
François Crouzet
François Crouzet (20 October 1922 – 20 March 2010) was a French historian. Considered the greatest French historian of Britain of his generation, he was Professor Emeritus of Modern History at the Université de Paris-Sorbonne at the time of h ...
and Hauser's granddaughter Françoise Dabert-Hauser.
Hauser's account of his childhood and youth and his family's history appears in his unfinished memoirs, ''Souvenirs d'un vieux grand-père à sa petite fille'' (Memories of an Old Grandfather for his Granddaughter). The draft of the memoirs was amongst the papers Hauser had to leave behind in Rennes in his flight from the city in 1942. One of the professors at the university there hid the papers in his own house for the remainder of the war and was later able to return the draft to Hauser's widow.
[Marin, Séverine-Antigone and Soutou, Georges-Henri (eds.), ''Henri Hauser (1866-1946): humaniste, historien, républicain'', p. 342 (editor's note). Presses de l'Université de Paris-Sorbonne. ] Extracts from the memoirs were published in 2006 in ''Henri Hauser (1866-1946): humaniste, historien, républicain''. The book is a collection of papers delivered at a two-day international colloquium on the life and work of Hauser held in January 2003 at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris.
Prizes and awards
*1902
Académie française
An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary education, secondary or tertiary education, tertiary higher education, higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membershi ...
, ''
Prix Montyon
The Montyon Prize (french: Prix Montyon) is a series of prizes awarded annually by the French Academy of Sciences and the Académie française. They are endowed by the French benefactor Baron de Montyon.
History
Prior to the start of the French ...
'' for ''L'Or''
Académie française
An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary education, secondary or tertiary education, tertiary higher education, higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membershi ...
Hauser
. Retrieved 28 January 2016 .
*1903
Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques
An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary or tertiary higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membership). The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, f ...
, ''Prix François-Joseph Audiffred'' for ''L'enseignement des sciences sociales''
*1919 ''Chevalier'' of the
Legion of Honor
The National Order of the Legion of Honour (french: Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), formerly the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour ('), is the highest French order of merit, both military and civil. Established in 1802 by Napoleon ...
, promoted to ''Officier'' in 1934
[Archives Nationales de France]
Hauser, Henri
/ref>
*1924 Académie française, ''Prix Montyon'' for ''Propos d'un ignorant sur l’économie nationale''Académie française
An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary education, secondary or tertiary education, tertiary higher education, higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membershi ...
Henri Hauser
Retrieved 28 January 2016 .
*1941 Académie française, ''Prix Eugène Carrière'' for ''La naissance du Protestantisme''
*1945 Académie française, ''Prix de l'Académie'' for Hauser's life work
Notes
References
Further reading
*''American Historical Review
''The American Historical Review'' is a quarterly academic history journal and the official publication of the American Historical Association. It targets readers interested in all periods and facets of history and has often been described as the ...
'' (October 1946)
"Historical News"
Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 221–222. (Henry Hauser's obituary, outlining his contributions to historical scholarship)
*Dewald, Jonathan (2010)
''Lost Worlds: The Emergence of French Social History, 1815-1970''
Penn State Press. . (See particularly the chapter "Lucien Febvre and the Alien Past", pp. 97–122, for a discussion of Hauser's views on the interrelation of history and social science.)
*Harvey, John L. (2006). "Henri Hauser et les historiens américains pendant l'entre-deux-guerres", pp. 245–266 in Séverine-Antigone Marin and Georges-Henri Soutou (eds.), ''Henri Hauser (1866-1946): humaniste, historien, républicain''. Presses de l'Université de Paris-Sorbonne. (Despite its French title, this paper is in English and is an analysis of Hauser's relations with American historians in the interwar period.)
External links
Works by Henri Hauser
on the Internet Archive
The Internet Archive is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge". It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, ...
(freely accessible full copies of many of Hauser's most important works)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hauser Henri
1866 births
1946 deaths
University of Paris faculty
French economists
20th-century French historians
French geographers
École Normale Supérieure alumni
Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
People from Oran
French male non-fiction writers
19th-century French historians