Hematologic diseases are disorders which primarily affect the blood & blood-forming organs. Hematologic diseases include rare genetic disorders, anemia, HIV, sickle cell disease & complications from chemotherapy or transfusions.

Myeloid

Hemoglobinopathies Hemoglobinopathy is the medical term for a group of inherited blood disorders and diseases that primarily affect red blood cells. They are single-gene disorders and, in most cases, they are inherited as autosomal co-dominant traits. There are t ...

(congenital abnormality of the hemoglobin molecule or of the rate of hemoglobin synthesis) ** Sickle cell disease **

Thalassemia Thalassemias are inherited blood disorders characterized by decreased hemoglobin production. Symptoms depend on the type and can vary from none to severe. Often there is mild to severe anemia (low red blood cells or hemoglobin). Anemia can result ...

Methemoglobinemia Methemoglobinemia, or methaemoglobinaemia, is a condition of elevated methemoglobin in the blood. Symptoms may include headache, dizziness, shortness of breath, nausea, poor muscle coordination, and blue-colored skin (cyanosis). Complications m ...

* Anemias (lack of

red blood cells Red blood cells (RBCs), also referred to as red cells, red blood corpuscles (in humans or other animals not having nucleus in red blood cells), haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes (from Greek language, Greek ''erythros'' for "red" and ''k ...

or hemoglobin) ** Iron-deficiency anemia ** Megaloblastic anemia *** Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency **** Pernicious anemia *** Folate deficiency **

Hemolytic anemias Hemolytic anemia or haemolytic anaemia is a form of anemia due to hemolysis, the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs), either in the blood vessels (intravascular hemolysis) or elsewhere in the human body (extravascular). This most commonly ...

(destruction of

) *** Genetic disorders of RBC membrane **** Hereditary spherocytosis **** Hereditary elliptocytosis ****

Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA) is a rare blood disorder, similar to the thalassemias. CDA is one of many types of anemia, characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis, and resulting from a decrease in the number of red blood cells (RBCs) ...

*** Genetic disorders of RBC metabolism **** Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) **** Pyruvate kinase deficiency *** Immune mediated hemolytic anemia ( direct Coombs test is positive) **** Autoimmune hemolytic anemia ***** Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia ****** Idiopathic ******

Systemic lupus erythematosus Lupus, technically known as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in many parts of the body. Symptoms vary among people and may be mild to severe. Comm ...

(SLE) ****** Evans syndrome (antiplatelet antibodies and hemolytic antibodies) ***** Cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia ****** Cold agglutinin disease ****** Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (rare) ****** Infectious mononucleosis **** Alloimmune hemolytic anemia ***** Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) ****** Rh disease (Rh D) ******

ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn In ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn (also known as ABO HDN) maternal IgG antibodies with specificity for the ABO blood group system pass through the placenta to the fetal circulation where they can cause hemolysis of fetal red blood cells wh ...

******

Anti-Kell hemolytic disease of the newborn Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-Kell1) is the second most common cause of severe hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) after Rh disease. Anti-Kell1 is becoming relatively more important as prevention of Rh disease is also becoming more eff ...

******

Rhesus c hemolytic disease of the newborn Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-Rhc) can range from a mild to a severe disease. It is the third most common cause of severe HDN. Rh disease is the most common and hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-Kell) is the second most common cause ...

****** Rhesus E hemolytic disease of the newborn ****** Other blood group incompatibility (RhC, Rhe, Kid, Duffy, MN, P and others) **** Drug induced immune mediated hemolytic anemia *****

Penicillin Penicillins (P, PCN or PEN) are a group of β-lactam antibiotics originally obtained from ''Penicillium'' moulds, principally '' P. chrysogenum'' and '' P. rubens''. Most penicillins in clinical use are synthesised by P. chrysogenum using ...

(high dose) ***** Methyldopa ***

(where these is an unstable or crystalline hemoglobin) *** Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (rare acquired clonal disorder of red blood cell surface proteins) *** Direct physical damage to RBCs **** Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia **** Secondary to artificial heart valve(s) **

Aplastic anemia Aplastic anemia is a cancer in which the body fails to make blood cells in sufficient numbers. Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow by stem cells that reside there. Aplastic anemia causes a deficiency of all blood cell types: red blood ...

***

Fanconi anemia Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a rare genetic disease resulting in impaired response to DNA damage. Although it is a very rare disorder, study of this and other bone marrow failure syndromes has improved scientific understanding of the mechanisms of nor ...

*** Diamond–Blackfan anemia (inherited pure red cell aplasia) ***

Acquired pure red cell aplasia Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) or erythroblastopenia refers to a type of aplastic anemia affecting the precursors to red blood cells but usually not to white blood cells. In PRCA, the bone marrow ceases to produce red blood cells. There are multiple ...

* Decreased numbers of cells ** Myelodysplastic syndrome ** Myelofibrosis **

Neutropenia Neutropenia is an abnormally low concentration of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) in the blood. Neutrophils make up the majority of circulating white blood cells and serve as the primary defense against infections by destroying bacteria ...

(decrease in the number of

neutrophils Neutrophils (also known as neutrocytes or heterophils) are the most abundant type of granulocytes and make up 40% to 70% of all white blood cells in humans. They form an essential part of the innate immune system, with their functions varying in ...

) **

Agranulocytosis Agranulocytosis, also known as agranulosis or granulopenia, is an acute condition involving a severe and dangerous lowered white blood cell count (leukopenia, most commonly of neutrophils) and thus causing a neutropenia in the circulating blood. ...

** Glanzmann's thrombasthenia ** Thrombocytopenia (decrease in the number of

platelets Platelets, also called thrombocytes (from Greek θρόμβος, "clot" and κύτος, "cell"), are a component of blood whose function (along with the coagulation factors) is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby ini ...

) ***

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), also known as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura or immune thrombocytopenia, is a type of thrombocytopenic purpura defined as an isolated low platelet count with a normal bone marrow in the absence of oth ...

(ITP) *** Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) ***

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is the development of thrombocytopenia (a low platelet count), due to the administration of various forms of heparin, an anticoagulant. HIT predisposes to thrombosis (the abnormal formation of blood clots in ...

(HIT) *

Myeloproliferative disorder Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a group of rare blood cancers in which excess red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets are produced in the bone marrow. ''Myelo'' refers to the bone marrow, ''proliferative'' describes the rapid growt ...

s (Increased numbers of cells) ** Polycythemia vera (increase in the number of cells in general) ** Erythrocytosis (increase in the number of

) ** Leukocytosis (increase in the number of white blood cells) **

Thrombocytosis Thrombocythemia is a condition of high platelet (thrombocyte) count in the blood. Normal count is in the range of 150x109 to 450x109 platelets per liter of blood, but investigation is typically only considered if the upper limit exceeds 750x109/L. ...

(increase in the number of

) **

** Transient myeloproliferative disease * Coagulopathies (disorders of bleeding and coagulation) **

** Recurrent thrombosis **

Disseminated intravascular coagulation Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a condition in which blood clots form throughout the body, blocking small blood vessels. Symptoms may include chest pain, shortness of breath, leg pain, problems speaking, or problems moving parts o ...

** Disorders of clotting proteins ***

Hemophilia Haemophilia, or hemophilia (), is a mostly inherited genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to make blood clots, a process needed to stop bleeding. This results in people bleeding for a longer time after an injury, easy bruising, ...

**** Hemophilia A **** Hemophilia B (also known as

Christmas disease Haemophilia B, also spelled hemophilia B, is a blood clotting disorder causing easy bruising and bleeding due to an inherited mutation of the gene for factor IX, and resulting in a deficiency of factor IX. It is less common than factor VIII defi ...

) **** Hemophilia C *** Von Willebrand disease ***

*** Protein S deficiency *** Antiphospholipid syndrome ** Disorders of

*** Thrombocytopenia *** Glanzmann's thrombasthenia ***

Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare X-linked recessive disease characterized by eczema, thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), immune deficiency, and bloody diarrhea (secondary to the thrombocytopenia). It is also sometimes called the eczem ...

Hematological malignancies

* Hematological malignancies ** Lymphomas ***

Hodgkin's disease Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a type of lymphoma, in which cancer originates from a specific type of white blood cell called lymphocytes, where multinucleated Reed–Sternberg cells (RS cells) are present in the patient's lymph nodes. The condition wa ...

*** Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma ****

Burkitt's lymphoma Burkitt lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system, particularly B lymphocytes found in the germinal center. It is named after Denis Parsons Burkitt, the Irish surgeon who first described the disease in 1958 while working in equatorial Africa. ...

**** Anaplastic large cell lymphoma ****

Splenic marginal zone lymphoma Splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) is a type of cancer (specifically a lymphoma) made up of B-cells that replace the normal architecture of the white pulp of the spleen. The neoplastic cells are both small lymphocytes and larger, transformed l ...

****

Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma is a rare form of lymphoma that is generally incurable, except in the case of an allogeneic stem cell transplant. It is a systemic neoplasm comprising medium-sized cytotoxic T-cells that show significant sinusoidal in ...

****

Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL, sometimes misspelled AILT, formerly known as "angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia") is a mature T-cell lymphoma of blood or lymph vessel immunoblasts characterized by a polymorphous lymp ...

(AILT) ** Myelomas ***

Multiple myeloma Multiple myeloma (MM), also known as plasma cell myeloma and simply myeloma, is a cancer of plasma cells, a type of white blood cell that normally produces antibodies. Often, no symptoms are noticed initially. As it progresses, bone pain, an ...

*** Waldenström macroglobulinemia *** Plasmacytoma ** Leukemias increased WBC *** Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) ***

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). Early on, there are typically no symptoms. Later, non-painful lymph node swelling, feeling tired, fever, nigh ...

(CLL) *** Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) *** Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL), a sub-type of acute myelogenous leukemia *** Chronic Idiopathic Myelofibrosis (MF) ***

Chronic myelogenous leukemia Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), also known as chronic myeloid leukemia, is a cancer of the white blood cells. It is a form of leukemia characterized by the increased and unregulated growth of myeloid cells in the bone marrow and the accumulat ...

(CML) *** T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) *** B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL) ***

Chronic neutrophilic leukemia Chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL) is a rare myeloproliferative neoplasm that features a persistent neutrophilia in peripheral blood, myeloid hyperplasia in bone marrow, hepatosplenomegaly, and the absence of the Philadelphia chromosome or a ...

(CNL) *** Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) ***

T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia Large granular lymphocytic (LGL) leukemia is a chronic lymphoproliferative disorder that exhibits an unexplained, chronic (> 6 months) elevation in large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) in the peripheral blood. It is divided in two main categories: T- ...

(T-LGL) ***

Aggressive NK-cell leukemia Aggressive NK-cell leukemia is a disease with an aggressive, systemic proliferation of natural killer cells (NK cells) and a rapidly declining clinical course. It is also called ''aggressive NK-cell lymphoma''. Signs and symptoms Patients usu ...

Miscellaneous

* Hemochromatosis * Asplenia *

Hypersplenism Splenomegaly is an enlargement of the spleen. The spleen usually lies in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the human abdomen. Splenomegaly is one of the four cardinal signs of ''hypersplenism'' which include: some reduction in number of circulati ...

Gaucher's disease Gaucher's disease or Gaucher disease () (GD) is a genetic disorder A genetic disorder is a health problem caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome. It can be caused by a mutation in a single gene (monogenic) or multiple genes (polyg ...

* Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance * Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis * Tempi syndrome

Hematological changes secondary to non-hematological disorders

Anemia of chronic disease Anemia of chronic disease (ACD) or anemia of chronic inflammation is a form of anemia seen in chronic infection, chronic immune activation, and malignancy. These conditions all produce elevation of interleukin-6, which stimulates hepcidin product ...

* Infectious mononucleosis *

AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a retrovirus. Following initial infection an individual m ...

* Malaria *

Leishmaniasis Leishmaniasis is a wide array of clinical manifestations caused by parasites of the trypanosome genus ''Leishmania''. It is generally spread through the bite of phlebotomine sandflies, ''Phlebotomus'' and ''Lutzomyia'', and occurs most freq ...

References

External links

* https://web.archive.org/web/20100527085120/http://hematologic.niddk.nih.gov/info/index.htm {{Authority control Blood disorders