![Hermann Clemens Kosel Heinrich Schenker 1912](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Hermann_Clemens_Kosel_Heinrich_Schenker_1912.jpg)
Heinrich Schenker (19 June 1868 – 14 January 1935) was a
Galician-born Austrian
music theorist
Music theory is the study of the practices and possibilities of music. ''The Oxford Companion to Music'' describes three interrelated uses of the term "music theory". The first is the "rudiments", that are needed to understand music notation (ke ...
whose writings have had a profound influence on subsequent
musical analysis.
[ ] His approach, now termed
Schenkerian analysis Schenkerian analysis is a method of analyzing tonal music based on the theories of Heinrich Schenker (1868–1935). The goal is to demonstrate the organic coherence of the work by showing how it relates to an abstracted deep structure, the ''Ursatz' ...
, was most fully explained in a three volume series entitled ''Neue musikalische Theorien und Phantasien'' (''New Musical Theories and Phantasies''), which included ''
Harmony
In music, harmony is the process by which individual sounds are joined together or composed into whole units or compositions. Often, the term harmony refers to simultaneously occurring frequencies, pitches ( tones, notes), or chords. However ...
'' (1906), ''
Counterpoint
In music, counterpoint is the relationship between two or more musical lines (or voices) which are harmonically interdependent yet independent in rhythm and melodic contour. It has been most commonly identified in the European classical tradi ...
'' (1910; 1922) and ''
Free Composition
''Free Composition'' (''Der freie Satz'') is a treatise by Heinrich Schenker, and possibly Schenker's best known work. The third volume of ''New Musical Theories and Fantasies'' (preceded by ''Harmony'' and ''Counterpoint''), it was first publi ...
'' (1935).
Born in
Wiśniowczyk,
Austrian Galicia
The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria,, ; pl, Królestwo Galicji i Lodomerii, ; uk, Королівство Галичини та Володимирії, Korolivstvo Halychyny ta Volodymyrii; la, Rēgnum Galiciae et Lodomeriae also known as ...
, he studied law at
University of Vienna
The University of Vienna (german: Universität Wien) is a public research university located in Vienna, Austria. It was founded by Duke Rudolph IV in 1365 and is the oldest university in the German-speaking world. With its long and rich histor ...
and music at what is now the
University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna
The University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna (german: link=no, Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst Wien, abbreviated MDW) is an Austrian university located in Vienna, established in 1817.
With a student body of over three thousa ...
where his teachers included
Franz Krenn
Franz Krenn (26 February 1816 – 18 June 1897) was an Austrian composer and composition teacher born in Droß. He studied under Ignaz von Seyfried in Vienna, and served as organist in a number of Viennese churches, becoming Kapellmeister of St. ...
,
Ernst Ludwig
, spouses =
, issue =
, house = Hesse-Darmstadt
, father = Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine
, mother =Princess Alice of the United Kingdom
, birth_date =
, birth_place = New Palace, Darmstadt, Gran ...
,
Anton Bruckner
Josef Anton Bruckner (; 4 September 182411 October 1896) was an Austrian composer, organist, and music theorist best known for his symphonies, masses, Te Deum and motets. The first are considered emblematic of the final stage of Austro-Germ ...
and
Johann Nepomuk Fuchs. Despite his law degree, he focused primarily on a musical career following graduation, finding minimal success as a composer, conductor and accompanist. From the 20th-century on, Schenker increasingly directed his efforts towards music theory, developing a systemic approach to analyze the underlying melodic and harmonic material of
tonal music
Tonality is the arrangement of pitches and/or chords of a musical work in a hierarchy of perceived relations, stabilities, attractions and directionality. In this hierarchy, the single pitch or triadic chord with the greatest stability is cal ...
. His theories proposed the presence of
fundamental structure
In Schenkerian analysis, the fundamental structure (german: Ursatz) describes the structure of a tonal work as it occurs at the most remote (or "background") level and in the most abstract form. A basic elaboration of the tonic triad, it consist ...
s (''Ursatz'') occurring in the
background
Background may refer to:
Performing arts and stagecraft
* Background actor
* Background artist
* Background light
* Background music
* Background story
* Background vocals
* ''Background'' (play), a 1950 play by Warren Chetham-Strode
Reco ...
(''Hintergrund'') of compositions, which he illustrated with a variety of new specialized terms and notational methods.
Schenker's views on race have come under scrutiny and criticism in the 21st century.
Early years and education
Heinrich Schenker was born in
Wiśniowczyk,
Austrian Galicia
The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria,, ; pl, Królestwo Galicji i Lodomerii, ; uk, Королівство Галичини та Володимирії, Korolivstvo Halychyny ta Volodymyrii; la, Rēgnum Galiciae et Lodomeriae also known as ...
in 1868 to Johann Schenker and his wife, Julia (''née'' Mosler), both Jews. Schenker's father was a doctor who had been allowed to settle in Wiśniowczyk, a village of only 1,759 inhabitants, according to the 1869 census. There is very little information about Schenker's parents. Moriz Violin, Schenker's life-long friend recalled Schenker describing "the seriousness of the father and the hot temper of the mother".
Schenker was the fifth of six children: Markus (allegedly died 1880 in
Lemberg
Lviv ( uk, Львів) is the largest city in Western Ukraine, western Ukraine, and the List of cities in Ukraine, seventh-largest in Ukraine, with a population of . It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is o ...
); Rebeka (allegedly died 1889 in Gradiska); Wilhelm, a doctor; Schifre; and Moriz (Moses), born 31 August 1874. There is little documentation concerning Schenker's childhood years. Schenker himself said nothing about his secondary-school education. His musical instincts must have been discovered at an early age, for he went to
Lemberg
Lviv ( uk, Львів) is the largest city in Western Ukraine, western Ukraine, and the List of cities in Ukraine, seventh-largest in Ukraine, with a population of . It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is o ...
(present-day Lviv, Ukraine) and studied with
Carl Mikuli
Karol Mikuli, often seen as Charles Mikuli ( hy, Կարոլ Միկուլի or Կարոլ Պստիկյան; 22 October 1821 – 21 May 1897) was a Polish pianist, composer, conductor and teacher. His students included Moriz Rosenthal, Raoul Koczal ...
and then continued his studies in
Berezhany
Berezhany ( uk, Бережани, ; pl, Brzeżany; yi, ברעזשאַן, Brezhan; he, בּז'יז'אני/בּז'ז'ני ''Bzhezhani''/''Bzhizhani'') is a city in Ternopil Raion, Ternopil Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. It lies about fr ...
.
Schenker received a scholarship to move to Vienna, where his family followed. Documents at the
University of Vienna
The University of Vienna (german: Universität Wien) is a public research university located in Vienna, Austria. It was founded by Duke Rudolph IV in 1365 and is the oldest university in the German-speaking world. With its long and rich histor ...
show him on the roster at the beginning of the 1884/85 season, where he pursued a law degree. In addition to his studies at the University of Vienna, he was enrolled at the Konservatorium of the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde (today, the
University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna
The University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna (german: link=no, Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst Wien, abbreviated MDW) is an Austrian university located in Vienna, established in 1817.
With a student body of over three thousa ...
) from 1887 through 1890. His entrance examination results indicate that he initially studied composition with
Franz Krenn
Franz Krenn (26 February 1816 – 18 June 1897) was an Austrian composer and composition teacher born in Droß. He studied under Ignaz von Seyfried in Vienna, and served as organist in a number of Viennese churches, becoming Kapellmeister of St. ...
and piano with
Ernst Ludwig
, spouses =
, issue =
, house = Hesse-Darmstadt
, father = Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine
, mother =Princess Alice of the United Kingdom
, birth_date =
, birth_place = New Palace, Darmstadt, Gran ...
. Schenker and his father asked that he be exempted from the first year's fees. Other documents indicate that in his first year, Schenker majored in harmony under
Anton Bruckner
Josef Anton Bruckner (; 4 September 182411 October 1896) was an Austrian composer, organist, and music theorist best known for his symphonies, masses, Te Deum and motets. The first are considered emblematic of the final stage of Austro-Germ ...
. Schenker's father died in 1887, leaving the family destitute.
Carl Flesch
Carl Flesch (born Károly Flesch, 9 October 1873 – 14 November 1944) was a Hungarian violinist and teacher. Flesch’s compendium ''Scale System'' is a staple of violin pedagogy.
Life and career
Flesch was born in Moson (now part of Mosonmagy ...
, also in attendance at the Konservatorium, left a description of Schenker as a student "who seemed half-starved, and who towered far above the rest of us ... It was Heinrich Schenker, who later came to enjoy high esteem for his original musical theories and his all-embracing practical and theoretical musicality."
Schenker's negative feelings toward Bruckner are revealed in a quote in his ''
Harmony
In music, harmony is the process by which individual sounds are joined together or composed into whole units or compositions. Often, the term harmony refers to simultaneously occurring frequencies, pitches ( tones, notes), or chords. However ...
'' (1906, written nearly twenty years after instruction), in which he stated that "If the teacher is unable to explain his own propositions ..., the student ... may be content not to understand the proffered doctrine ... The teacher closes his classes in harmony; he closes his classes in
counterpoint
In music, counterpoint is the relationship between two or more musical lines (or voices) which are harmonically interdependent yet independent in rhythm and melodic contour. It has been most commonly identified in the European classical tradi ...
, finishes them off in his own way; but not even the first step toward art has been taken." A footnote adds "My teacher, a composer of high renown
ruckner, obviously used to say on such occasions: ''Segn's, mein' Herrn, dass ist die Regl, i schreib' natirli not a so''. In ''
Counterpoint
In music, counterpoint is the relationship between two or more musical lines (or voices) which are harmonically interdependent yet independent in rhythm and melodic contour. It has been most commonly identified in the European classical tradi ...
'', vol. I, Schenker quotes examples from Bruckner's works as examples of badly constructed lines. Schenker had better memories of Ernst Ludwig. Ludwig accepted Schenker on the basis of his initial scholarship. Upon seeing some of Schenker's musical compositions, Ludwig recommended them to the pianist
Julius Epstein. Ludwig sent students to study with Schenker, who remembered him fondly and thought he would have appreciated his ''Harmonielehre'' and ''Kontrapunkt''.
In the 1888–89 season, Schenker studied counterpoint under Bruckner and continued piano study under Ludwig, always receiving the highest grades. The following season, Schenker joined the composition class of
Johann Nepomuk Fuchs. He graduated on 20 November 1889 and was charged only half the fee for the school year (the fee paid by
Ludwig Bösendorfer
Ludwig Bösendorfer (10 April 1835 – 9 May 1919) was an Austrian piano manufacturer, son of Ignaz Bösendorfer and inheritor of his father's company Bösendorfer. He modernized the construction of the company's pianos, and made the company well ...
).
Composer and performer
After graduating the University of Vienna with a law degree, Schenker devoted himself entirely to music. His first major opportunity came with
Maximilian Harden
__NOTOC__
Maximilian Harden (born Felix Ernst Witkowski, 20 October 1861 – 30 October 1927) was an influential German journalist and editor.
Biography
Born the son of a Jewish merchant in Berlin he attended the '' Französisches Gymnasium'' u ...
, editor of ''
Die Zukunft
''Die Zukunft'' ("''The Future''") has been the name of three newspapers.
''Die Zukunft'' was a German social-democratic weekly (1892–1923) founded and edited by Maximilian Harden. It published allegations of homosexuality of Philipp, Prince o ...
''
he Future/nowiki> who published his earliest writings. Publications in other periodicals followed. Surviving letters in Schenker's archive suggest that during his schooling Schenker had no income and survived purely by gifts from supporters. He continued this practice after graduating. Schenker dedicated his Inventions op. 5 to Irene Graedener (maiden name Mayerhofer). On her death (9 August 1923), he recalled in his diary that it was at her house that he was able to find himself and realize his future calling. At this point in his career, Schenker saw himself primarily as a composer and tried to ingratiate himself as a means of promoting his compositions. Several letters attest to his meetings with Eduard Hanslick
Eduard Hanslick (11 September 18256 August 1904) was an Austrian music critic, aesthetician and historian. Among the leading critics of his time, he was the chief music critic of the ''Neue Freie Presse'' from 1864 until the end of his life. H ...
.
By 1900, Schenker was actively trying to promote his musical compositions as evidenced by correspondence with Ignaz Brüll
Ignaz Brüll (7 November 184617 September 1907) was a Moravian-born pianist and composer who lived and worked in Vienna.
His operatic compositions included ''Das goldene Kreuz'' (''The Golden Cross''), which became a repertory work for several de ...
, Karl Goldmark
Karl Goldmark (born Károly Goldmark, Keszthely, 18 May 1830 – Vienna, 2 January 1915) was a Hungarian-born Viennese composer.Peter Revers, Michael Cherlin, Halina Filipowicz, Richard L. Rudolph The Great Tradition and Its Legacy 2004; , p. ...
, Eugen d'Albert
Eugen (originally Eugène) Francis Charles d'Albert (10 April 1864 – 3 March 1932) was a Scottish-born pianist and composer.
Educated in Britain, d'Albert showed early musical talent and, at the age of seventeen, he won a scholarship to stud ...
and Ferruccio Busoni
Ferruccio Busoni (1 April 1866 – 27 July 1924) was an Italian composer, pianist, conductor, editor, writer, and teacher. His international career and reputation led him to work closely with many of the leading musicians, artists and literary ...
. The dedications of his published compositions are another clue to the identities of those who were sympathetic and possibly gave money to enable Schenker's works to be published, although there were probably more compositions than those conserved in the Oswald Jonas Memorial Collection
Oswald Jonas (January 10, 1897 – March 19, 1978) was a music theorist and musicologist and student of Heinrich Schenker. Despite Schenker's conservative nationalist views Jonas was an admirer of Karl Kraus.
In 1935, Jonas founded the Schenker ...
at the University of California at Riverside
The University of California, Riverside (UCR or UC Riverside) is a public land-grant research university in Riverside, California. It is one of the ten campuses of the University of California system. The main campus sits on in a suburban distr ...
. His Op. 1 carries a dedication to Julius Epstein, Op. 2 is dedicated to Ferruccio Busoni, Op. 4 is dedicated to Eugen d'Albert
Eugen (originally Eugène) Francis Charles d'Albert (10 April 1864 – 3 March 1932) was a Scottish-born pianist and composer.
Educated in Britain, d'Albert showed early musical talent and, at the age of seventeen, he won a scholarship to stud ...
. D'Albert had promised to play some of Schenker's works, and Busoni was particularly enthusiastic about the Fantasy, Op. 2. With letters from d'Albert, Brüll, Busoni, and , Schenker felt confident in promoting his compositions. Correspondence indicates that Schenker was in contact with Max Kalbeck, as the latter was trying to make introductions for him. Similar patronage is evidenced by the dedication on the ''Syrian Dances'' (without opus number), dedicated to Baron Alphonse de Rothschild. At Busoni's insistence, the dances were orchestrated by Arnold Schoenberg
Arnold Schoenberg or Schönberg (, ; ; 13 September 187413 July 1951) was an Austrian-American composer, music theorist, teacher, writer, and painter. He is widely considered one of the most influential composers of the 20th century. He was as ...
and played on 5 June 1903, the ensemble led by Busoni.
The publication of Schenker's ''Vorüber'' Op. 7, no. 3, in a collection sponsored by the Wiener Singakademie
The Wiener Singakademie is a choir in Vienna, Austria.
History
As the first mixed choir in Vienna, the Wiener Singakademie was founded in 1858 to establish a "Singübungsanstalt" - an institution for the training of voices. It aims to promote th ...
attests to a friendship between composer and the organization's conductor, Carl Lafite.
In the final decade of the 19th century, Schenker was also active on the concert stage. He did not give solo recitals but participated as an accompanist or participant in chamber music, occasionally programming his own works. Programs exist showing that Schenker accompanied French horn virtuoso Louis Savart in Schenker's ''Serenade für Waldhorn'' on 5 November 1893 (at the Salle der Börse) and 5 March 1894 (at the Bösendorfersaal). Schenker also was the accompanist for Lieder singer Johan Messchaert on a tour organized by the Ludwig Grünfeld Bureau whose stops included Klagenfurt (8 January), Graz (11 January), Trieste (13 January), Brünn (15 January), Lemberg (17 January), Vienna (19 January), Budapest (21 January), Linz (24 January), Vienna again (26 January), Ústí nad Labem (30 January) and again Budapest (3 February). This tour enabled Schenker to play his own pieces, namely the Fantasia op. 2 and the Allegretto grazioso from Op. 4, no. 2. Existing correspondence shows that Messchaert was highly appreciative. Schenker also accompanied the bass singer Eduard Gärtner on occasion, and Gärtner programmed Schenker's song "Meeresstille" Op. 6, no. 3 and Blumengruß on a concert at the Bösendorfersaal on 19 January 1895. On a Gärtner recital 26 January 1900, Schenker and Moriz Violin gave the premiere of the ''Syrian Dances''. On 1 December 1900, Gärtner, accompanied by Alexander von Zemlinsky
Alexander Zemlinsky or Alexander von Zemlinsky (14 October 1871 – 15 March 1942) was an Austrian composer, conductor, and teacher.
Biography
Early life
Zemlinsky was born in Vienna to a highly diverse family. Zemlinsky's grandfather, Anton S ...
, sang Schenker's ''Wiegenlied'', Op. 3 no. 2 and on 13 March 1902 Gärtner sang ''Ausklang'', Op. 3, no. 4, and on 26 January 1905 at the Bösendorfersaal), Gärtner sang Op. 6, nos. 1 and 2.
In 1897, Schenker went on a tour to file performance reports from various places. He was disappointed in much of the new music he heard and documented it in the reviews he wrote.
Theorist
Having failed to gain recognition as a composer, conductor, and accompanist, by 1900 he shifted his focus increasingly on problems of musical editing and music theory
Music theory is the study of the practices and possibilities of music. ''The Oxford Companion to Music'' describes three interrelated uses of the term "music theory". The first is the "rudiments", that are needed to understand music notation (ke ...
, though years later he still felt proud of his compositions. According to Federhofer, compositional activity for Schenker was not a means to an end in itself but a pedagogical one, a path to understanding the desires of a composer. Over time, Schenker saw how traditional understanding of music was disappearing and felt it necessary to revise music and theory lessons and remove later editorial additions from musical texts. Already in his 1895 article "Der Geist der musikalischen Technik" he spoke of the adulteration of contemporary music editions of classical composers and advocated the use of Urtext edition
An urtext edition of a work of classical music is a printed version intended to reproduce the original intention of the composer as exactly as possible, without any added or changed material. Other kinds of editions distinct from urtext are facs ...
s.
Already with his first publication, "A Contribution to the Study of Ornamentation", Schenker understood his theoretical work to be a long-range pursuit. When he tried to get his ''Harmony'' (the first part of his ''New Musical Theory and Fantasies'') published by Breitkopf & Härtel
Breitkopf & Härtel is the world's oldest music publishing house. The firm was founded in 1719 in Leipzig by Bernhard Christoph Breitkopf.
The catalogue currently contains over 1,000 composers, 8,000 works and 15,000 music editions or books on ...
, it was rejected, the publisher citing Hugo Riemann
Karl Wilhelm Julius Hugo Riemann (18 July 1849 – 10 July 1919) was a German musicologist and composer who was among the founders of modern musicology. The leading European music scholar of his time, he was active and influential as both a musi ...
's work to have covered all that was necessary. Max Kalbeck reported on his unsuccessful attempt to get the work published by N. Simrock. Though impressed by certain passages, the eventual publisher, Cotta, initially rejected Schenker's manuscript but changed its mind after intervention from D'Albert. Cotta finally published ''Harmony'' anonymously with money from Alphonse de Rothschild to whom Schenker had given lessons.
The publisher Universal Edition
Universal Edition (UE) is a classical music publishing firm. Founded in 1901 in Vienna, they originally intended to provide the core classical works and educational works to the Austrian market (which had until then been dominated by Leipzig-bas ...
's proximity (they were in Vienna, where Schenker was living, while Cotta was in Stuttgart) made Schenker break with Cotta. Universal Edition was to remain Schenker's main publisher. Schenker hoped his monograph on Beethoven
Ludwig van Beethoven (baptised 17 December 177026 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist. Beethoven remains one of the most admired composers in the history of Western music; his works rank amongst the most performed of the classical ...
's 9th Symphony (published in 1912) would have a revelatory effect, but believed that the book's reception would be clouded by musicians' faulty understanding, due to poor theoretical instruction. As he kept working on his ''New Musical Theory and Fantasies'', the work kept growing.
Between 1913 and 1921, Schenker brought out an explanatory edition of four of the last five Beethoven sonatas. While examining the autograph to Beethoven's Sonata, op. 109 (at that time belonging to the Wittgenstein family), Schenker mentioned in a letter to his friend Theodor von Frimmel
Theodor von Frimmel, fully Theodor von Frimmel-Traisenau (15 December 1853 in Amstetten, Austria– 3 December 1928 in Vienna) was an Austrian art historian, musicologist and Beethoven biographer. He was born in Amstetten and eventually settled ...
how his Urtext work was inspired by Ernst Rudorff
Ernst Friedrich Karl Rudorff (January 18, 1840 – December 31, 1916) was a German composer and music teacher, also a founder of nature protection movement.
Biography
Born in Berlin, Rudorff studied piano under Woldemar Bargiel from 1852 to 1857 ...
and Joseph Joachim
Joseph Joachim (28 June 1831 – 15 August 1907) was a Hungarian violinist, conductor, composer and teacher who made an international career, based in Hanover and Berlin. A close collaborator of Johannes Brahms, he is widely regarded as one of ...
. In 1912, Schenker wrote excitedly to Emil Hertzka
----
Emil Hertzka (3 August 1869 – 9 May 1932) was an influential and pioneering music publisher who was responsible for printing and promoting some of the most important European musical works of the 20th century.
Early life and education
He ...
, the head of Universal Edition, of the "sensational new changes" he would incorporate into his new edition of Beethoven's Op. 109, having examined the autograph, a revised copy by Beethoven, the original edition and other later editions. Federhofer credits Schenker with initiating the modern Urtext movement of examining multiple authentic sources to arrive at a reading.
Even though ''Der Tonwille'' originally came out under the imprint "Tonwille-Flutterverlag" (actually published jointly by Albert J. Gutmann of Vienna and Friedrich Hofmeister of Leipzig), Universal Edition soon purchased Gutmann but still issued ''Der Tonwille'' under its original imprint. Schenker's works presented a political challenge to Universal Edition: although they were developing their reputation as a promoter of contemporary music, it could be politically embarrassing for one of their authors (Schenker) to rally against their primary clientele.
Beginning with the publication of ''Der Tonwille'' in 1921, a Latin motto appears on all of Schenker published works: ''Semper idem sed non eodem modo'' ("always the same, but not always in the same way"). William Pastille proposed that this is based on a line in Augustine of Hippo
Augustine of Hippo ( , ; la, Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430), also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Af ...
's ''Confessions'', Book 8, chapter 3: ''nam tu semper idem, quia ea quae non-semper nec eodem modo sunt eodem modo semper nosti omnia'' ("For you realways the same thing, because you know in the same way all those things that are not the same nor in the same way"). Based on conversation with an unnamed Latin scholar, William Helmcke added that it could also be based on a passage from Irenaeus
Irenaeus (; grc-gre, Εἰρηναῖος ''Eirēnaios''; c. 130 – c. 202 AD) was a Greek bishop noted for his role in guiding and expanding Christian communities in the southern regions of present-day France and, more widely, for the dev ...
's ''Adversus Haereses
''Adversus Haereses'' is the commonly used Latin title for a book by the Church Father Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyon in Gaul (now France). It is also often cited as ''Against Heresies'' or ''On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis''. I ...
'' (''Against Heresies''): ''sine initio et sine fine, vere et semper idem et eodem modo se habens solus est Deus'' ("Without beginning and without end, only God continues truly and always the same and in the same way").
Emil Hertzka
----
Emil Hertzka (3 August 1869 – 9 May 1932) was an influential and pioneering music publisher who was responsible for printing and promoting some of the most important European musical works of the 20th century.
Early life and education
He ...
, the head of Universal Edition from 1907 until his death in 1932, had a fraught relationship with Schenker. When Schenker was planning a diatribe against Paul Bekker
Max Paul Eugen Bekker (11 September 1882 – 7 March 1937) was a German music critic and author. Described as having "brilliant style and ..extensive theoretical and practical knowledge," Bekker was chief music critic for both the '' Frankfu ...
whose monograph on Beethoven was very popular at the time, Hertzka refused to consider publishing it, noting that Bekker and he were close friends. Various passages in issues of ''Der Tonwille'' had to be removed because Hertzka felt they were too politically and socially sensitive. Schenker recalled a standoff with Hertzka, where Hertzka, took a "pacifist attitude towards international relations, cosmopolitan, democratic beliefs, working toward compromises". Over time, Schenker's attitude toward Hertzka and Universal Edition increased from disagreement to hostility, charging the firm with not doing enough to promote his work and accused them of not paying him the proper amount.
He had already admired his student Hans Weisse for leaving Vienna for Munich and also noted positively on his other students' desire to move to Germany. In 1931, Hans Weisse left for New York City
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...
, where he and subsequently fellow protégé Felix Salzer
Felix Salzer (June 13, 1904 – August 12, 1986) was an Austrian-American music theorist, musicologist and pedagogue. He was one of the principal followers of Heinrich Schenker, and did much to refine and explain Schenkerian analysis after Sc ...
established Schenkerian analysis as a core curriculum and practice at the Mannes School of Music
Mannes School of Music is a music conservatory in The New School, a private research university in New York City. In the fall of 2015, Mannes moved from its previous location on Manhattan's Upper West Side to join the rest of the New School cam ...
. Wilhelm Furtwängler
Gustav Heinrich Ernst Martin Wilhelm Furtwängler ( , , ; 25 January 188630 November 1954) was a German conductor and composer. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest symphonic and operatic conductors of the 20th century. He was a major ...
called upon Karl Straube
Montgomery Rufus Karl Siegfried Straube (6 January 1873 – 27 April 1950) was a German church musician, organist, and choral conductor, famous above all for championing the abundant organ music of Max Reger.
Career
Born in Berlin, Straube stu ...
to see whether Schenker might be able to teach in Munich
Munich ( ; german: München ; bar, Minga ) is the capital and most populous city of the States of Germany, German state of Bavaria. With a population of 1,558,395 inhabitants as of 31 July 2020, it is the List of cities in Germany by popu ...
. But Schenker never left Vienna and was unable to obtain a position elsewhere, in part due to the nature of his uncompromising views.
Schenker's personal life was taken up with his marriage to Jeanette Kornfeld (born Schiff). He knew her from at least 1907 but could only marry after her first husband agreed to divorce. Schenker married Jeanette on 10 November 1919. He dedicated ''Free Composition'', his last work, to her. They had no children.
Schenker could also count on the patronage of a group of supporters. Alphonse de Rothschild was mentioned above. In addition, there were Sophie Deutsch, Angi Elias, Wilhelm Furtwängler, an industrialist named Khuner, and Anthony van Hoboken. Deutsch, Elias and Hoboken were in his immediate circle of students. Deutsch, who died in a sanatarium in 1917, left an inheritance that enabled Schenker to publish the second volume of his counterpoint book (1922) and named him to a society of destitute artists. Other funding came from Robert Brünauer, one of Schenker's students and the owner of a chocolate manufacturing firm (Brünauer had introduced the artist Victor Hammer
Victor Karl Hammer (December 9, 1882 – July 8, 1967) was an Austrian-born American painter, sculptor, printer, and typographer.
Early life and education
Hammer was born in Vienna, Austria to Karl and Maria (Fuhrmann) Hammer. He began his a ...
to Schenker). Not only was Hoboken instrumental in setting up the Photogrammarchivs von Meisterhandschriften in the Austrian National Library
The Austrian National Library (german: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek) is the largest library in Austria, with more than 12 million items in its various collections. The library is located in the Neue Burg Wing of the Hofburg in center of V ...
, but he was responsible for paying for the publication of volume 2 of ''Das Meisterwerk'' and ''Free Composition''.
Furtwängler consulted with Schenker as if a student. In a letter to Alphonse de Rothschild, Schenker wrote that Furtwängler's interest was first aroused by Schenker's monograph on Beethoven's 9th Symphony, and that since then
In all the years he has never failed to visit me, spend hours with me and all sorts of to learn from me. He describes himself as one of my students, and that fills me with no little pride.
In 1908, Schenker had hoped for an appointment at the Akademie für Musik und darstellende Kunst (today the University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna
The University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna (german: link=no, Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst Wien, abbreviated MDW) is an Austrian university located in Vienna, established in 1817.
With a student body of over three thousa ...
). However, the conflict between his beliefs and the need to compromise to work within an academic system ultimately thwarted the opportunity. Even as late as 1932–33, Furtwängler tried to intercede with Ludwig Karpath to obtain a position for Schenker, without success. Despite the lack of success, Schenker was gratified by Furtwängler's words.
Schenker never taught in a school but most often taught in his house at the piano. His fees were not inexpensive, but he demonstrated a fierce loyalty to his students. Though he could be unsparing in his criticism, the goal of his teaching was on the acquisition of a comprehensive musical education intertwined with the art of performance, as they were dependent on each other. Understanding the artwork was the object and purpose of his teaching, where theory and practice were an inseparable unity.
Declining health and death
In his later years Schenker complained of fatigue. He and Jeanette would spend summers usually in the Tyrolean mountains, most often in the town Galtür
Galtür is a village and ski resort in the upper Paznaun valley in Austrian state of Tyrol located in the Central Eastern Alps 35 km southwest of Landeck near the border of Vorarlberg and Switzerland.
History
Galtür was settled by th ...
. In his correspondence with Victor Hammer, Schenker revealed that he was very near-sighted
Near-sightedness, also known as myopia and short-sightedness, is an eye disease where light focuses in front of, instead of on, the retina. As a result, distant objects appear blurry while close objects appear normal. Other symptoms may include ...
which hindered him from obtaining a better understanding of painting. Additionally he suffered from goiter
A goitre, or goiter, is a swelling in the neck resulting from an enlarged thyroid gland. A goitre can be associated with a thyroid that is not functioning properly.
Worldwide, over 90% of goitre cases are caused by iodine deficiency. The term is ...
and obesity
Obesity is a medical condition, sometimes considered a disease, in which excess body fat has accumulated to such an extent that it may negatively affect health. People are classified as obese when their body mass index (BMI)—a person's we ...
, reasons for which he was granted a permanent exemption from military service. Already in 1914, he had been diagnosed with diabetes
Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level ( hyperglycemia) over a prolonged period of time. Symptoms often include frequent urination, increased thirst and increased ap ...
which necessitated frequent visits to the doctor and an enforced diet (which Schenker did not always keep).
Even towards the end of life, Schenker worked steadily. He corrected proofs for ''Free Composition'' from 16 to 23 December 1934. He commented negatively on a radio broadcast of 30 December 1934, but then heard Johann Strauss's ''Die Fledermaus
' (, ''The Flittermouse'' or ''The Bat'', sometimes called ''The Revenge of the Bat'') is an operetta composed by Johann Strauss II to a German libretto by Karl Haffner and Richard Genée, which premiered in 1874.
Background
The original ...
'' in a live broadcast from the Vienna State Opera and declared it a "most brilliant performance". On a medical examination of 4 January 1935, he received an unfavorable report, noting symptoms including the swelling of his feet and extreme thirst. He was taken to a sanatorium
A sanatorium (from Latin '' sānāre'' 'to heal, make healthy'), also sanitarium or sanitorium, are antiquated names for specialised hospitals, for the treatment of specific diseases, related ailments and convalescence. Sanatoriums are often ...
for an insulin therapy
As a medication, insulin is any pharmaceutical preparation of the protein hormone insulin that is used to treat high blood glucose. Such conditions include type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and complications of diabetes s ...
.
Jeanette recorded Schenker's final moments in his diary:
From within a slight stupor I heard him say "... From..." "From what?" I say, "we'll still be with one another" – and I make a sudden gesture, because I did not understand. He continued: "from... from the St. Matthew Passion something occurred to me..." These were the last words of my beloved.
Schenker died on 14 January 1935, age 66 at 2 AM, the cause of death listed as diabetes and arteriosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis is the thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the walls of Artery, arteries. This process gradually restricts the blood flow to one's organs and tissues and can lead to severe health risks brought on by atherosclerosis ...
. He was buried on 17 January at the Wiener Zentralfriedhof
The Vienna Central Cemetery (german: Wiener Zentralfriedhof) is one of the largest cemeteries in the world by number of interred, and is the most well-known cemetery among Vienna's nearly 50 cemeteries. The cemetery's name is descriptive of its ...
, Gate 4, Group 3, Series 4, number 8. The inscription on his grave reads: "Hier ruht, der die Seele der Musik vernommen, ihre Gesetze im Sinne der Großen verkündet wie Keiner vor ihm" (Here lies he who examined and revealed the laws concerning the soul of music like none other before him).
Jeanette Schenker stayed in Vienna after the Anschluss
The (, or , ), also known as the (, en, Annexation of Austria), was the annexation of the Federal State of Austria into the German Reich on 13 March 1938.
The idea of an (a united Austria and Germany that would form a " Greater Germany ...
. She was rescued twice from the Nazis before being arrested and transported on 29 June 1942. She died in Theresienstadt
Theresienstadt Ghetto was established by the SS during World War II in the fortress town of Terezín, in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ( German-occupied Czechoslovakia). Theresienstadt served as a waystation to the extermination ca ...
on 8 January 1945.
Schenker's views on race
Schenker's views on race generated controversy within music theory circles since his own lifetime and have drawn increased scrutiny in the 21st century. The American music theorist Philip Ewell
Philip Adrian Ewell (born February 16, 1966) is an American professor of music theory
Music theory is the study of the practices and possibilities of music. ''The Oxford Companion to Music'' describes three interrelated uses of the term "mus ...
argued that Schenker believed Black people were incapable of self-governance, and that he opposed racial intermarriage on grounds of "mongrelization". Ewell further considered that Schenker's views on these issues were "whitewashed" by academic music theorists of the late twentieth century. Others, however, among them professor of music theory Timothy L. Jackson, answered that these interpretations are based on mistranslations, misinterpretations and omissions, and that Schenker was in fact a critic of racist theories, viewing them as pseudoscientific
Pseudoscience consists of statements, beliefs, or practices that claim to be both scientific and factual but are incompatible with the scientific method. Pseudoscience is often characterized by contradictory, exaggerated or unfalsifiable claim ...
.
Ewell's publication has also been criticized by linguist and instructor of music history at Columbia University
Columbia University (also known as Columbia, and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York) is a private research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhatt ...
John McWhorter
John Hamilton McWhorter V (; born October 6, 1965) is an American linguist with a specialty in creole languages, sociolects, and Black English. He is currently associate professor of linguistics at Columbia University, where he also teaches Amer ...
, who in ''Substack
Substack is an American online platform that provides publishing, payment, analytics, and design infrastructure to support subscription newsletters. It allows writers to send digital newsletters directly to subscribers. Founded in 2017, Substack ...
'' said that while " chenkerwas a genius – and also an open racist who wrote extensively of his sentiments thereabout in uncompromising language." but argued, "If Ewell's claim is that music is racist when involving hierarchical relationships between elements, then we must ask where that puts a great deal of music created by non-white people. Perhaps more important, the question is: just what do these hierarchical relationships in music structure have to do with human suffering?"
Kofi Agawu, Professor at the City University of New York, also wrote:"if one argues that the hierarchic thinking that lies at the core of Schenkerian theory is white and racist, what is one to make of the fact that in West Africa, too, modes of hierarchic thinking are pronounced and functionally indispensable to an understanding of many an expressive structure, musical as well as non-musical? The worst consequence of claiming technical procedures for whiteness is denying the existence of shared ways of proceeding, and in effect enjoining our hypothetical West African theorist to go look for something different, a new grounding principle, better if it is anchored in nonhierarchy, something uniquely his own, something 'black.' The domain of blackness is thus defined in its non-intersection with whiteness. I fail to see how such a strategy can be empowering for black scholars.
Works
Theoretical writings
*''Ein Beitrag zu Ornamentik''. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1904. Revised 1908.
**English translation: "A Contribution to the Study of Ornamentation", translated and edited by Hedi Siegel. ''The Music Forum'' 4 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), pp. 1–139.
*''Harmonielehre''. ''Neue Musikalische Theorien und Phantasien'' part 1. Stuttgart: J. G. Cotta, 1906.
**English translation: ''Harmony'' edited and annotated by Oswald Jonas, translated by Elisabeth Mann Borgese. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954 (edition with some cuts in text and music examples)
*''Kontrapunkt'', vol. 1. ''Neue Musikalische Theorien und Phantasien'' part 2. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1910.
**English translation: ''Counterpoint'': a translation of Kontrapunkt. Translated by John Rothgeb and Jürgen Thym, edited by John Rothgeb. New York: Schirmer Books, 1987.
*''Beethovens neunte Sinfonie: eine Darstellung des musikalischen Inhaltes unter fortlaufender Berücksichtigung auch des Vortrages unter der Literatur''. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1912.
**English translation: ''Beethoven's Ninth Symphony: a Portrayal of its Musical Content, with Running Commentary on Performance and Literature as well''. Translated and edited by John Rothgeb. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.
*''Kontrapunkt'', vol. 2. ''Neue Musikalische Theorien und Phantasien'' part 2. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1922.
**English translation: see volume 1.
*''Der Tonwille: Flugblätter zum Zeugnis unwandelbarer Gesetze der Tonkunst einer neuen Jugend dargebracht''. Vienna: Tonwille-Flugblätterverlag niversal Edition
**No. 1: 1921.
**No. 2: 1922.
**No. 3: 1922.
**No. 4: 1923.
**No. 5: 1923.
**No. 6: 1923.
**No. 7: January–March 1924.
**No. 8/9: April–September 1924
**No. 10: October 1924.
***English translation: ''Der Tonwille: Pamphlets in Witness of the Immutable Laws of Music''. Edited by William Drabkin, translated by Ian Bent et al. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004–2005.
*''Das Meisterwerk in der Musik''
**Jahrbuch no. 1. Munich: Drei Masken Verlag, 1925.
**Jahrbuch no. 2. Munich: Drei Masken Verlag, 1926.
**Jahrbuch no. 3. Munich: Drei Masken Verlag, 1930.
***English translation: ''The Masterwork in Music: a Yearbook''. Edited by William Drabkin, translated by Ian Bent, et al. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994–1997.
*''Fünf Urlinie-Tafeln''. Vienna: Universal Edition; ''Five analyses in sketchform'', bilingual edition, New York: David Mannes School, 1932 (only the title page and the Foreword are bilingual, the annotations in the plates are in German).
**English translation: ''Five graphic music analyses'' (Fünf Urlinie-Tafeln). With a new introduction and glossary by Felix Salzer. New York: Dover, 1969.
*''Der freie Satz''. ''Neue Musikalische Theorien und Phantasien'' part 3. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1935.
**English translation of the 2d edition (1954): ''Free composition (Der freie Satz)'': volume III of ''New musical theories and fantasies.'' Translated and edited by Ernst Oster. New York: Longman, 1979.
Editions with or without explanatory texts
*Bach, Carl Philipp Emanuel. ''Klavierwerke''. Neue kritische Ausgabe von Heinrich Schenker. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1902.
*Handel, Georg Frideric. ''Zwolf Orgel-Concerte'' fur Klavier zu 4 Handen bearbeitet von Heinrich Schenker. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1904.
*Bach, Johann Sebastian. ''Chromatische Phantasie und Fugue, Erläuterungsausgabe''. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1909.
**English translation: ''J. S. Bach's Chromatic Fantasy and Fugue: Critical Edition with Commentary''. Translated and edited by Hedi Siegel. New York: Longman, 1984.
*Beethoven, Ludwig van. ''Die letzten fünf Sonaten von Beethoven. Erläuterungsausgabe der Sonate A-Dur, op. 109''. Kritische Edition mit Einführung und Erläuterung. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1913.
*Beethoven, Ludwig van. ''Die letzten fünf Sonaten von Beethoven. Erläuterungsausgabe der Sonate A-Dur, op. 110''. kritische Ausgabe mit Einführung und Erläuterung. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1914.
*Beethoven, Ludwig van. ''Die letzten fünf Sonaten von Beethoven. Erläuterungsausgabe der Sonate A-Dur, op. 111''. kritische Ausgabe mit Einführung und Erläuterung. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1916.
*Beethoven, Ludwig van. ''Die letzten fünf Sonaten von Beethoven. Erläuterungsausgabe der Sonate A-Dur, op. 101''. kritische Ausgabe mit Einführung und Erläuterung. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1921.
*Beethoven, Ludwig van. ''Sonate Op. 27, Nr. 2 (Die sogenannte Mondscheinsonate) mit 3 Skizzenblättern des Meisters''. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1921.
*Beethoven, Ludwig van. ''Klaviersonaten'', nach den Autographen rekonstruiert von Heinrich Schenker. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1928.
**English translation: ''Complete Piano Sonatas''. Edited by Heinrich Schenker with a new introduction by Carl Schachter. New York: Dover Publications, 1975.
*Johannes Brahms, ''Oktaven und Quinten u. A., aus dem Nachlass herausgegeben und erläutert''. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1933.
**English translation: ''Johannes Brahms: Octaves and Fifths'' translated by Paul Mast. ''The Music Forum'' 5 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980), pp. 1–196.
Non-theoretical articles, reviews and essays
*"Johannes Brahms. Fünf Lieder für eine Singstimme mit Pianoforte, Op. 107", ''Musikalisches Wochenblatt'', Jahrgang 22 (1891), pp. 514–517.
*"Hermann Grädener. Quintett No. 2, Cmoll für Pianoforte, zwei Violinen, Viola und Violoncell, Op. 19", ''Musikalisches Wochenblatt'', Jahrgang 23 (1892), pp. 214–216.
*"Johannes Brahms. Fünf Gesänge für gemischten Chor a cappella, Op. 104", ''Musikalisches Wochenblatt'', Jahrgang 23 (1892), pp. 409–412, 425, 437.
*"Mascagni in Wien", ''Die Zukunft'', Band 1 (1892), pp. 137–139.
*"Eine jung-italienische Schule?", ''Die Zukunft'', Band 1 (1892), pp. 460–462.
*"Mascagnis "Rantzau, ''Die Zukunft'', Band 2 (1893), pp.280–284.
*"Anton Bruckner. Psalm 150 für Chor, Soli und Orchester". ''Musikalisches Wochenblatt'', Jahrgang 24 (1893), pp. 159ff.
*"Ein Gruß an Johannes Brahms. Zu seinem 60. Geburtstag, 7. Mai 1893", ''Die Zukunft'', Band 3 (1893), p. 279.
*"Notizen zu Verdis Falstaff", ''Die Zukunft'', Band 3 (1893), pp. 474–476.
*"Friedrich Smetana", ''Die Zukunft'', Band 4 (1893), pp. 37–40.
*"Der Sonzogno-Markt in Wien", ''Die Zukunft'', Band 4 (1893), pp. 282ff.
*"Anton Bruckner", ''Die Zukunft'', Band 5 (1893), pp. 135–137.
*"Die Musik von heute. (Neue Variationen über ein altes Thema.)" ''Neue Revue'', Jahrgang 5, Band 1 (1894), pp. 87ff.
*"Johannes Brahms. Phantasien für Pianoforte, Op. 116", ''Musikalisches Wochenblatt'', Jahrgang 25 (1894), pp. 37ff.
*"Ruggiero Leoncavallo", ''Die Zukunft'', Band 6 (1894), pp. 138–140.
*"Ondficek – Popper – Door", ''Neue Revue'', Jahrgang 5, Band 1 (1894), pp. 278–280.
*"Im Wiener Konservatorium – Johann Nepomuk Fuchs", ''Neue Revue'', Jahrgang 5, Band 1 (1894), p. 318.
* "Smetana's 'Kuß' (Zur ersten Aufführung in der Hofoper)", ''Neue Revue'', Jahrgang 5, Band 1 (1894), pp. 34–50.
*"Hofoper – Smetana's 'Kuß, ''Neue Revue'', Jahrgang 5, Band 1 (1894), p. 375.
*"Theater an der Wien – Adolphe Adam, Jacques Offenbach, Vilem Blodek", ''Neue Revue'', Jahrgang 5, Band 2 (1894), p. 377.
* "Hofoperntheater – Ferdinand Hummel, Mara", ''Neue Revue'', Jahrgang 5, Band 2 (1894), pp. 475–76.
* "Konzertdirigenten", ''Die Zukunft'', Band 7 (1894), pp. 88–92.
*"Anton Rubinstein", ''Neue Revue'', Jahrgang 5, Band 1 (1894), pp. 566ff.
*"Verdis Falstaff", ''Die Zukunft'', Band 7 (1894), pp. 230–233.
*"Zum Jubiläum der Hofoper", ''Neue Revue'', Jahrgang 5, Band 1 (1894), pp. 754–756.
*"Tantiemen für Instrumentalkomponisten?", ''Die Zukunft'', Band 7 (1894), pp. 477–479.
*"Das Hören in der Musik", ''Neue Revue'', Jahrgang 5, Band 2 (1894), pp. 115–121.
*"Anton Rubinstein", ''Die Zukunft'', Band 8 (1894), pp. 326–329.
*"Aus dem Leben Smetana's. (Ein Besuch bei Fr. Smetana's Witwe.)", ''Neues Wiener Tagblatt'', Jahrgang 28 (1894), no. 245, 6 September.
*"Eugen d' Albert", ''Die Zukunft'', Band 9 (1894), p. 33–36.
*"Volksmusik in Wien", ''Neue Revue'', Jahrgang 5, Band 2, (1894), p. 516–521.
*"Deutsch-Oesterreichischer Musikverkehr", ''Die Zukunft'', Band 11 (1895), p. 182–185.
*"Der Geist der musikalischen Technik", ''Musikalisches Wochenblatt'', Jahrgang 26 (1895), pp. 245ff., 257–259, 273ff., 285, 297, 309, 325.
*"Rubinstein-Preis", ''Die Zeit'', Band 4 (1895), p. 157.
*"Eduard Hanslick. 70. Geburtstag", ''Die Zeit'', Band 4 (1895), p. 174.
* "Zur musikalischefi Erziehung", ''Die Zeit'', Band 4 (1895), pp. 185, 200–202.
*"Le comte de Chambrun et Stanislaus Legis: Wagner, Paris 1895", ''Die Zeit'', Band 4 (1895), pp. 206ff.
* "Hofoperntheater – Jules Massenet, Das Mädchen von Navarra", ''Die Zeit'', Band 5 (1895), p. 12.
*"H. Berte, Ballett Amor auf Reisen", ''Die Zeit'', Band 5 (1895), p. 14.
*"Arthur Prüfer – Johann Hermann Schein, Leipzig 1895", ''Die Zeit'', Band 5 (1895), p. 30.
*"Hofoperntheater – Heinrich Marschner, Der Templer und die Jüdin", ''Die Zeit'', Band 5 (1895), p. 44.
*" Ludwig Hartmann, Richard Wagner's Tannhäuser, Dresden 1895", ''Die Zeit'', Band 5 (1895), .
* "Eine neue Haydn-Oper (Zur Matinee im Carlstheater am 3. November 895 '
__NOTOC__
Year 895 (Roman numerals, DCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place Europe
* The Hungarians, Magyars are expelled from southern Russia, and ...
", ''Die Zeit'', Band 5 (1895), pp. 90ff.
*"B. Todt, Vademecum durch die Bach'schen Cantaten, Leipzig 1895", ''Die Zeit'', Band 5 (1895), p. 94.
*"Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde in Wien -Gesellschaftsconcert, Ben Davies-Quartett Rosé", ''Die Zeit'', Band 5 (1895), p. 108.
*"Hofoperntheater – François Adrien Boieldieu, Rotkäppchen", ''Die Zeit'', Band 5 (1895), p. 126.
*"Philharmonisches Konzert – Hans Richter", ''Die Zeit'', Band 5 (1895), p. 126.
*"Kammermusik – Das böhmische Streichquartett", ''Die Zeit'', Band 5 (1895), p. 142.
*"Theater an der Wien – Johann Strauß, Waldmeister", ''Die Zeit'', Band 5 (1895), p. 157.
*"Zweites philharmonisches Konzert – Antonin Dvorak, Othello-Ouverture", ''Die Zeit'', Band 5 (1895), p. 173.
*"J. S. Bach, "Weihnachtsoratorium", Eugen Gura, Eugen d' Albert-Soiree des böhmischen Streichquartetts- Drittes philharmonisches Konzert", ''Die Zeit'', Band 5 (1895), p. 186ff.
* "Bülow-Weingartner", ''Musikalisches Wochenblatt'', Jahrgang 26 (1895), pp. 610ff.
*"Viertes philharmonisches Konzert – Peter Iljitsch Tschaikowsky, Symphonie Nr. 6", ''Die Zeit'', Band 6 (1896), p. 13.
*"Wilhelm Kienzl, Der Evangelimann – Erstaufführung in Wien", ''Die Zeit'', Band 6 (1896), pp. 44ff.
*"Fünftes philharmonisches Konzert – Zweites Konzert der Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde in Wien", ''Die Zeit'', Band 6 (1896), p. 46.
*"Die jungen Dirigenten", ''Die Zeit'', Band 6 (1896), p. 57ff.
*"Lilian Bailey (Henschel)", ''Die Zeit'', Band 6 (1896), p. 78.
*"Böhmisches Streichquartett; Karel Bendl, Rose-Quartett, Giovanni Sgambati, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Alfred Grünfeld", ''Die Zeit'', Band 6 (1896), p. 94.
*"Drittes Konzert der Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde in Wien – Jules Massenet, Mystere Eve – Liederabend Johannes Messchaert,Julius Röntgen", ''Die Zeit'', Band 6 (1896), p. 113.
*"Damen-Streichquartett Soldat Roeger – Böhmisches Streichquartett, Alexander Borodin, Robert Hausmann, Bronislaw Huberman," ''Die Zeit'', Band 6 (1896), p. 130.
*"Vianna da Motta, Nachtrag zu Studien bei Hans von Bülow von Theodor Pfeiffer, Berlin-Leipzig 1896", ''Die Zeit'', Band 6 (1896), p. 146.
*"Zweiter Liederabend Johannes Messchaert, Julius Röntgen – Sechstes und siebentes philharmonisches Konzert", ''Die Zeit'', Band 6 (1896), pp. 158ff.
*"Albert Kauder, Walther von der Vogelweide", ''Die Zeit'', Band 6 (1896), p. 160.
*"Holländisches Terzett", ''Die Zeit'', Band 6 (1896), p. 161.
*"Carl Reinecke", ''Die Zeit'', Band 6 (1896), p. 178.
*"Gaetano Donizetti: Lucia di Lammermoor", ''Die Zeit'', Band 6 (1896), p. 193.
*"Bronislaw Huberman – Damen-Streichquartett Soldat-Roeger – Richard Mühlfeld – Felix Weingartner", ''Die Zeit'', Band 6 (1896), p. 194.
*"Carl Goldmark, Das Heimchen am Herd -Erstaufführung in Wien", ''Die Zeit'', Band 6 (1896), p. 207.
* "Siegfried Wagner", ''Die Zukunft'', Band 14 (1896), pp. 281–283.
*"Das Heimchen am Herd", ''Die Zukunft'', Band 15 (1896), pp. 132–134.
*"Der Chor des Laibacher Musikvereins Glasbena Matica (Leitung Matej Hubad) – Richard Strauss, Till Eulenspiegels lustige Streiche – Friedrich Kiel, Christus", ''Die Zeit'', Band 7 (1896), pp. 26ff.
*"Zur Mozartfeier", ''Die Zeit'', Band 7 (1896), p. 60.
*"Giuseppe Verdi, Aida", ''Die Zeit'', Band 7 (1896), p. 62.
* "Oper. (Ein Vorschlag zur Inscenierung des Gluck'schen Orpheus')", ''Die Zeit'', Band 7 (1896), pp. 91ff.
*"Marie Lehmann", ''Die Zeit'', Band 7 (1896), pp. 93ff.
*"Francisco d'Andrade", ''Die Zeit'', Band 7 (1896), p. 109ff.
*"Ehrenzeichen für Johannes Brahms", ''Die Zeit'', Band 7 (1896), p. 110.
* "Anton Bruckner", ''Die Zeit'', Band 7 (1896), pp. 184–186.
*"Carl Reinecke, Die Beethoven'schen Clavier-Sonaten, Leipzig 1896", ''Die Zeit'', Band 8 (1896), pp. 14ff.
*"Ernst Possart, Über die Neueinstudierung und Neuinscenierung des Mozart'schen Don Giovanni (Don Juan) auf dem kgl. Residenztheater zu München, München 1896", ''Die Zeit'', Band 8 (1896), p. 78.
*“Daniel François Esprit Auber, Fra Diavolo-Pietro Mascagni, Zanetto", ''Die Zeit'', Band 8 (1896), p. 157.
*"Routine in der Musik", ''Neue Revue'', Jahrgang 7, Band 2 (1896), pp. 555–558.
*"Konzert Carl Reinecke", ''Neue Revue'', Jahrgang 8, Band 1 (1897), p. 438ff.
*"Ein Epilog zur Schubertfeier", ''Neue Revue'', Jahrgang 8, Band 1 (1897), pp. 211–216.
*"Unpersönliche Musik", ''Neue Revue'', Jahrgang 8, Band 1 (1897), pp. 464–468.
*"Die Berliner 'Philharmoniker, ''Neue Revue'', Jahrgang 8, Band 1 (1897), pp. 495–497.
*"Johannes Brahms (geb. am 7. Mai 1833, est. am 3. April 1897)", ''Neue Revue'', Jahrgang 8, Band 1 (1897), pp. 516–520.
*"Johannes Brahms. (Die Zukunft)", ''Die Zukunft'', Band 19 (1897), pp. 261–265.
*"Theater an der Wien: Engelbert Humperdinck, Königskinder", ''Neue Revue'', Jahrgang 8, Band 1 (1897), p. 646.
*"Capellmeister-Regisseure", ''Neue Revue'', Jahrgang 8, Band 1 (1897), pp. 669–672.
*"Musikalische Reisebetrachtungen", ''Neue Revue'', Jahrgang 8, Band 1 (1897), pp. 788–793.
*"Mehr Kunst!", ''Neue Revue'', Jahrgang 8, Band 2 (1897), pp. 409–412.
*"Hofoper – Friedrich Smetana, Dalibor, Erstaufführung in Wien unter Gustav Mahler", ''Neue Revue'', Jahrgang 8, Band 2 (1897), pp. 448ff.
*"Theater an der Wien – Giacomo Puccini, La Boheme, Erstaufführung in Wien", ''Neue Revue'', Jahrgang 8, Band 1 (1897), pp. 473ff.
*"Hofoperntheater – P. I. Tschaikowsky, Eugen Onegin, Erstaufführung in Wien", ''Neue Revue'', Jahrgang 8, Band 2 (1897), pp. 654ff.
*"Ein Wort zur Mozartrenaissance", ''Neue Revue'', Jahrgang 8, Band 2 (1897), p. 685–688.
*"Hofoperntheater – Richard Heuberger, Ballett Struwwelpeter", ''Neue Revue'', Jahrgang 9, Band 1 (1898), p. 82.
*"Hofoperntheater – Georges Bizet, Djamileh, Erstaufführung in Wien unter Gustav Mahler", ''Neue Revue'', Jahrgang 9, Band 1 (1898), pp. 143ff.
*"Hofoperntheater – Ruggiero Leoncavallo, La Boheme, Erstaufführung in Wien unter Gustav Mahler", ''Neue Revue'', Jahrgang 9, Band 1 (1898), p. 292.
*"Componisten und Dirigenten", ''Neue Revue'', Jahrgang 9, Band 1 (1898), pp. 349ff.
*"Beethoven-'Retouche, ''Wiener Abendpost'' (supplement to the ''Wiener Zeitung'') (9 January 1901), pp. 6ff.
*"Heinrich Schenkers Beethoven Ausgaben". ''Der Merker'', Jahrgang 7, no. 3 (1 February 1916), pp. 81–89.
*"Joh. Seb. Bach: Wohltemperiertes Klavier, Band 1, Präludium c-moll", ''Die Musik'', Jahrgang 15, no. 9 (Jun. 1923), p. 641–651. (Subsequently, subsumed into an article in ''Das Meisterwer in der Musik'', Band 2).
*"Die Urlinie", ''Die Musikanten Gilde'' (1 July 1923), pp. 77–80. (Reprint of the article from ''Der Tonwille'' vol. 1)
*"Franz Schubert". ''Moderne Welt'' (1 December 1925), pp. 20.
*"Beethoven und seine Nachfahren". ''General-Anzeiger für Bonn und Umgegend'' (26 March 1927), pp. 3–4.
*"Eine Rettung der klassichen Musik-Texte: Das Archiv für Photogramme in der National-Bibliothek, Wien". ''Der Kunstwart'' vol. 42 (March 1929), pp. 359–367.
*"Miszellen". ''Zeitschrift für Musikwissenschaft
The ''Zeitschrift für Musikwissenschaft'' was a musicology magazine which was published by Breitkopf & Härtel in Leipzig, from 1918 to 1935. It was edited by the German Music Society or German Society for Musicology.
Since its first publicati ...
'', vol. 12, no. 7 (April 1930), p. 446.
*"Gedanken über Kultur, Kunst und Musik". ''Der Kunstwart'', vol. 44 (January 1931), pp. 222–230. (A reprint of the "Vermischtes" sections from ''Das Meisterwerk in der Musik'', vols. 1–3)
*"Ein verschollener Brief von Mozart und das Geheimnis seines Schaffens". ''Der Kunstwart'' vol. 44 (July 1931), pp. 660–666.
*"Eine Anzeige und eine Selbstanzeige". ''Der Kunstwart'', vol. 46 (December 1932), pp. 194–196.
*"Was wird aus der Musik?" ''Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung'' (28 April 1933).
*"Erinnerung an Brahms". ''Der Kunstwart'' vol. 46 (May 1933), p. 475–482.
*"Vom Unterschied zwischen der italienischen und der deutschen Musik", ''Deutsche Zeitschrift'', vol. 47 (August 1934), p. 700–703.
List of compositions
Based on Miller.[P. Miller, "The Published Music of Heinrich Schenker: An Historical-Archival Introduction", ''The Journal of Musicological Research'' 10 (1991), p. 177.]
* Zwei Clavierstücke, op. 1. Vienna: Ludwig Doblinger, n.d. 892 Reprint Vienna, Doblinger, 1982.
** No. 1: Etude.
** No. 2: Capriccio.
* Serenade für Waldhorn. Unpublished. Played by Louis Sawart and Heinrich Schenker in Vienna, 5 November 1893 and 5 March 1894.
* Fantasie, op. 2. Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel, 1898.
* Sechs Lieder für eine Singstimme mit Begleitung des Pianoforte, op. 3. Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel, 1898, 1901.
** No. 1: Versteckte Jasminen (Detlev von Liliencron)
** No. 2: Wiegenlied (Detlev von Liliencron)
** No. 3: Vogel im Busch (Detlev von Liliencron)
** No. 4: Ausklang (Ludwig Jacobowski)
** No. 5: Allein (Ludwig Jacobowski)
** No. 6: Einkleidung (Wilhelm Müller)
* Fünf Klavierstücke, op. 4. Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel, 1898.
** No. 1: Andante, C minor
** No. 2: Allegretto grazioso, G major
** No. 3: Andante con moto e rubato, B flat minor
** No. 4: Allegretto poco agitato e rubato, E flat major
** No. 5: Quasi allegretto, D major
* Zweistimmige Inventionen, op. 5. Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel, 1898, 1901.
** No. 1: Allegro amabile, G major
** No. 2: Con moto appassionato e con molto sentimento, F sharp minor
** No. 3: Vivace, quasi presto, D minor
** No. 4: Allegro deciso, A major
*3 songs for mixed chorus a capella, op. 7
** No. 3: Vorüber (Johanna Ambrosius) in: ''Sammlung von 51 gemischten Chören (a capella)''. Herausgegeben von der Wiener Singakademie, zusammengestellt und zum Teile in Bearbeitung von ihrem artistischen Leiter Carl Lafite. Vienna: Albert Jungmann and C. Lerch, 903
__NOTOC__
Year 903 ( CMIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* King Berengar I of Italy proceeds to issue concessions and privileges to the Lo ...
* Ländler, op. 10. Berlin: N. Simrock, 1899.
* Syrische Tänze für Pianoforte zu 4 Händen. Vienna: Josef Weinberger, .d., composed 1899 Orchestration (lost) by Arnold Schoenberg, 1903, created by the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra under the direction of F. Busoni, 5 November 1903. Another orchestration by Moriz Violin is preserved in the Oswald Jonas Collection.
** Issue 1
*** No. 1: Andante espressivo, Allegro scherzando, D minor
*** No. 2: Allegro con fuoco, C minor
** Heft 2
*** No. 1: Allegretto, G minor
*** No. 2: Allegro molto passionate, D major
More than 500 pages of manuscript compositions are preserved in the Oswald Jonas Collection and some unpublished choral works in the National Library in Vienna.
References
Sources
*
*
*
External links
* Nicolas Meeùs
"Écrits de Schenker"
(in French). ''Théorie et analyse schenkériennes''.
*
', Ian Bent Ian David Bent (born 1 January 1938) is a British-born music scholar. He is now Professor Emeritus, after retiring from Full Professor of Music, at Columbia University and Honorary Professor in the History of Music Theory at the University of Cambr ...
, ed.
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Schenker, Heinrich
1868 births
1935 deaths
Austrian music theorists
University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna alumni
Austrian classical musicians
Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe)
Schenkerian analysis
Jewish musicologists
Jewish classical musicians
Pupils of Johann Nepomuk Fuchs
Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery