He Jiankui (; ; born 1984) is a Chinese
biophysicist
Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that applies approaches and methods traditionally used in physics to study biological phenomena. Biophysics covers all scales of biological organization, from molecular to organismic and populations. ...
who was an associate professor in the Department of Biology of the
Southern University of Science and Technology
Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) ) is a public research university in Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. It changed its English name from South University of Science and Technology of China (SUSTC) to Sout ...
(SUSTech) in
Shenzhen
Shenzhen (; ; ; ), also historically known as Sham Chun, is a major sub-provincial city and one of the special economic zones of China. The city is located on the east bank of the Pearl River estuary on the central coast of southern province ...
, China.
Earning his Ph.D. from
Rice University
William Marsh Rice University (Rice University) is a private research university in Houston, Texas. It is on a 300-acre campus near the Houston Museum District and adjacent to the Texas Medical Center. Rice is ranked among the top universities ...
in Texas on
protein evolution, including that of
CRISPR, He learned gene-editing techniques (
CRISPR/Cas9) as a postdoctoral researcher at
Stanford University in California.
He Jiankui became widely known in November 2018 after he announced that he had created the first human
genetically edited babies,
twin girls who were born in mid-October 2018 and known by their pseudonyms,
Lulu and Nana
The He Jiankui affair is a scientific and bioethical controversy concerning the use of genome editing following its first use on humans by Chinese scientist He Jiankui, who edited the genomes of human embryos in 2018. He became widely known on ...
.
The announcement was initially praised in the press as a major scientific advancement.
But following scrutiny on how the experiment was executed, He received widespread condemnation.
He's research activities were suspended by the Chinese authorities on 29 November 2018,
and he was fired by SUSTech on 21 January 2019.
On 30 December 2019, Chinese court
sentenced He to three years of imprisonment and a three-million-
yuan fine. He was released from prison in April 2022.
He was listed as one of ''
Time
Time is the continued sequence of existence and events that occurs in an apparently irreversible succession from the past, through the present, into the future. It is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequence events, ...
''
100 most influential people
''Time'' 100 (often stylized as ''TIME'' 100) is an annual listicle of the 100 most influential people in the world, assembled by the American news magazine ''Time''. First published in 1999 as the result of a debate among American academics, po ...
of 2019, in the section "Pioneers".
While he was variously referred to as a "rogue scientist",
"China's
Dr. Frankenstein", and a "mad genius",
George Church, a geneticist at
Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of high ...
, described him as the
sacrificial lamb for gene editing "willing to be the martyr that came first."
Education
Born in
Xinhua County
Xinhua County () is a county and the 4th most populous county-level division in the Province of Hunan, China; it is under the administration of Loudi City.
Located along the middle reaches of the Zi River, it covers 3,635 square kilometers and ...
,
Loudi, Hunan in 1984,
He Jiankui was educated at the
University of Science and Technology of China
A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. In the United States, the ...
(a member of the elite
C9 league universities in China) as an undergraduate student from 2002 to 2006.
He entered
Rice University
William Marsh Rice University (Rice University) is a private research university in Houston, Texas. It is on a 300-acre campus near the Houston Museum District and adjacent to the Texas Medical Center. Rice is ranked among the top universities ...
in 2007 and received his Ph.D. degree from the Department of Physics and Astronomy under the supervision of
Michael W. Deem in 2010.
After He's Ph.D., Deem arranged for He to work on
CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technique as a postdoc fellow with
Stephen Quake
Stephen Ronald Quake (born 1969) is an American scientist, inventor and entrepreneur. He earned his B.S. in physics and M.S. in mathematics from Stanford in 1991 and his D.Phil. in physics from Oxford University in 1994 as a Marshall Scholar. H ...
at
Stanford University.
Career
In 2011, while still in the United States, He received an academic award from the Chinese government, the
Chinese Government Award for Outstanding Self-financed Students Abroad.
Responding to an ad, He returned to China in 2012 under the city of Shenzhen's Peacock Plan
and opened a lab at the
Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech).
As part of the program, he was given 1 million yuan (about US$ in 2012) in
angel funding, which he used to start biotech and investment companies.
He founded
Direct Genomics in 2012 in Shenzhen, to develop
single-molecule sequencing devices based on patents invented by Quake that had formerly been licensed by
Helicos Biosciences. Direct Genomics received 40 million yuan (about US$ in 2012) in subsidies from Shenzhen, and raised hundreds of millions yuan more in private investment, but He sold his stake in 2019.
He also founded Vienomics Biotech, which offers genome sequencing services for people with cancer.
In 2017, He was honored by the Chinese government by being included in the
Thousand Talents Plan
The Thousand Talents Plan or Thousand Talents Program (TTP) (), or Overseas High-Level Talent Recruitment Programs () is a program by the central government of China to recruit experts in science and technology from abroad, principally but not ex ...
. He Jiankui's achievements were widely revered in Chinese media, including
China Central Television and the
People's Daily which covered his research and described him as "the founding father of third-generation genome editing" during a program celebrating the
19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party
The 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (commonly referred to as ''Shíjiǔ Dà''; ) was held at the Great Hall of the People, Beijing, between 18 and 24 October 2017. 2,280 delegates represented the party's estimated 89 milli ...
.
In August 2018, He met with Chinese-American doctor John Zhang to discuss plans to launch a company focused on "genetic medical tourism." The business was to target elite customers, operating out of China or Thailand. The business plans were shelved with He's detainment in November 2018.
He took an unpaid leave from SUSTech starting in February 2018, and began conducting the genome-editing clinical experiment.
On 26 November 2018, he announced the birth of gene-edited human babies, Lulu and Nana.
Three days later, on 29 November 2018, Chinese authorities suspended all of his research activities, saying that his work was "extremely abominable in nature" and a violation of Chinese law.
In December 2018, following public outcry regarding his work, He appeared to have gone missing. SUSTech denied the widespread rumors that he had been detained. On 30 December 2019, the Shenzhen Nanshan District People's Court sentenced He Jiankui to three years in prison and a fine of three million yuan (about US$ in 2019).
He Jiankui was released in April 2022 after serving the term.
Research
In 2010, at Rice University, He Jiankui and Michael W. Deem published a paper describing some details of the
CRISPR protein; this paper was part of the early work on the CRISPR/Cas9 system, before it had been adopted as a
gene editing tool.
In 2017, He gave a presentation at
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) is a private, non-profit institution with research programs focusing on cancer, neuroscience, plant biology, genomics, and quantitative biology.
It is one of 68 institutions supported by the Cancer Centers ...
describing work he did at Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), in which he used CRISPR/Cas9 on mice, monkeys, and around 300 human embryos.
[
In January 2019, scientists in China reported the creation of five identical ]cloned
Cloning is the process of producing individual organisms with identical or virtually identical DNA, either by natural or artificial means. In nature, some organisms produce clones through asexual reproduction. In the field of biotechnology, ...
gene-edited monkeys, using the same cloning technique that was used with Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua
Zhong Zhong (, born 27 November 2017) and Hua Hua (, born 5 December 2017) are a pair of identical crab-eating macaques (also referred to as cynomolgus monkeys) that were created through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the same cloning te ...
– the first ever cloned monkeys - and Dolly the sheep
Dolly (5 July 1996 – 14 February 2003) was a female Finnish Dorset sheep and the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell. She was cloned by associates of the Roslin Institute in Scotland, using the process of nuclear transfer from a ...
, and the same gene-editing CRISPR/Cas9 technique allegedly used by He in creating the first ever gene-modified human babies Lulu and Nana. The monkey clones were made in order to study several medical diseases.
Human gene-editing experiment
On 25 November 2018, He Jiankui first announced on YouTube
YouTube is a global online video sharing and social media platform headquartered in San Bruno, California. It was launched on February 14, 2005, by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim. It is owned by Google, and is the second mo ...
that his team successfully created the world's first genome-edited babies, Lulu and Nana. Formally presenting the story at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing at the University of Hong Kong (HKU) three days later, he said that the twins were born from genetically modified embryos that were made resistant to M-tropic strains of HIV
The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of ''Lentivirus'' (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans. Over time, they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in which progressive failure of the immune ...
. His team recruited 8 couples consisting each of HIV-positive father and HIV-negative mother through Beijing-based HIV volunteer group called Baihualin China League. During ''in vitro'' fertilization, the sperms were cleansed of HIV. Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing, they introduced a natural mutation CCR5-Δ32 in gene called ''CCR5
C-C chemokine receptor type 5, also known as CCR5 or CD195, is a protein on the surface of white blood cells that is involved in the immune system as it acts as a receptor for chemokines.
In humans, the ''CCR5'' gene that encodes the CCR5 p ...
'', which would confer resistance to M-tropic HIV infection. The '' People's Daily'' announced the result as "a historical breakthrough in the application of gene editing technology for disease prevention".
The experiment had recruited couples who wanted to have children; in order to participate, the man had to be HIV-positive and the woman uninfected.[ At the time, it was not disclosed whether the clinical experiment had received appropriate ethical review from an ]institutional review board
An institutional review board (IRB), also known as an independent ethics committee (IEC), ethical review board (ERB), or research ethics board (REB), is a committee that applies research ethics by reviewing the methods proposed for research to ens ...
before it started, and it was unclear if the participants had given truly informed consent.[
He Jiankui said that he edited the genomes of the embryos using CRISPR/Cas9, specifically targeting a gene, ''CCR5'', that codes for a protein that ]HIV-1
The subtypes of HIV include two major types, HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV type 2 (HIV-2). HIV-1 is related to viruses found in chimpanzees and gorillas living in western Africa, while HIV-2 viruses are related to viruses found in the sooty mangabey ...
uses to enter cells. He was trying to create a specific mutation in the gene, ( ''CCR5 Δ32''), that few people naturally have and that possibly confers innate resistance to HIV-1, as seen in the case of the Berlin Patient. He said that the girls still carried functional copies of ''CCR5'' along with disabled ''CCR5'' given mosaicism
Mosaicism or genetic mosaicism is a condition in multicellular organisms in which a single organism possesses more than one genetic line as the result of genetic mutation. This means that various genetic lines resulted from a single fertilized ...
inherent in the present state of the art in germ-line editing.[ There are forms of HIV that use a different receptor instead of CCR5, and the work that He did could not protect resulting children from those forms of HIV.]
He Jiankui said that he used a preimplantation genetic diagnosis
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD or PIGD) is the genetic profiling of embryos prior to implantation (as a form of embryo profiling), and sometimes even of oocytes prior to fertilization. PGD is considered in a similar fashion to prenatal ...
process on the embryos that were edited, where three to five single cells were removed and the editing was checked. He said that parents were offered the choice of using edited or unedited embryos.[
The twin girls were born by mid-October 2018, according to emails from He to an adviser. According to He, they appeared to be healthy in all respects.][ When they were born, it was unclear if there might be long-term effects from the gene-editing; He was asked about his plans to monitor the children, and pay for their care should any problems arise, and how their confidentiality and that of their parents could remain protected.][ The names of the children used in reports, "Lulu" and "Nana", along with the names of their parents, "Mark" and "Grace", are pseudonyms.] In February 2019, He's claims were reported to have been confirmed by Chinese investigators, according to NPR News
National Public Radio (NPR, stylized in all lowercase) is an American privately and state funded nonprofit media organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., with its NPR West headquarters in Culver City, California. It differs from other n ...
.
He Jiankui also said at the Hong Kong meeting that a second mother in his clinical experiment was in the early stages of pregnancy.[ Although there are no official reports, the baby was expected around August 2019, and the birth was confirmed from the court verdict on 30 December which mentioned that there were three genetically edited babies. The baby was later revealed in 2022 as Amy.]
In February 2022, Chinese scientists called for building a special facility to care for and study the three children born with genetically edited genomes or 'CRISPR Babies'. They assert that errors could have occurred in the gene editing process. The scientists believe the children's genomes should be regularly sequenced and tested for 'abnormalities'. The proposal has received pushback from the international medical community citing invasion of the children's privacy and future abuses of power.
Gene therapy for rare diseases
On 10 November 2022, He announced that he was setting up a new laboratory in Beijing for research on gene therapy for rare genetic diseases, saying on Twitter
Twitter is an online social media and social networking service owned and operated by American company Twitter, Inc., on which users post and interact with 280-character-long messages known as "tweets". Registered users can post, like, and ...
: "Today, I moved in my new office in Beijing. This is the first day for Jiankui He Lab." On 24 November, he wrote: "Gene therapy in Western countries often costs millions of dollars, which makes many families fall into poverty due to illness. With the support of social philanthropists, we will overcome three to five genetic diseases within two to three years to benefit families with rare diseases." His first plan is to make a gene therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe type of muscular dystrophy that primarily affects boys. Muscle weakness usually begins around the age of four, and worsens quickly. Muscle loss typically occurs first in the thighs and pelvis follow ...
that causes gradual muscle degeneration particularly in boys. He also said on a microblogging site, Weibo, that he had applied for government funding for a DNA synthesiser project, commenting: " willcontinue the scientific research and serve the country... The biggest use of the DNA synthesiser I plan to make is for information storage. A fingernail-sized piece of synthetic DNA can store the contents of books from the entire national library."
Human gene-editing controversy
Revelation
He Jiankui's human gene-editing clinical experiment was conducted without public discussion in the scientific community. It was first made public on 25 November 2018 when Antonio Regalado published a story about the work in ''MIT Technology Review
''MIT Technology Review'' is a bimonthly magazine wholly owned by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and editorially independent of the university. It was founded in 1899 as ''The Technology Review'', and was re-launched without "The" in ...
'', based on documents that had been posted earlier that month on the Chinese clinical trials registry
Preregistration is the practice of registering the hypotheses, methods, and/or analyses of a scientific study before it is conducted. This can include analyzing primary data or secondary data. Clinical trial registration is similar, although it may ...
. He Jiankui refused to comment on whether the pregnancies were aborted or carried on. It was only after the story was posted that the experiment was revealed in a promotional video on YouTube by He Jiankui and the next day in the ''Associated Press
The Associated Press (AP) is an American non-profit news agency headquartered in New York City. Founded in 1846, it operates as a cooperative, unincorporated association. It produces news reports that are distributed to its members, U.S. ne ...
'' report.[ He Jiankui had engaged a public relations firm as well.][
]
Reaction
He Jiankui's conduct was widely condemned. On 26 November, 122 Chinese scientists issued a joint statement that He's works were unethical, crazy, and "a huge blow to the global reputation and development of Chinese science". Other Chinese scientists and institutions harshly criticized He; an article in ''Nature
Nature, in the broadest sense, is the physical world or universe. "Nature" can refer to the phenomena of the physical world, and also to life in general. The study of nature is a large, if not the only, part of science. Although humans are ...
'' stated that concerns about He's conduct were "particularly acute in China, where scientists are sensitive to the country's reputation as the Wild West
The American frontier, also known as the Old West or the Wild West, encompasses the geography, history, folklore, and culture associated with the forward wave of American expansion in mainland North America that began with European colonial ...
of biomedical research". An eminent bioethicist, Ren-zong Qiu, speaking at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing, commented on He's research as "a practice with the least degree of ethical justifiability and acceptability". Geneticist Eric Topol
Eric Jeffrey Topol (born 26 June 1954) is an American cardiologist, scientist, and author. He is the founder and director of the Scripps Research Translational Institute, a professor of Molecular Medicine at The Scripps Research Institute, and a ...
stated, "This is far too premature ... We're dealing with the operating instructions of a human being. It's a big deal." Nobel prize
The Nobel Prizes ( ; sv, Nobelpriset ; no, Nobelprisen ) are five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's will of 1895, are awarded to "those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind." Alfr ...
-winning biologist David Baltimore
David Baltimore (born March 7, 1938) is an American biologist, university administrator, and 1975 Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine. He is President Emeritus and Distinguished Professor of Biology at the California Institute of Technol ...
considered the work "irresponsible". Developmental biologist Kathy Niakan of the Francis Crick Institute said, "If true...this would be a highly irresponsible, unethical and dangerous use of genome editing technology." Medical ethicist Julian Savulescu
Julian Savulescu (born 22 December 1963) is an Australian philosopher and bioethicist of Romanian origins. He is Uehiro Chair in Practical Ethics at the University of Oxford, Fellow of St Cross College, Oxford, director of the Oxford Uehiro Cent ...
of the University of Oxford
, mottoeng = The Lord is my light
, established =
, endowment = £6.1 billion (including colleges) (2019)
, budget = £2.145 billion (2019–20)
, chancellor ...
noted, "If true, this experiment is monstrous." Bioethicist Henry T. Greely of Stanford Law School
Stanford Law School (Stanford Law or SLS) is the law school of Stanford University, a private research university near Palo Alto, California. Established in 1893, it is regarded as one of the most prestigious law schools in the world. Stanford La ...
declared, "I unequivocally condemn the experiment," and later, "He Jiankui’s experiment was, amazingly, even worse than I first thought." Nobel prize-winning biochemist Jennifer Doudna
Jennifer Anne Doudna (; born February 19, 1964) is an American biochemist who has done pioneering work in CRISPR gene editing, and made other fundamental contributions in biochemistry and genetics. Doudna was one of the first women to share a ...
, of the University of California, Berkeley
The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public land-grant research university in Berkeley, California. Established in 1868 as the University of California, it is the state's first land-grant u ...
, a pioneer of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, condemned the research. The National Institutes of Health
The National Institutes of Health, commonly referred to as NIH (with each letter pronounced individually), is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research. It was founded in the late ...
(NIH) of United States announced a statement on 28 November 2018 signed by its Director Francis S. Collins, condemning He and his team for intentionally flouting international ethical norms by doing such irresponsible work, and criticizing that He's "project was largely carried out in secret, the medical necessity for inactivation of CCR5 in these infants is utterly unconvincing, the informed consent process appears highly questionable, and the possibility of damaging off-target effects has not been satisfactorily explored". NIH claims no support for the use of gene-editing technologies in human embryos. The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
Peking Union Medical College (), founded in 1906, is a selective public medical college based in Dongcheng, Beijing, China. It is a Chinese Ministry of Education Double First Class University Plan university. The school is tied to the Peking Un ...
published an announcement in the journal '' Lancet'', stating that they "are opposed to any clinical operation of human embryo genome editing for reproductive purposes in violation of laws, regulations, and ethical norms in the absence of full scientific evaluation", and condemning He for violating relevant ethical regulations and guidelines that have been clearly documented by the Chinese government. They emphasized that the "genome editing of germ cells or early embryos is still in the stage of basic research, ... scientific research institutions and researchers should not undertake clinical operations of genome editing of human germ cells for reproductive purposes, nor should they fund such research", and they will "develop and issue further operational technical and ethical guidelines as soon as possible to guide and standardise relevant research and applications according to the highest scientific and ethical standards." In April 2019, genetics experts from the Chinese Academy of Science
The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); ), known by Academia Sinica in English until the 1980s, is the national academy of the People's Republic of China for natural sciences. It has historical origins in the Academia Sinica during the Republ ...
(CAS) noted, “ ebelieve there is no sound scientific reason to perform this type of gene editing on the human germline, and that the behavior of He iankuiand his team represents a gross violation of both the Chinese regulations and the consensus reached by the international science community. We strongly condemn their actions as extremely irresponsible, both scientifically and ethically.”
Others were less critical of He's experiment. George Church, a geneticist
A geneticist is a biologist or physician who studies genetics, the science of genes, heredity, and variation of organisms. A geneticist can be employed as a scientist or a lecturer. Geneticists may perform general research on genetic processes ...
at Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of high ...
, defended some aspects of the experiment and said gene editing for HIV resistance was "justifiable" since HIV is "a major and growing public health threat", but questioned the decision of this project to allow one of the embryos to be used in a pregnancy attempt, since the use of that embryo suggests that the researchers’ "main emphasis was on testing editing rather than avoiding this disease". Arthur Caplan
Arthur L. Caplan (born 1950) is the Drs. William F. and Virginia Connolly Mitty Professor of Bioethics at New York University Grossman School of Medicine and the founding director of the Division of Medical Ethics.
Caplan has made many contribut ...
, bioethicist at the New York University School of Medicine
NYU Grossman School of Medicine is a medical school of New York University, a private research university in New York City. It was founded in 1841 and is one of two medical schools of the university, with the other being the Long Island School of ...
, said that engineering human genes is inevitable and, although there are concerns of creating "designer babies
A designer baby is a baby whose genetic makeup has been selected or altered, often to not include a particular gene or to remove genes associated with disease. This process usually involves analysing a wide range of human embryos to identify ge ...
", medical researchers are more interested in using the technology to prevent and treat diseases, much like the type of experiments performed by He. Carl Zimmer
Carl Zimmer (born 1966) is a popular science writer, blogger, columnist, and journalist who specializes in the topics of evolution, parasites, and heredity. The author of many books, he contributes science essays to publications such as ''The Ne ...
compared the reaction to He's human gene editing experiment to the initial reactions and subsequent debate over mitochondrial replacement therapy
Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT), sometimes called mitochondrial donation, is the replacement of mitochondria in one or more cells to prevent or ameliorate disease. MRT originated as a special form of in vitro fertilisation in which some o ...
(MRT), and the eventual regulatory approval of MRT in the United Kingdom.
Investigation
The Southern University of Science and Technology stated that He Jiankui had been on unpaid leave since February 2018, and his research was conducted outside of their campus; the university and his department said they were unaware of the research project and said it was inviting international experts to form an independent committee to investigate the incident, and would release the results to the public. Local authorities and the Chinese government also opened investigations.
As of news reported on 28 December 2018, He was sequestered in a university apartment and under guard. According to news reported on 7 January 2019, he could face severe consequences. William Hurlbut, Stanford University neuroscientist and bioethicist, reported that he was in contact with He who was staying in a university apartment in Shenzhen “by mutual agreement” and was free to leave; often visiting the gym and taking walks with his wife. Nonetheless, He may have been under some form of surveillance.
On 25 February 2019, news was reported that suggested the Chinese government may have helped fund the CRISPR babies experiment, at least in part, based on newly uncovered documents.
Preliminary authoritative report
An investigating task force set up by the Health Commission of China in Guangdong Province released a preliminary report on January 21, 2019, stated that He Jiankui had defied government bans and conducted the research in the pursuit of personal fame and gain. The report confirmed that He had recruited eight couples to participate in his experiment, resulting in two pregnancies, one of which gave birth to the gene edited twin girls in November 2018. The babies are now under medical supervision. The report further said He had made forged ethical review papers in order to enlist volunteers for the procedure, and had raised his own funds deliberately evading oversight, and organized a team that included some overseas members to carry out the illegal project. Officials from the investigation said that He, as well as other relevant personnel and organizations, will receive punishment per relevant laws and regulations, and those who are suspected of committing crimes will be charged.
Aftermath
The SUSTech announced a statement on its website on 21 January 2019 that He Jiankui had been fired.
On 30 December 2019, the Shenzhen Nanshan District People's Court sentenced He Jiankui to three years in prison and fined him 3 million RMB
The renminbi (; symbol: ¥; ISO code: CNY; abbreviation: RMB) is the official currency of the People's Republic of China and one of the world's most traded currencies, ranking as the fifth most traded currency in the world as of April 2022. ...
(about US$). His collaborators received less penalty – Zhang Renli of the Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences and Guangdong General Hospital, a two-year prison sentence and a 1-million RMB (about US$) fine, and Qin Jinzhou of the Southern University of Science and Technology, an 18-month prison sentence and a 500,000 RMB (about US$) fine. The three were found guilty of having "forged ethical review documents and misled doctors into unknowingly implanting gene-edited embryos into two women."
In May 2019, lawyers in China reported, in light of the purported creation by He Jiankui of the first gene-edited humans, the drafting of regulations that anyone manipulating the human genome
The human genome is a complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria. These are usually treated separately as the ...
by gene-editing techniques would be held responsible for any related adverse consequences. In December 2019, ''MIT Technology Review
''MIT Technology Review'' is a bimonthly magazine wholly owned by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and editorially independent of the university. It was founded in 1899 as ''The Technology Review'', and was re-launched without "The" in ...
'' reported an overview of the controversy to date, including excerpts of the unpublished research manuscript.
In February 2019, scientists reported that the twin babies Lulu and Nana may have inadvertently (or perhaps, intentionally) had their brain
A brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. It is located in the head, usually close to the sensory organs for senses such as vision. It is the most complex organ in a ve ...
s enhanced.
In 2019, the World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. The WHO Constitution states its main objective as "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of ...
(WHO) has launched a global registry to track research on human genome editing, after a call to halt all work on genome editing.
Other Incidents
In February 2023, it was reported that Hong Kong
Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a city and special administrative region of China on the eastern Pearl River Delta i ...
had initially granted He Jiankui a Top Talent Pass visa but later revoked it.
In popular culture
* He Jiankui's life and his CRISPR experiment were presented in the documentary '' Make People Better'', released in 2022. The film described, "A Chinese scientist disappears after developing the first designer babies, shocking the world and the entire scientific community, but an investigation shows he may not have been alone in his experiment to create "better" human beings." Directed by Cody Sheehy, the expert panel included Antonio Regalado and Benjamin Hurlbut of the Arizona State University. The title was derived from James Watson's reply when He asked him, "Do you think that that's enetically modifying babies isa good thing to do?" The documentary originated from a Rhumbline Media project on genetic engineering titled ''Code of the Wild: The Nature of Us'' started in 2018 by Sheehy and Samira Kiani, a biotechnologist at Arizona State University.
* His account is depicted in ''The CRISPR Generation: The Story of the World’s First Gene-Edited Babies'', a 2019 book by Kiran Musunuru, a cardiologist at the University of Pennsylvania
The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn or UPenn) is a private research university in Philadelphia. It is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and is ranked among the highest-regarded universitie ...
.
* His story is narrated in the 2020 book ''The Mutant Project: Inside the Global Race to Genetically Modify Human''s, written by Eben Kirksey, an anthropologist at the University of Oxford.
* A documentary book ''CRISPR People: The Science and Ethics of Editing Humans'', written by Henry Greely, was published in 2021.
See also
* Assisted reproduction technology
* ''Human Nature'' (2019 CRISPR film documentary)
* ''Unnatural Selection'' (2019 TV documentary)
References
External links
Official WebSite/Jiankui He
(Archived) at SUSTech
Faculty profile
(Archived) at SUSTech
{{DEFAULTSORT:He, Jiankui
1984 births
Living people
Biomedical engineers
Chinese geneticists
People from Loudi
Biologists from Hunan
University of Science and Technology of China alumni
Rice University alumni
Stanford University staff
Academic staff of the Southern University of Science and Technology
Genome editing
Chinese bioengineers
Educators from Hunan
Chinese prisoners and detainees
People involved in scientific misconduct incidents