The Hawkesbury River, or Hawkesbury-Nepean River, is a
river
A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river. In some cases, a river flows into the ground and becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching another body of w ...
located northwest of
Sydney,
New South Wales
)
, nickname =
, image_map = New South Wales in Australia.svg
, map_caption = Location of New South Wales in AustraliaCoordinates:
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdivision_name = Australia
, established_title = Before federation
, es ...
,
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
. The Hawkesbury River and its associated main
tributary
A tributary, or affluent, is a stream or river that flows into a larger stream or main stem (or parent) river or a lake. A tributary does not flow directly into a sea or ocean. Tributaries and the main stem river drain the surrounding drai ...
, the
Nepean River
Nepean River (Darug: Yandhai), is a major perennial river, located in the south-west and west of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The Nepean River and its associated mouth, the Hawkesbury River, almost encircles the metropolitan region of ...
, almost encircle the metropolitan region of Sydney.
The Hawkesbury River has its origin at the confluence of the Nepean River and the
Grose River
The Grose River, a Perennial stream, perennial river that is part of the Hawkesbury River, Hawkesbury-Nepean River, Nepean catchment, is located in the Blue Mountains (New South Wales), Blue Mountains region of New South Wales, Australia.
Cour ...
, to the north of
Penrith and travels for approximately in a north–easterly and then a south–easterly direction to its
mouth at
Broken Bay, about from the
Tasman Sea
The Tasman Sea ( Māori: ''Te Tai-o-Rēhua'', ) is a marginal sea of the South Pacific Ocean, situated between Australia and New Zealand. It measures about across and about from north to south. The sea was named after the Dutch explorer ...
. The Hawkesbury River is the main tributary of Broken Bay. Secondary tributaries include
Brisbane Water
Brisbane Water is a wave-dominated barrier estuary located in the Central Coast region, north of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Brisbane Water has its origin at the confluence of the Narara and Coorumbine Creeks, to the south–east ...
and
Pittwater, which, together with the Hawkesbury River, flow into
Broken Bay and thence into the
Tasman Sea
The Tasman Sea ( Māori: ''Te Tai-o-Rēhua'', ) is a marginal sea of the South Pacific Ocean, situated between Australia and New Zealand. It measures about across and about from north to south. The sea was named after the Dutch explorer ...
north of
Barrenjoey Head.
The total catchment area of the river is approximately and the area is generally administered by the Hawkesbury–Nepean Catchment Management Authority.
The land adjacent to the Hawkesbury River was occupied by
Aboriginal peoples: the
Darkinjung,
Darug
The Dharug or Darug people, formerly known as the Broken Bay tribe, are an Aboriginal Australian people, who share strong ties of kinship and, in pre-colonial times, lived as skilled hunters in family groups or clans, scattered throughout much ...
,
Eora, and
Kuringgai
Kuringgai (also spelled Ku-ring-gai, Kuring-gai, Guringai, Kuriggai) (,) is an ethnonym referring to (a) an hypothesis regarding an aggregation of Indigenous Australian peoples occupying the territory between the southern borders of the Gamila ...
. They used the river as a source of food and a place for trade.
In the languages of the traditional custodians the river is ''Deerubben'' or ''Dyarubbin''.
In March 2021, the river level rose, and many areas were flooded as part of the
March 2021 Australian floods
Extreme rainfall on the east coast of Australia beginning on 18 March 2021 led to widespread flooding in New South Wales, affecting regions from the North Coast to the Sydney metropolitan area in the south. Suburbs of Sydney experienced the ...
.
Course
The headwaters of the Hawkesbury River, the
Avon River, the
Cataract River, and the
Cordeaux River
The Cordeaux River, a perennial river of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Southern Highlands and Macarthur regions of New South Wales, Australia.
Course
The Cordeaux River rises on the western slopes of the Illawarra escarpm ...
, rise only a few kilometres (miles) from the sea, about south of Sydney. These streams start on the inland-facing slopes of the plateau which forms the escarpment behind
Wollongong
Wollongong ( ), colloquially referred to as The Gong, is a city located in the Illawarra region of New South Wales, Australia. The name is believed to originate from the Dharawal language, meaning either 'five islands/clouds', 'ground near wa ...
. Flowing north-west, away from the sea, these streams combine to form the Nepean River, and flow north past the towns of
Camden and
Penrith. Near Penrith, the
Warragamba River
The Warragamba River, a river that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Macarthur region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Formed through the confluence of the Coxs River and two minor tributaries, Wa ...
emerges from its canyon through the
Blue Mountains and joins the Nepean. The Warragamba, formed by the joining of the
Wollondilly River
The Wollondilly River, an Australian perennial river that is part of the HawkesburyNepean catchment, is located in the Southern Tablelands and Southern Highlands regions of New South Wales. The river meanders from its western slopes near Croo ...
, the
Nattai River
The Nattai River, a perennial river that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Southern Highlands region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
The Nattai River rises on the Mittagong Range within the Great ...
, the
Kowmung River
The Kowmung River (Gandangara: ''Barnalay''), a perennial river that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Central Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
The Kowmung River is formed by the c ...
and
Coxs River
The Coxs River, a perennial river that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Central Tablelands, Blue Mountains, and Macarthur regions of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
The Coxs River rises in Gardin ...
drains a broad region of New South Wales on the eastern side of the
Great Dividing Range. The other principal component of the upper Hawkesbury river system, the
Grose River
The Grose River, a Perennial stream, perennial river that is part of the Hawkesbury River, Hawkesbury-Nepean River, Nepean catchment, is located in the Blue Mountains (New South Wales), Blue Mountains region of New South Wales, Australia.
Cour ...
, rises in the area of
Mount Victoria in the Blue Mountains.
Once formed, the Hawkesbury River proper flows generally northwards, albeit with a significant number of
meander
A meander is one of a series of regular sinuous curves in the channel of a river or other watercourse. It is produced as a watercourse erodes the sediments of an outer, concave bank ( cut bank) and deposits sediments on an inner, convex ba ...
s. Initially the river passes the towns of
Richmond
Richmond most often refers to:
* Richmond, Virginia, the capital of Virginia, United States
* Richmond, London, a part of London
* Richmond, North Yorkshire, a town in England
* Richmond, British Columbia, a city in Canada
* Richmond, California, ...
and
Windsor
Windsor may refer to:
Places Australia
* Windsor, New South Wales
** Municipality of Windsor, a former local government area
* Windsor, Queensland, a suburb of Brisbane, Queensland
**Shire of Windsor, a former local government authority around Wi ...
, which are the largest settlements on the river. At Windsor, the river is joined by
South Creek, which drains much of the
urban runoff
Urban runoff is surface runoff of rainwater, landscape irrigation, and car washing created by urbanization. Impervious surfaces (roads, parking lots and sidewalks) are constructed during land development. During rain , storms and other precip ...
in Sydney's western suburbs that does not fall into the Parramatta River catchment. As it flows north, it enters a more rural area, with only small settlements on the river. On this stretch it passes
Sackville and
Lower Portland
Lower Portland is a rural suburb near Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Lower Portland is located 80 kilometres northwest of the Sydney central business district, in the local government areas of The Hills Shire (east of t ...
, where it is joined by the
Colo River
The Colo River, a perennial stream that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia.
Course
The Colo River rises on the Great Dividing Range, northeast of Newnes, formed by the ...
. The Colo River and its tributaries drain the northern section of the Blue Mountains.
From Lower Portland, the Hawkesbury River continues flowing northwards to the small community of
Wisemans Ferry
Wisemans Ferry is a cable ferry across the Hawkesbury River in New South Wales, Australia. The ferry operates from the eponymous community of Wisemans Ferry on the south bank, to a point on the north bank downstream of the Hawkesbury River's ...
where it is joined by the
Macdonald River. Here its course turns eastwards and the surrounding landscape gradually becomes steeper and more rugged. At
Spencer,
Mangrove Creek joins the river from the north. From here to the river mouth, road access to the river is limited to a few points.
At
Milsons Passage, the river is joined by
Berowra Creek
The Berowra Creek, a Perennial stream, watercourse that is part of the Hawkesbury River, Hawkesbury-Nepean River, Nepean catchment, is located to the north of the Sydney central business district in the Hornsby Shire of New South Wales, Australi ...
from the south. In the area around
Brooklyn
Brooklyn () is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Kings County, in the U.S. state of New York. Kings County is the most populous county in the State of New York, and the second-most densely populated county in the United States, be ...
the river is crossed by the major road and rail services that follow the coast north from Sydney. The river finally reaches the ocean at
Broken Bay.
From the confluence of the Nepean and Grose Rivers to the sea, the Hawkesbury River has a total length of some .
Islands
Islands in the Hawkesbury River include, in order going downstream are
Barr Island,
Milson Island
Milson Island is located in New South Wales, Australia. It was first settled over 100 years ago and has been used as a bacteriological station, quarantine station, a hospital to treat soldiers from WWI with venereal disease, mental hospital, a re ...
,
Snake Island,
Peat Island
Peat Island is a small island of approximately eight hectares in the Hawkesbury River, just north of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It forms part of the suburb called Mooney Mooney and is located just upstream from the Sydney – Newcastl ...
,
Spectacle Island,
Long Island,
Dangar Island
Dangar Island is a forested island, in area, in the Hawkesbury River, just north of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Dangar Island is a suburb of Hornsby Shire and as at the 2016 census had a population of 303, which swells dramatically duri ...
and
Lion Island.
Crossings
Despite forming the effective boundary of the metropolitan region of Sydney for its entire length, there are very few fixed crossings of the Hawkesbury River proper. Going downstream, these comprise:
In the lower reaches of the river there are also a few passenger ferries that cross the river. These include the
Palm Beach Ferry service from
Palm Beach to
Ettalong and
Wagstaffe, and the
Hawkesbury River Ferries
Hawkesbury River Ferries was a ferry and cruise boat operator based at Brooklyn on the Hawkesbury River in the northern suburbs of Sydney, Australia. The company operated the Dangar Island Ferry and the widely advertised Australia's last Riverboat ...
service from
Brooklyn
Brooklyn () is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Kings County, in the U.S. state of New York. Kings County is the most populous county in the State of New York, and the second-most densely populated county in the United States, be ...
to
Dangar Island
Dangar Island is a forested island, in area, in the Hawkesbury River, just north of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Dangar Island is a suburb of Hornsby Shire and as at the 2016 census had a population of 303, which swells dramatically duri ...
and
Little Wobby
Little Wobby is a suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia, located on the north bank of the Hawkesbury River. It is part of the local government area.
It is geographically the southernmost point of the "NSW Central Co ...
.
History
Aboriginal Australian history
A list from 1829 made by Reverend
John McGarvie includes the place names used by the Aboriginal people along the river, including the name of the river itself ''Dyarubbin''.
An alternative spelling of the Aboriginal name for the river was published as ''Deerubbun'' in 1870. The two main Aboriginal tribes inhabiting the area were the
Wannungine of the coastal area on the lower reaches (below Mangrove Creek) and the
Darkinyung people
The Darkinyung are an indigenous Australian people of New South Wales.
Country
According to R. H. Mathews, the Darkinyung's territory encompassed the lands to the south of the Hunter River, from Jerry's Plains towards Maitland, extending as ...
, whose lands were extensive on the lower Hawkesbury to Mangrove Creek, upper Hawkesbury, inland Hunter and lower Blue Mountains.
Also known on the banks of the river were the Eora and Guringai people.
Australian history since colonisation
In 1789 two expeditions explored the Hawkesbury to the northwest of Sydney and the Nepean River to the southwest. It took about three years to realise they had discovered the same river system. Hawkesbury River was one of the pivotal positions of the
Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars
The Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars (1794–1816) were a series of conflicts where British forces, including armed settlers and detachments of the British Army in Australia, fought against Indigenous clans inhabiting the Hawkesbury River region and ...
, a series of skirmishes and battles between the
Kingdom of Great Britain
The Kingdom of Great Britain (officially Great Britain) was a Sovereign state, sovereign country in Western Europe from 1 May 1707 to the end of 31 December 1800. The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of ...
and the resisting Indigenous clans that took place between late 1780s and late 1810s.
The Hawkesbury River was one of the major transportation routes for transporting food from the surrounding area to Sydney during the 1800s. Boats would wait in the protection of Broken Bay and Pittwater, until favourable weather allowed them to make the ocean journey to
Sydney Heads. With the opening of the railway from Sydney to Windsor in 1864, farm produce could be shipped upriver for onward transportation by train. However, by the 1880s the river had become silted up between Sackville and Windsor, and Sackville became the head of navigation for sea-going vessels. Until the end of the 19th century coastal steamers linked Sackville to Sydney.
The Hawkesbury River was given its present name by
Governor Phillip in June 1789, after
Charles Jenkinson, 1st Earl of Liverpool
Charles Jenkinson, 1st Earl of Liverpool, PC (26 April 172917 December 1808), known as Lord Hawkesbury between 1786 and 1796, was a British statesman. He was the father of Prime Minister Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool.
Early years, f ...
, who at that time was titled Baron Hawkesbury, after the
Cotswolds village of
Hawkesbury Upton
Hawkesbury Upton is a village in South Gloucestershire, England, east of the much smaller Hawkesbury. It lies north of Horton, east of Dunkirk and south of Alderley and Hillesley.
Hawkesbury Upton is close to the A46 road. The village lies o ...
in England, where the Jenkinsons still live.
An obelisk was unveiled in 1939 at
Brooklyn
Brooklyn () is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Kings County, in the U.S. state of New York. Kings County is the most populous county in the State of New York, and the second-most densely populated county in the United States, be ...
to commemorate the naming. In 1794, 22 families were granted land at Bardenarang, now known as Pitt Town Bottoms, near Windsor. In that same year, confrontations between Aboriginal people and settlers broke out.
Controversy
Raising of Warragamba Dam
In May 2017, the New South Wales state government released the Hawkesbury-Nepean Valley Flood Risk Management Strategy, that proposed raising the height of
Warragamba Dam
Warragamba Dam is a heritage-listed dam in the outer South Western Sydney suburb of Warragamba, Wollondilly Shire in New South Wales, Australia. It is a concrete gravity dam, which creates Lake Burragorang, the primary reservoir for water supp ...
by an additional 17 metres, using the Climate Change Mitigation Fund. It was claimed that this would reduce the risk of flooding to homes downstream along the Hawkesbury-Nepean river, that is the most at-risk region of Australia to devastating flooding, exacerbated by
Global Warming
In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to E ...
. A large public opposition campaign culminating in the GIVE A DAM movement began to protect the ecological, historical and Indigenous heritage of the additional area prone to flooding due to the raising of the dam wall. A significant portion of the land to be inundated is located within the Blue Mountains World Heritage Area designated by
UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture. It ...
, which stated that this status could be revoked if parts of the world heritage area were to be submerged.
Activists also claim that the raising of the dam wall will give rise to additional developments downstream, which are currently not allowed to build on floodplains with a risk of a one-in-hundred-year flood. They also claim that any raising of the dam wall will be ineffective at flood mitigation, as the
Warragamba River
The Warragamba River, a river that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Macarthur region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Formed through the confluence of the Coxs River and two minor tributaries, Wa ...
only contributes around 15% of water volume to the Hawkesbury-Nepean system. This issue has again been raised after the
March 2021 Australian floods
Extreme rainfall on the east coast of Australia beginning on 18 March 2021 led to widespread flooding in New South Wales, affecting regions from the North Coast to the Sydney metropolitan area in the south. Suburbs of Sydney experienced the ...
, with government ministers disagreeing on what needs to be done.
[NSW government ministers in stoush over Warragamba Dam management amid flooding]
by Antonette Collins from ABC News. 21 March 2021
Windsor Bridge Replacement
Plans to replace the
Windsor Bridge
The Windsor Bridge or Windsor Town Bridge, an iron and granite arch bridge over the River Thames, is located between the towns of Windsor and Eton in the English county of Berkshire. The Thames Path crosses the river here. The bridge carries p ...
, and direct traffic through the historic Thompson Square caused significant community opposition culminating in the Community Action for Windsor Bridge (CAWB) movement. Despite this opposition, work on the replacement bridge was completed in May 2020.
[New Windsor Bridge]
Transport for NSW - Roads and Maritime
Third Crossing
Plans for a third crossing at Navua Reserve in
Yarramundi
Yarramundi (ca. 1760 – after 1818) was an Indigenous Australian called by Europeans "the chief of the Richmond Tribe" or "Tribes". He was a member of the Boorooberongal clan of the Darug people, and was a ''garadyi'' or "doctor".
Yarramundi ...
, and at
North Richmond, 50 metres from the current Richmond Bridge Site are causing public opposition. Activists do not believe that these bridges will alleviate traffic, citing that a North Richmond and
Richmond
Richmond most often refers to:
* Richmond, Virginia, the capital of Virginia, United States
* Richmond, London, a part of London
* Richmond, North Yorkshire, a town in England
* Richmond, British Columbia, a city in Canada
* Richmond, California, ...
by-pass is required.
River usage
Navigation
The Hawkesbury River is navigable from Windsor to the sea. There are no
dam
A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of surface water or underground streams. Reservoirs created by dams not only suppress floods but also provide water for activities such as irrigation, human consumption, industrial use ...
s or
lock
Lock(s) may refer to:
Common meanings
*Lock and key, a mechanical device used to secure items of importance
*Lock (water navigation), a device for boats to transit between different levels of water, as in a canal
Arts and entertainment
* ''Lock ...
s on the river, and the effects of the tide are felt as far as Windsor.
Whilst use of the river to carry farm produce and other goods has now largely been superseded by road transport, the river remains the only form of access to a significant number of isolated homes and communities. This is especially true in the lower reaches of the river, where the steep and rugged terrain inhibits road construction. One consequence of this is the operation of
Australia's last riverboat postman, a river service that delivers
mail
The mail or post is a system for physically transporting postcards, letters, and parcels. A postal service can be private or public, though many governments place restrictions on private systems. Since the mid-19th century, national postal sys ...
to properties on the river between Brooklyn and Spencer.
Sporting activities
The
Hawkesbury Canoe Classic, a 111 km
canoe
A canoe is a lightweight narrow water vessel, typically pointed at both ends and open on top, propelled by one or more seated or kneeling paddlers facing the direction of travel and using a single-bladed paddle.
In British English, the ter ...
race, is held annually in October or November. The race starts at
Windsor
Windsor may refer to:
Places Australia
* Windsor, New South Wales
** Municipality of Windsor, a former local government area
* Windsor, Queensland, a suburb of Brisbane, Queensland
**Shire of Windsor, a former local government authority around Wi ...
and finishes at
Brooklyn
Brooklyn () is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Kings County, in the U.S. state of New York. Kings County is the most populous county in the State of New York, and the second-most densely populated county in the United States, be ...
. The
Bridge to Bridge is a
water ski
Water skiing (also waterskiing or water-skiing) is a surface water sport in which an individual is pulled behind a boat or a cable ski installation over a body of water, skimming the surface on two skis or one ski. The sport requires suffi ...
race that is run in the opposite direction, from
Dangar Island
Dangar Island is a forested island, in area, in the Hawkesbury River, just north of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Dangar Island is a suburb of Hornsby Shire and as at the 2016 census had a population of 303, which swells dramatically duri ...
to
Windsor
Windsor may refer to:
Places Australia
* Windsor, New South Wales
** Municipality of Windsor, a former local government area
* Windsor, Queensland, a suburb of Brisbane, Queensland
**Shire of Windsor, a former local government authority around Wi ...
.
The Australian leg of the Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series takes place in Hawkesbury.
Windsor and also Dargle ski park on the Hawkesbury river each year hold a Circuit Boat race meeting with boats travelling from all over country
Commercial fishing
According to the Hawkesbury Nepean Catchment Management Authority, the Hawkesbury River estuary supports the second-largest commercial coastal fishery of estuary prawns, oysters (prior to the outbreak of
QX disease
''Marteilia'' is a protozoan genus of organisms that are parasites of bivalves. It causes QX disease in Sydney rock oysters and Aber disease in European flat oysters. After being infected by ''Marteilia'', bivalves lose pigmentation in their vi ...
) and fish in New South Wales, with a wholesale value of $6.3 million annually.
Cultural references
* Australian novelist
Kate Grenville
Catherine Elizabeth Grenville (born 1950) is an Australian author. She has published fifteen books, including fiction, non-fiction, biography, and books about the writing process. In 2001, she won the Orange Prize for '' The Idea of Perfectio ...
wrote an award-winning historical fiction novel ''
The Secret River
''The Secret River'' is a 2005 historical novel by Kate Grenville about an early 19th-century Englishman transported to Australia for theft. The story explores what might have happened when Europeans colonised land already inhabited by Aborigi ...
'' set on the Hawkesbury.
* The 2004 film ''
Oyster Farmer
''Oyster Farmer'' is a 2004 Australian romantic comedy/drama film about a 24 year old man who runs away to the Hawkesbury River and finds a job with eighth-generation oyster farmers. It was written and directed by Anna Reeves, produced by Anthony ...
'' is set mostly on the Hawkesbury.
* Artists
William Piguenit
William Charles Piguenit (27 August 1836 – 17 July 1914) was an Australian landscape painter.
Early life
Piguenit was born in Hobart, Tasmania, to Frederick Le Geyt Piguenit and Mary Ann née Igglesden. Frederick had been transported to V ...
and
Arthur Streeton
Sir Arthur Ernest Streeton (8 April 1867 – 1 September 1943) was an Australian landscape painter and a leading member of the Heidelberg School, also known as Australian Impressionism.
Early life
Streeton was born in Mt Moriac, Victoria, sou ...
painted the Hawkesbury River in the late 19th century.
*
Australian Television
Television in Australia began experimentally as early as 1929 in Melbourne with radio stations 3DB and 3UZ, and 2UE in Sydney, using the ''Radiovision'' system by Gilbert Miles and Donald McDonald, and later from other locations, such as Bris ...
shows, like
A Country Practice and
Home and Away, have used the Hawkesbury in exterior shots.
Guide to Sydney Rivers site
See also
*
Rivers of New South Wales
This page discusses the rivers and hydrography of the state of New South Wales, Australia.
The principal topographic feature of New South Wales is the series of low highlands and plateaus called the Great Dividing Range, which extend from no ...
*
List of rivers of Australia
*
Geography of Sydney
The geography of Sydney is characterised by its coastal location on a basin bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the east, the Blue Mountains to the west, the Hawkesbury River to the north and the Woronora Plateau to the south. Sydney lies on a s ...
*
Mangrove Creek (New South Wales)
*
Popran Valley
References
External links
* Satellite phot
Hawkesbury River on Google Maps The Hawkesbury Nepean Catchment Management Authority websiteA 50's Classic Riverside Hawkesbury BoathouseHawkesbury web*
Creative Commons license">CC-By-SA
A Creative Commons (CC) license is one of several public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted "work".A "work" is any creative material made by a person. A painting, a graphic, a book, a song/lyrics ...
]
{{Rivers of New South Wales , state=autocollapse
Hawkesbury River,
Rivers of New South Wales
Hornsby Shire
City of Hawkesbury