![DrepadinidaeSchnabel](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/DrepadinidaeSchnabel.jpg)
Hawaiian honeycreepers are a group of small,
passerine
A passerine () is any bird of the order Passeriformes (; from Latin 'sparrow' and '-shaped'), which includes more than half of all bird species. Sometimes known as perching birds, passerines are distinguished from other orders of birds by t ...
birds
endemic
Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsew ...
to
Hawaii
Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only stat ...
. They are closely related to the
rosefinch
The rosefinches are a genus, ''Carpodacus'', of passerine birds in the finch family Fringillidae. Most are called "rosefinches" and as the word implies, have various shades of red in their plumage. The common rosefinch is frequently called the " ...
es in the genus ''Carpodacus'', but many species have evolved features unlike those present in any other finch. Their great morphological diversity is the result of
adaptive radiation
In evolutionary biology, adaptive radiation is a process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available, alters biotic int ...
in an insular environment. Many have been driven to
extinction
Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...
since the
first humans arrived in Hawaii, with extinctions increasing over the last 2 centuries following European discovery of the islands, with habitat destruction and especially
invasive species
An invasive species otherwise known as an alien is an introduced organism that becomes overpopulated and harms its new environment. Although most introduced species are neutral or beneficial with respect to other species, invasive species ad ...
being the main causes.
Taxonomy
Before the introduction of molecular phylogenetic techniques, the relationship of the Hawaiian honeycreepers to other bird species was controversial. The honeycreepers were sometimes categorized as a
family
Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...
Drepanididae,
[Clements, J. 2007. ''The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World.'' 6th ed. ] other authorities considered them a
subfamily
In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...
, Drepanidinae, of Fringillidae, the
finch
The true finches are small to medium-sized passerine birds in the family Fringillidae. Finches have stout conical bills adapted for eating seeds and nuts and often have colourful plumage. They occupy a great range of habitats where they are usua ...
family. The entire group was also called Drepanidini in treatments where buntings and
American sparrow
New World sparrows are a group of mainly New World passerine birds, forming the family Passerellidae. They are seed-eating birds with conical bills, brown or gray in color, and many species have distinctive head patterns.
Although they share t ...
s (
Passerellidae
New World sparrows are a group of mainly New World passerine birds, forming the family Passerellidae. They are seed-eating birds with conical bills, brown or gray in color, and many species have distinctive head patterns.
Although they share t ...
) were included in the finch family; this term is preferred for just one subgroup of the birds today.
[AO]
Check-list of North American Birds
Accessed 26 December 2007 Most recently, the entire group has been subsumed into the finch subfamily
Carduelinae
The cardueline finches are a subfamily, Carduelinae, one of three subfamilies of the finch family Fringillidae, the others being the Fringillinae and the Euphoniinae. The Hawaiian honeycreepers are now included in this subfamily. Except for the ...
.
The Hawaiian honeycreepers are the
sister taxon
In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree.
Definition
The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram:
Taxon A and t ...
to the ''
Carpodacus
The rosefinches are a genus, ''Carpodacus'', of passerine birds in the finch family Fringillidae. Most are called "rosefinches" and as the word implies, have various shades of red in their plumage. The common rosefinch is frequently called the ...
'' rosefinches. Their ancestors are thought to have been from
Asia
Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...
and diverged from ''Carpodacus'' about 7.2 million years ago, and they are thought to have first arrived and radiated on the
Hawaiian Islands
The Hawaiian Islands ( haw, Nā Mokupuni o Hawai‘i) are an archipelago of eight major islands, several atolls, and numerous smaller islets in the North Pacific Ocean, extending some from the island of Hawaii in the south to northernmost Kur ...
between 5.7-7.2 million years ago, which was roughly the same time that the islands of
Ni'ihau
Niihau ( Hawaiian: ), anglicized as Niihau ( ), is the westernmost main and seventh largest inhabited island in Hawaii. It is southwest of Kauaʻi across the Kaulakahi Channel. Its area is . Several intermittent playa lakes provide wetland ha ...
and
Kauai
Kauai, () anglicized as Kauai ( ), is geologically the second-oldest of the main Hawaiian Islands (after Niʻihau). With an area of 562.3 square miles (1,456.4 km2), it is the fourth-largest of these islands and the 21st largest island ...
formed. The lineage of the recently extinct
po'ouli (''Melamprosops'') was the most ancient of the Hawaiian honeycreeper lineages to survive to recent times, diverging about 5.7-5.8 million years ago. The lineage containing ''
Oreomystis'' and ''
Paroreomyza
''Paroreomyza'' is a genus of Hawaiian honeycreeper in the subfamily Carduelinae of the family Fringillidae. These birds are endemic to Hawaii.
Taxonomy
''Paroreomyza'', along with '' Oreomystis'' (although their alliance is disputed), is the ...
'' was the second to diverge, diverging about a million years after the po'ouli's lineage. Most of the other lineages with highly distinctive morphologies are thought to have originated in the mid-late
Pliocene
The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58[Oahu
Oahu () (Hawaiian language, Hawaiian: ''Oʻahu'' ()), also known as "The Gathering place#Island of Oʻahu as The Gathering Place, Gathering Place", is the third-largest of the Hawaiian Islands. It is home to roughly one million people—over t ...](_blank)
but prior to the formation of
Maui
The island of Maui (; Hawaiian: ) is the second-largest of the islands of the state of Hawaii at 727.2 square miles (1,883 km2) and is the 17th largest island in the United States. Maui is the largest of Maui County's four islands, which ...
. Due to this, Oahu likely played a key role in the formation of diverse morphologies among honeycreepers, allowing for cycles of colonization and speciation between Kauai and Oahu.
A
phylogenetic tree
A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological spec ...
of the recent Hawaiian honeycreeper lineages is shown here. Genera or clades with question marks (?) are of controversial or uncertain taxonomic placement.
The classification of ''
Paroreomyza
''Paroreomyza'' is a genus of Hawaiian honeycreeper in the subfamily Carduelinae of the family Fringillidae. These birds are endemic to Hawaii.
Taxonomy
''Paroreomyza'', along with '' Oreomystis'' (although their alliance is disputed), is the ...
'' and ''
Oreomystis'' as
sister genera and forming the second most
basal group is based on
genetic and
molecular
A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemistry, and bioche ...
evidence, and has been affirmed by numerous studies; however, when
morphological evidence only is used, ''Paroreomyza'' is instead the second most basal genus, with ''Oreomystis'' being the third most basal genus and more closely allied with the derived Hawaiian honeycreepers, as ''Oreomystis'' shares traits with the derived honeycreepers, such as a squared-off tongue and a distinct musty odor, that ''Paroreomyza'' does not. This does not align with the genetic evidence supporting ''Paroreomyza'' and ''Oreomystis'' as sister genera, and it would be seemingly impossible for only ''Paroreomyza'' to have lost the distinctive traits but ''Oreomystis'' and all core honeycreepers to have retained or convergently evolved them, thus presenting a taxonomic conundrum.
''
Viridonia'' (containing the
greater ʻamakihi) may be associated with or even synonymous with the genus ''
Aidemedia'' (containing the prehistoric icterid-like and sickle-billed gapers), and has the most debated taxonomy; it was long classified within the "greater ''Hemignathus''" radiation (a now-
paraphyletic
In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...
grouping containing species formerly lumped within ''Hemignathus'', including ''Hemignathus'', ''Akialoa'', and ''
Chlorodrepanis
''Chlorodrepanis'' is a genus of Hawaiian honeycreeper in the subfamily Carduelinae of the family Fringillidae.
The birds are endemic to Hawaii
Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the P ...
'') and while some sources speculate it as being sister to ''Chlorodrepanis'' (containing the
lesser ʻamakihis), other sources speculate it may be a sister genus to the genus ''
Loxops
''Loxops'' is a Hawaiian honeycreeper genus in the finch family (biology), family, Fringillidae. Most of them are commonly known as akepa.
Taxonomy
There are 5 species in this genus, two of which are recently extinct or possibly extinct:
* ‘A ...
'' (containing the
'akepas,
ʻakekeʻe and
ʻalawī).
Characteristics
Nearly all species of Hawaiian honeycreepers have been noted as having a unique odor to their plumage, described by many researchers as "rather like that of old canvas tents".
Today, the flowers of the native ōhia (''
Metrosideros polymorpha
''Metrosideros polymorpha'', the ''ōhia lehua'', is a species of flowering evergreen tree in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae, that is endemic to the six largest islands of Hawaii. It is a highly variable tree, being tall in favorable situations, ...
'') are favored by a number of
nectarivorous
In zoology, a nectarivore is an animal which derives its energy and nutrient requirements from a diet consisting mainly or exclusively of the sugar-rich nectar produced by flowering plants.
Nectar as a food source presents a number of benefits a ...
honeycreepers. The wide range of bill shapes in this group, from thick, finch-like bills to slender, down-curved bills for probing flowers have arisen through
adaptive radiation
In evolutionary biology, adaptive radiation is a process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available, alters biotic int ...
, where an ancestral finch has evolved to fill a large number of
ecological niche
In ecology, a niche is the match of a species to a specific environmental condition.
Three variants of ecological niche are described by
It describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors (for ...
s. Some 20 species of Hawaiian honeycreeper have become extinct in the recent past, and many more in earlier times, following the arrival of humans who introduced
non-native animals (ex: rats, pigs, goats, cows) and converted habitat for agriculture.
Genera and species
The term "prehistoric" indicates species that became extinct between the initial human settlement of Hawaii (i.e., from the late 1st millennium AD on) and European contact in 1778.
Subfamily ''Carduelinae''
*
Drepanidini
**Genus ''
Aidemedia''
Olson & James
James is a common English language surname and given name:
*James (name), the typically masculine first name James
* James (surname), various people with the last name James
James or James City may also refer to:
People
* King James (disambiguat ...
, 1991 – straight thin bills, insectivores
***''Aidemedia chascax''
Olson & James
James is a common English language surname and given name:
*James (name), the typically masculine first name James
* James (surname), various people with the last name James
James or James City may also refer to:
People
* King James (disambiguat ...
, 1991 – Oahu icterid-like gaper (
prehistoric
Prehistory, also known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use of ...
)
***''Aidemedia lutetiae''
Olson & James
James is a common English language surname and given name:
*James (name), the typically masculine first name James
* James (surname), various people with the last name James
James or James City may also refer to:
People
* King James (disambiguat ...
, 1991 – Maui Nui icterid-like gaper (
prehistoric
Prehistory, also known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use of ...
)
***''Aidemedia zanclops''
Olson & James
James is a common English language surname and given name:
*James (name), the typically masculine first name James
* James (surname), various people with the last name James
James or James City may also refer to:
People
* King James (disambiguat ...
, 1991 – sickle-billed gaper (
prehistoric
Prehistory, also known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use of ...
)
**Genus ''
Akialoa
''Akialoa'' is an extinct genus of Hawaiian honeycreeper in the subfamily Carduelinae of the family Fringillidae.
The birds were endemic to Hawaii.
Species
It contains the following species:
* Lesser ʻakialoa or Hawai'i ʻakialoa, ''Akialoa ...
''
Olson & James, 1995 – pointed, long and down-curved bills, insectivorous or nectarivorous
***''Akialoa ellisiana''
Gray
Grey (more common in British English) or gray (more common in American English) is an intermediate color between black and white. It is a neutral or achromatic color, meaning literally that it is "without color", because it can be composed o ...
, 1859 –
Oʻahu ʻakialoa
The Oahu akialoa (''Akialoa ellisana'') was a Hawaiian honeycreeper in the subfamily Carduelinae of the family Fringillidae (finches). It was formerly considered a subspecies in the greater akialoa complex before being elevated to a full species ...
(
extinct
Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...
, 1940)
***''Akialoa lanaiensis''
Rothschild
Rothschild () is a name derived from the German ''zum rothen Schild'' (with the old spelling "th"), meaning "with the red sign", in reference to the houses where these family members lived or had lived. At the time, houses were designated by sign ...
, 1893 –
Maui Nui ʻakialoa
The Maui Nui 'akialoa or Lana'i 'akialoa (''Akialoa lanaiensis'') was a Hawaiian honeycreeper of the subfamily Carduelinae and the family Fringillidae. It was endemic to the island of Lanai, Hawaii in modern times, but seems to have occurred on ...
(
extinct
Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...
, 1892)
***''Akialoa stejnegeri''
Wilson, 1889 –
Kauaʻi ʻakialoa
The Kauai ʻakialoa (''Akialoa stejnegeri'') was a Hawaiian honeycreeper in the subfamily Carduelinae of the family Fringillidae. It was endemic to the island of Kauai, Hawaii. It became extinct in the 20th century due to introduced avian disea ...
(
extinct
Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...
, 1969)
***''Akialoa obscura''
Cabanis Cabanis is the surname of:
*George Cabanis (1815-1892), American politician
*Jean Cabanis (1816–1906), German ornithologist
*José Cabanis
José Cabanis (2 March 1922 – 6 October 2000) was a French novelist, essayist, historian and magistrate ...
, 1889 –
lesser ʻakialoa
The lesser ʻakialoa (''Akialoa obscura'') was a species of finch in the family Fringillidae. It was endemic to the island of Hawaii. It became extinct due to habitat loss
Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) ...
(
extinct
Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...
, 1940)
***''Akialoa upupirostris'' –
hoopoe-billed ʻakialoa
The hoopoe-billed ʻakialoa, (''Akialoa upupirostris''), is an extinct species of Hawaiian honeycreeper. Subfossil remains have been found of this species in the Hawaiian islands of Kauai and Oahu. The species specific name, ''upupirostris'', is ...
(
prehistoric
Prehistory, also known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use of ...
)
**Genus ''
Chloridops''
Wilson, 1888 – thick-billed, hard seed (e.g. ''
Myoporum sandwicense
''Myoporum sandwicense'', commonly known as ''naio'', bastard sandalwood or false sandalwood is a species of flowering plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae. It is a tree or shrub highly variable in its form, the size and shape of its l ...
)'' specialist
***''Chloridops kona''
Wilson, 1888 –
Kona grosbeak
The Kona grosbeak (''Chloridops kona'') is an extinct species of Hawaiian honeycreeper. The Kona grosbeak was endemic to naio ('' Myoporum sandwicense'') forests on ʻaʻā lava flows at elevations of near the Kona District on the island of H ...
(
extinct
Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...
, 1894)
***''Chloridops regiskongi'' –
King Kong grosbeak (
prehistoric
Prehistory, also known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use of ...
)
***''Chloridops wahi'' –
wahi grosbeak (
prehistoric
Prehistory, also known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use of ...
)
**Genus ''
Chlorodrepanis
''Chlorodrepanis'' is a genus of Hawaiian honeycreeper in the subfamily Carduelinae of the family Fringillidae.
The birds are endemic to Hawaii
Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the P ...
''
Olson & James, 1995 – pointed bills, insectivorous and nectarivorous
***''Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri''
Pratt
Pratt is an English surname. Notable people with the surname include:
A–F
* Abner Pratt (1801–1863), American diplomat, jurist, politician, lawyer
* Al Pratt (baseball) (1847–1937), American baseball player
* Andy Pratt (baseball) (bor ...
, 1989 –
Kauaʻi ʻamakihi
The Kauaʻi ʻamakihi (''Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri'') is a species of Hawaiian honeycreepers endemic to Kauaʻi in the family Fringillidae. The species Hawaiian name is associated with is Kihikihi, or kihi, which stems from the word amakihi. Kihik ...
***''Chlorodrepanis flava''
Bloxam, 1827 –
Oʻahu ʻamakihi
The Oʻahu ʻamakihi (''Chlorodrepanis flava'') is a species of Hawaiian honeycreeper in the family Fringillidae. The male is rich yellow below, sharply contrasted with greenish upper parts. Females are duller and have two prominent wing-bars. It ...
***''Chlorodrepanis virens''
Cabanis Cabanis is the surname of:
*George Cabanis (1815-1892), American politician
*Jean Cabanis (1816–1906), German ornithologist
*José Cabanis
José Cabanis (2 March 1922 – 6 October 2000) was a French novelist, essayist, historian and magistrate ...
, 1851 –
Hawaiʻi ʻamakihi
The Hawaii amakihi (''Chlorodrepanis virens''), also known as the common amakihi, is a species of Hawaiian honeycreeper.
Taxonomy
The Hawaii amakihi was formerly placed in the genus ''Hemignathus'' but was assigned to the genus ''Chlorodrepanis' ...
**Genus ''
Ciridops
''Ciridops'' is an extinct genus of Hawaiian honeycreeper species that occurred in prehistoric and historic times on the Hawaiian islands of Hawaii, Molokai, Kauai and Oahu. This genus was created in 1892 by Alfred Newton in an article published ...
''
Newton
Newton most commonly refers to:
* Isaac Newton (1642–1726/1727), English scientist
* Newton (unit), SI unit of force named after Isaac Newton
Newton may also refer to:
Arts and entertainment
* ''Newton'' (film), a 2017 Indian film
* Newton ( ...
, 1892 – finch-like, fed on fruit of ''
Pritchardia'' species
***''Ciridops anna''
Dole
Dole may refer to:
Places
* Dole, Ceredigion, Wales
* Dole, Idrija, Slovenia
* Dole, Jura, France
** Arrondissement of Dole
* Dole (Kladanj), a village at the entity line of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina-Republika Srpska
* Dole, Ljubušk ...
, 1879 –
ʻula-ʻai-hāwane (
extinct
Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...
, 1892 or 1937)
***''Ciridops tenax''
Olson & James
James is a common English language surname and given name:
*James (name), the typically masculine first name James
* James (surname), various people with the last name James
James or James City may also refer to:
People
* King James (disambiguat ...
, 1991 stout-legged finch (
prehistoric
Prehistory, also known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use of ...
)
** Genus ''
Drepanis
''Drepanis'' is a genus of Hawaiian honeycreeper in the subfamily Carduelinae of the family Fringillidae.
The birds are endemic to Hawaii
Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific ...
''
Temminck
Coenraad Jacob Temminck (; 31 March 1778 – 30 January 1858) was a Dutch aristocrat, zoologist and museum director.
Biography
Coenraad Jacob Temminck was born on 31 March 1778 in Amsterdam in the Dutch Republic. From his father, Jacob Temmin ...
, 1820 – down-curved bills, nectarivores
***''Drepanis funerea''
Newton
Newton most commonly refers to:
* Isaac Newton (1642–1726/1727), English scientist
* Newton (unit), SI unit of force named after Isaac Newton
Newton may also refer to:
Arts and entertainment
* ''Newton'' (film), a 2017 Indian film
* Newton ( ...
, 1894 –
black mamo
The black mamo (''Drepanis funerea''), also known as the hoa, is an extinction, extinct species of bird once Endemism, endemic to the island of Molokai; there is also subfossil evidence of it having lived on Maui.
Description
It measured fr ...
(
extinct
Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...
, 1907)
***''Drepanis pacifica''
Gmelin Gmelin may refer to:
* Gmelin's test, a chemical test
* Gmelin database, a German handbook/encyclopedia of inorganic compounds initiated by Leopold Gmelin
People
* Carl Christian Gmelin (1762–1837), German botanist, author of ''Flora Badensis ...
, 1788 –
Hawaiʻi mamo
The Hawaii mamo (''Drepanis pacifica'') is an extinct species of Hawaiian honeycreeper. It was endemic to Hawaii. It became extinct due to habitat loss, mosquitoes, introduced predators such as mongoose, and overcollecting.
Description
This bi ...
(
extinct
Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...
, 1898)
***''Drepanis coccinea''
Forster, 1780 –
ʻiʻiwi
The iiwi (''Drepanis coccinea'', pronounced , ''ee-EE-vee'') or scarlet honeycreeper is a species of Hawaiian honeycreeper. The iiwi is a highly recognizable symbol of Hawaii. The iiwi is the third most common native land bird in the Hawaiian Is ...
** Genus ''Dysmorodre''
''panis''
Perkins
Perkins is a surname derived from the Anglo-Saxon corruption of the kin of Pierre (from Pierre kin to Pierrekin to Perkins), introduced into England by the Norman Conquest. It is found throughout mid- and southern England.
Another derivation com ...
, 1919 – pincer-like bill, possibly snail specialist
***''Dysmorodrepanis munroi''
Perkins
Perkins is a surname derived from the Anglo-Saxon corruption of the kin of Pierre (from Pierre kin to Pierrekin to Perkins), introduced into England by the Norman Conquest. It is found throughout mid- and southern England.
Another derivation com ...
, 1919 –
Lanaʻi hookbill (
extinct
Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...
, 1918)
**Genus ''
Hemignathus
''Hemignathus'' is a Hawaiian honeycreeper genus in the subfamily Carduelinae of the finch family, Fringillidae.
These birds are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands.
Extinctions
Many of its species became extinct during the 19th and 20th centurie ...
''
Lichtenstein, 1839 – pointed or long and down-curved bills, insectivorous
***''Hemignathus affinis'' –
Maui nukupuʻu
The Maui nukupuu (''Hemignathus affinis'') is a species of nukupu‘u Hawaiian honeycreeper that was endemic to the island of Maui in the Hawaiian Islands. The small, five-inch-long bird lived only in eastern Maui, where it was dependent on hig ...
(
extinct
Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...
, 1995–1998)
***''Hemignathus hanapepe'' –
Kauaʻi nukupuʻu
The Kauai nukupuu (''Hemignathus hanapepe'') was a species of nukupuʻu once found throughout parts of the Hawaiian island of Kauai. It was an insect eater that picked out its tiny prey from tree bark. The males were yellowish with brown wings, ...
(
extinct
Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...
, 1998)
***''Hemignathus lucidus'' –
Oʻahu nukupuʻu
The Oahu nukupuu (''Hemignathus lucidus'') was a species of nukupuu which was similar to its cousins from the Islands of Kauai and Maui. It is yellowish greyish with a long hooked beak to find insects. This bird is now extinct due to human act ...
(
extinct
Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...
, 1837)
***''Hemignathus vorpalis''
James
James is a common English language surname and given name:
*James (name), the typically masculine first name James
* James (surname), various people with the last name James
James or James City may also refer to:
People
* King James (disambiguat ...
& Olson, 2003 –
giant nukupu'u (
prehistoric
Prehistory, also known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use of ...
)
***''Hemignathus wilsoni''
Rothschild
Rothschild () is a name derived from the German ''zum rothen Schild'' (with the old spelling "th"), meaning "with the red sign", in reference to the houses where these family members lived or had lived. At the time, houses were designated by sign ...
, 1893 –
ʻakiapolaʻau
The akiapōlāau (''Hemignathus wilsoni''), pronounced ''ah-kee-ah-POH-LAH-OW'', is a species of Hawaiian honeycreeper that is endemic to the island of Hawaii. Its natural habitats are dry and montane moist forests, and the only bird species on ...
**Genus ''
Himatione
''Himatione'' is a genus of Hawaiian honeycreepers in the subfamily Carduelinae of the family Fringillidae.
Species
It contains the following species:
* Laysan honeycreeper (''Himatione fraithii'') (extinct)
* ʻApapane
The apapane (''Himatio ...
''
– thin-billed, nectarivorous
***''Himatione sanguinea''
Gmelin Gmelin may refer to:
* Gmelin's test, a chemical test
* Gmelin database, a German handbook/encyclopedia of inorganic compounds initiated by Leopold Gmelin
People
* Carl Christian Gmelin (1762–1837), German botanist, author of ''Flora Badensis ...
, 1788 –
ʻapapane
The apapane (''Himatione sanguinea,'' pronounced /ˌ ɑ pɑˈpɑ neɪ/, ''ah-pah-PAH-ney'') is a small, crimson species of Hawaiian honeycreeper endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. They are the most abundant and widely distributed honeycreeper and ...
***''Himatione fraithii'' –
Laysan honeycreeper
The Laysan honeycreeper or Laysan apapane (''Himatione fraithii'') is an extinct bird species that was endemic to the island of Laysan in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.
Taxonomy
The species was described by the British ornithologist Walter ...
(
extinct
Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...
, 1923)
** Genus ''
Loxioides
''Loxioides'' is a genus of Hawaiian honeycreeper, in the subfamily Carduelinae.
The birds are endemic to Hawaii.
Species
It contains the following species:
* '' Loxioides bailleui'' Oustalet, 1877 - palila
* '' Loxioides kikuichi'' James & ...
''
Oustalet, 1877 – finch-like,
Fabales
The Fabales are an order (biology), order of flowering plants included in the Rosids, rosid group of the eudicots in the APG II system, Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II classification system. In the APG II circumscription, this order includes the f ...
seed specialists
***''Loxioides bailleui''
Oustalet, 1877 –
palila
The palila (''Loxioides bailleui'') is a critically endangered finch-billed species of Hawaiian honeycreeper. It has a golden-yellow head and breast, with a light belly, gray back, and greenish wings and tail. The bird has a close ecological rel ...
***''Loxioides kikuichi''
Olson & James, 2006 –
Kaua'i palila (
prehistoric
Prehistory, also known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use of ...
, possibly survived to the early 18th century)
**Genus ''
Loxops
''Loxops'' is a Hawaiian honeycreeper genus in the finch family (biology), family, Fringillidae. Most of them are commonly known as akepa.
Taxonomy
There are 5 species in this genus, two of which are recently extinct or possibly extinct:
* ‘A ...
'' – small pointed bills with the tips slightly crossed, insectivorous
***''Loxops caeruleirostris''
Wilson, 1890 –
‘akeke‘e
***''Loxops coccineus''
Gmelin Gmelin may refer to:
* Gmelin's test, a chemical test
* Gmelin database, a German handbook/encyclopedia of inorganic compounds initiated by Leopold Gmelin
People
* Carl Christian Gmelin (1762–1837), German botanist, author of ''Flora Badensis ...
, 1789 –
Hawaiʻi ʻakepa
The Hawaiʻi ʻakepa (''Loxops coccineus'') is an endangered ʻakepa native to Hawaiʻi in the Hawaiian Islands. All three of the ʻakepa were considered monotypic before being split by the NACC of the AOU in 2015. The Hawaii akepa was first c ...
***''Loxops ochraceus''
Rothschild
Rothschild () is a name derived from the German ''zum rothen Schild'' (with the old spelling "th"), meaning "with the red sign", in reference to the houses where these family members lived or had lived. At the time, houses were designated by sign ...
, 1893 -
Maui ʻakepa
The Maui ʻakepa (''Loxops ochraceus'') is a species of ʻakepa native to Maui in the Hawaiian Islands, and which was common throughout the island. Introduced mosquitoes and other animals to Maui contributed to the declining population, and the ...
(
extinct
Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...
, 1988)
***''Loxops wolstenholmei''
Rothschild
Rothschild () is a name derived from the German ''zum rothen Schild'' (with the old spelling "th"), meaning "with the red sign", in reference to the houses where these family members lived or had lived. At the time, houses were designated by sign ...
, 1895 –
Oʻahu ʻakepa
The Oʻahu ʻakepa (''Loxops wolstenholmei'') is an extinct species of ʻakepa that was endemic to the island of Oahu. It was commonly sighted throughout the 19th century. This brick red Hawaiian honeycreeper was found in the mountain peaks in de ...
(
extinct
Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...
, 1990s)
***''Loxops mana''
Wilson, 1891 –
Hawaiʻi creeper
The Hawaii creeper, Hawaii creeper or ʻalawī (''Loxops mana'') is a species of Hawaiian honeycreeper endemic to the Big Island of Hawaii. Its natural habitats are dry forests and montane moist forests at elevations of . There are a total of ...
**Genus ''Magumma -'' small pointed bills, insectivorous and nectarivorous
***''Magumma parva''
Stejneger, 1887 -
ʻanianiau
**Genus ''Melamprosops''
Casey & Jacobi, 1974 – short pointed bill, insectivorous and
snail
A snail is, in loose terms, a shelled gastropod. The name is most often applied to land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. However, the common name ''snail'' is also used for most of the members of the molluscan class Gastro ...
specialist
***''Melamprosops phaeosoma''
Casey & Jacobi, 1974 –
poʻouli
The poo-uli (''Melamprosops phaeosoma'') or black-faced honeycreeper, is an extinct species of passerine bird that was endemic to the island of Maui in Hawaiʻi. It is considered to be a member of the Hawaiian honeycreepers, and is the only mem ...
(extinct, 2004)
** Genus ''Oreomystis''
Wilson, 1891 – short pointed bills, insectivorous
***''Oreomystis bairdi''
Stejneger, 1887 –
ʻakikiki
The akikiki (''Oreomystis bairdi''), also called the Kauai creeper, is a critically endangered Hawaiian honeycreeper endemic to Kauai, Hawaii.
Description
The akikiki is small (13 cm length; 12-17 g mass), with gray plumage above and ...
**Genus ''Orthiospiza'' – large weak bill, possibly soft seed or fruit specialist?
***''Orthiospiza howarthi''
James
James is a common English language surname and given name:
*James (name), the typically masculine first name James
* James (surname), various people with the last name James
James or James City may also refer to:
People
* King James (disambiguat ...
& Olson, 1991 -
highland finch (
prehistoric
Prehistory, also known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use of ...
)
**Genus ''Palmeria''
Rothschild
Rothschild () is a name derived from the German ''zum rothen Schild'' (with the old spelling "th"), meaning "with the red sign", in reference to the houses where these family members lived or had lived. At the time, houses were designated by sign ...
, 1893 – thin-billed, nectarivorous, favors ''
Metrosideros polymorpha
''Metrosideros polymorpha'', the ''ōhia lehua'', is a species of flowering evergreen tree in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae, that is endemic to the six largest islands of Hawaii. It is a highly variable tree, being tall in favorable situations, ...
''
***''Palmeria dolei''
Wilson, 1891 –
ʻakohekohe
The ākohekohe (''Palmeria dolei''), or crested honeycreeper, is a species of Hawaiian honeycreeper. It is endemic to the island of Maui in Hawaii. The ʻākohekohe is susceptible to mosquito‐transmitted avian malaria ('' Plasmodium relictum'') ...
**Genus ''
Paroreomyza
''Paroreomyza'' is a genus of Hawaiian honeycreeper in the subfamily Carduelinae of the family Fringillidae. These birds are endemic to Hawaii.
Taxonomy
''Paroreomyza'', along with '' Oreomystis'' (although their alliance is disputed), is the ...
'' – short pointed bills, insectivorous
***''Paroreomyza maculata''
Cabanis, 1850 –
Oʻahu ʻalauahio
The Oʻahu ʻalauahio (''Paroreomyza maculata''), also known as the Oʻahu creeper, is a small finch-like Hawaiian honeycreeper that is endemism in birds, endemic to the Hawaiian island of Oahu. It is probably Extinction, extinct.
Description
I ...
(possibly
extinct
Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...
, early 1990s?)
***''Paroreomyza flammea''
( Wilson, 1889) –
kākāwahie (
extinct
Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...
, 1963)
***''Paroreomyza ''
****''Paroreomyza ''
Wilson, 1890 –
Lana'i 'alauahio (
extinct
Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...
, 1937)
****''Paroreomyza newtoni''
(Rothschild, 1893) –
Maui ‘alauahio
**Genus ''Pseudonestor'' –
parrot
Parrots, also known as psittacines (), are birds of the roughly 398 species in 92 genera comprising the order Psittaciformes (), found mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. The order is subdivided into three superfamilies: the Psittacoid ...
-like bill, probes wood for insect larvae
***''Pseudonestor xanthophrys''
Rothschild
Rothschild () is a name derived from the German ''zum rothen Schild'' (with the old spelling "th"), meaning "with the red sign", in reference to the houses where these family members lived or had lived. At the time, houses were designated by sign ...
, 1893 –
Maui parrotbill
The Maui parrotbill or kiwikiu (''Pseudonestor xanthophrys'') is a species of Hawaiian honeycreeper endemic to the island of Maui in Hawaii. It can only be found in of mesic and wet forests at on the windward slopes of Haleakalā. This spec ...
or kiwikiu
**Genus ''Psittirostra'' – slightly hooked bill, ''
Freycinetia arborea
''Freycinetia arborea'', ''Ieie'', is a densely branched, brittle, woody climber in the family Pandanaceae, endemic to the Pacific Islands. ''Ieie'' is found in moist forest on the Hawaiian, Marquesas, Austral, Society, and Cook Islands. ...
'' fruit specialist
***''Psittirostra psittacea''
Gmelin Gmelin may refer to:
* Gmelin's test, a chemical test
* Gmelin database, a German handbook/encyclopedia of inorganic compounds initiated by Leopold Gmelin
People
* Carl Christian Gmelin (1762–1837), German botanist, author of ''Flora Badensis ...
, 1789 –
ʻōʻū (probably
extinct
Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...
, 1998?)
**Genus ''
Rhodacanthis
''Rhodacanthis'' is an extinct genus of Hawaiian honeycreepers commonly known as koa finches. All four species were endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Members of this genus were granivores, with bills adapted to the seeds and pods of legumes. Th ...
'' – large-billed, granivorous,
legume
A legume () is a plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae), or the fruit or seed of such a plant. When used as a dry grain, the seed is also called a pulse. Legumes are grown agriculturally, primarily for human consumption, for livestock f ...
specialists
***''Rhodacanthis flaviceps''
Rothschild, 1892 –
lesser koa-finch (
extinct
Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...
, 1891)
***''Rhodacanthis forfex''
James
James is a common English language surname and given name:
*James (name), the typically masculine first name James
* James (surname), various people with the last name James
James or James City may also refer to:
People
* King James (disambiguat ...
& Olson, 2005 –
scissor-billed koa-finch (
prehistoric
Prehistory, also known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use of ...
)
***''Rhodacanthis litotes''
James
James is a common English language surname and given name:
*James (name), the typically masculine first name James
* James (surname), various people with the last name James
James or James City may also refer to:
People
* King James (disambiguat ...
& Olson, 2005 –
primitive koa-finch (
prehistoric
Prehistory, also known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use of ...
)
***''Rhodacanthis palmeri''
Rothschild, 1892 –
greater koa-finch (
extinct
Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...
, 1896)
**Genus ''
Telespiza
''Telespiza'' is a genus of Hawaiian honeycreeper. All species in it are or were endemic to the Hawaiian Islands.
Species
*†''Telespiza persecutrix'' James & Olson, 1991 - Kauai finch (prehistoric)
*†''Telespiza ypsilon'' James & Olso ...
''
Wilson, 1890 – finch-like, granivorous, opportunistic
scavenger
Scavengers are animals that consume dead organisms that have died from causes other than predation or have been killed by other predators. While scavenging generally refers to carnivores feeding on carrion, it is also a herbivorous feeding b ...
s
***''Telespiza cantans''
Wilson, 1890 –
Laysan finch
The Laysan finch (''Telespiza cantans'') is a species of Hawaiian honeycreeper, that is endemic to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. It is one of four remaining finch-billed Hawaiian honeycreepers and is closely related to the smaller Nihoa fin ...
***''Telespiza persecutrix''
James
James is a common English language surname and given name:
*James (name), the typically masculine first name James
* James (surname), various people with the last name James
James or James City may also refer to:
People
* King James (disambiguat ...
& Olson, 1991 –
Kauaʻi finch
The Kauai finch (''Telespiza persecutrix'') is an extinct bird in the genus ''Telespiza'' of the family Fringillidae. It was endemic to the Hawaiian islands of Kauai and Oahu. It is only known from fossil remains and likely became extinct befo ...
(
prehistoric
Prehistory, also known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use of ...
)
***''Telespiza ultima''
Bryan, 1917 –
Nihoa finch
The Nihoa finch (''Telespiza ultima'') is one of the two endemic bird species of the tiny Hawaiian island Nihoa, the other being the Nihoa millerbird. When it was classified in 1917, scientists thought that it would be the last endemic species na ...
***''Telespiza ypsilon''
James
James is a common English language surname and given name:
*James (name), the typically masculine first name James
* James (surname), various people with the last name James
James or James City may also refer to:
People
* King James (disambiguat ...
& Olson, 1991 –
Maui Nui finch
The Maui Nui finch (''Telespiza ypsilon'') is an extinct member of the genus ''Telespiza'' in the family Fringillidae. It was endemic to the Hawaiian islands of Molokai and Maui. It is only known from fossil remains and likely became extinct b ...
(
prehistoric
Prehistory, also known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use of ...
)
**Genus ''
Vangulifer'' – flat rounded bills, possibly caught flying insects
***''Vangulifer mirandus'' – strange-billed finch (
prehistoric
Prehistory, also known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use of ...
)
***''Vangulifer neophasis'' – thin-billed finch (
prehistoric
Prehistory, also known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use of ...
)
**Genus ''Viridonia''
***''Viridonia sagittirostris''
Rothschild
Rothschild () is a name derived from the German ''zum rothen Schild'' (with the old spelling "th"), meaning "with the red sign", in reference to the houses where these family members lived or had lived. At the time, houses were designated by sign ...
, 1892 –
greater ʻamakihi (
extinct
Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...
, 1901)
** Genus ''
Xestospiza''
James
James is a common English language surname and given name:
*James (name), the typically masculine first name James
* James (surname), various people with the last name James
James or James City may also refer to:
People
* King James (disambiguat ...
& Oslon, 1991 – cone-shaped bills, possibly insectivorous
***''Xestospiza conica''
James & Olson, 1991 –
cone-billed finch (
prehistoric
Prehistory, also known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use of ...
)
***''Xestospiza fastigialis''
James & Olson, 1991 –
ridge-billed finch (
prehistoric
Prehistory, also known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use of ...
)
Hawaiian honeycreepers were formerly classified into three
tribes
The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in part due to conflic ...
–
Hemignathini,
Psittirostrini, and
Drepanidini – but they are not currently classified as such.
See also
*
Hawaiian honeycreeper conservation
*
List of adaptive radiated Hawaiian honeycreepers by form
Cited references
Other references
*Groth, J. G. 1998. Molecular phylogeny of the cardueline finches and Hawaiian honeycreepers. Ostrich, 69: 401.
External links
Hawaiian Honeycreepers (Drepanididae)information, including 4 species with videos and 11 with photographs at th
Internet Bird Collection
{{Taxonbar, from=Q904159
Bird common names
Carduelinae