In
human mitochondrial genetics
Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrial DNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria). The human mitochondrial genome is the entirety of hereditary information contained in human mitochondria. Mitochond ...
, Haplogroup Z is a
human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup
In human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. Haplogroups are used to represent the major branch points on the mitochondrial phylogenetic tree. Understanding the evolu ...
.
Origin
Haplogroup Z is believed to have arisen in Central Asia, and is a descendant of
haplogroup CZ.
Distribution
The greatest clade diversity of haplogroup Z is found in
East Asia
East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The modern states of East Asia include China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. China, North Korea, South Korea and ...
and
Central Asia
Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a subregion, region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes t ...
. However, its greatest frequency appears in some peoples of
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
, such as
Evens
The Evens ( eve, эвэн; pl. , in Even and , in Russian; formerly called ''Lamuts'') are a people in Siberia and the Russian Far East. They live in regions of the Magadan Oblast and Kamchatka Krai and northern parts of Sakha east of the ...
from
Kamchatka
The Kamchatka Peninsula (russian: полуостров Камчатка, Poluostrov Kamchatka, ) is a peninsula in the Russian Far East, with an area of about . The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk make up the peninsula's eastern and wes ...
(8/39 Z1a2a, 3/39 Z1a3, 11/39 = 28.2% Z total) and from
Berezovka, Srednekolymsky District, Sakha Republic
Berezovka (russian: Березовка; sah, Березовка) is a rural locality (a '' selo'') and the administrative center of Berezovsky Rural Okrug in Srednekolymsky District of the Sakha Republic, Russia, located from Srednekolymsk, the ...
(3/15 Z1a3, 1/15 Z1a2a, 4/15 = 26.7% Z total), and among the
Saami
The Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI, pronounced "Sammy") is an association of American manufacturers of firearms, ammunition, and components. SAAMI is an accredited standards developer that publishes several Americ ...
people of northern Scandinavia. With the exception of three Khakasses who belong to Z4,
two Yakut who belong to Z3a1,
two Yakut, a Yakutian Evenk, a Buryat, and an Altai Kizhi who belong to Z3(xZ3a, Z3c),
[Sardana A Fedorova, Maere Reidla, Ene Metspalu, ''et al.'', "Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha (Yakutia): implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia." ''BMC Evolutionary Biology'' 2013, 13:127. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/127] and the presence of the Z3c clade among populations of Altai Republic,
nearly all members of haplogroup Z in North Asia and Europe belong to subclades of Z1. The TMRCA of Z1 is 20,400
34,000">5% CI 7,400 <-> 34,000ybp according to Sukernik ''et al.'' 2012,
20,400
33,800">5% CI 7,800 <-> 33,800ybp according to Fedorova ''et al.'' 2013,
or 19,600
29,300">5% CI 12,500 <-> 29,300ybp according to YFull.
Among the members (Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, and Z7) of haplogroup Z, Nepalese populations were characterized by rare clades Z3a1a and Z7, of which Z3a1a was the most frequent sub-clade in Newar, with a frequency of 16.5%.
Z3, found in East Asia, North Asia, and MSEA, is the oldest member of haplogroup Z with an estimated age of ~ 25.4 Kya.
Haplogroup Z3a1a is also detected in other Nepalese populations, such as Magar (5.4%), Tharu, Kathmandu (mixed population) and Nepali-other (mixed population from Kathmandu and Eastern Nepal).
S6). Z3a1a1 detected in Tibet, Myanmar, Nepal, India, Thai-Laos and Vietnam trace their ancestral roots to China with a coalescent age of ~ 8.4 Kya
Fedorova ''et al.'' 2013 have reported finding Z*(xZ1a, Z3, Z4) in 1/388 Turks and 1/491 Kazakhs. These individuals should belong to Z1* (elsewhere observed in a Tofalar), Z2 (observed in Japanese), Z7 (observed in the Himalaya), Z5 (observed in Japanese), or basal Z* (observed in a
Blang individual in
Northern Thailand
Northern Thailand, or more specifically Lanna, is geographically characterised by several mountain ranges, which continue from the Shan Hills in bordering Myanmar to Laos, and the river valleys which cut through them. Though like most of Thailand ...
).
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup Z subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser ''Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation''
and subsequent published research.
*CZ
**Z
***Z* – Thailand (
Blang in Chiang Rai Province)
[Wibhu Kutanan, Jatupol Kampuansai, Metawee Srikummool, Daoroong Kangwanpong, Silvia Ghirotto, Andrea Brunelli, and Mark Stoneking, "Complete mitochondrial genomes of Thai and Lao populations indicate an ancient origin of Austroasiatic groups and demic diffusion in the spread of Tai–Kadai languages." ''Hum Genet'' 2016 DOI 10.1007/s00439-016-1742-y.]
***Z5 – Japan (Aichi)
***Z-T152C! (TMRCA 24,300
30,300">5% CI 19,300 <-> 30,300ybp
)
****Z-T152C!* – Hong Kong
****Z1 (TMRCA 18,600
29,500">5% CI 10,900 <-> 29,500ybp
)
*****Z1a – Koryak, Buryat, Kalmyk, Khakas, Shor, Altai Kizhi, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uyghur, Turk, Arab (Uzbekistan) (TMRCA 7,600
10,900">5% CI 5,100 <-> 10,900ybp
)
******Z1a1 – Italy, Hungary (ancient Avar), Germany, Sweden, Kazakh, Uyghur, Buryat (TMRCA 5,600
10,900">5% CI 2,500 <-> 10,900ybp
)
*******Z1a1a – Khakas,
Nogai,
Udmurt,
Russia (
Krasnodar Krai
Krasnodar Krai (russian: Краснода́рский край, r=Krasnodarsky kray, p=krəsnɐˈdarskʲɪj kraj) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai), located in the North Caucasus region in Southern Russia and administratively a part of t ...
,
etc.), Abazin,
Cherkessian,
Finland, Norway, Sweden,
Estonia, Ukrainian
********Z1a1a* – Norway (
Vest-Agder
Vest-Agder (; "West Agder") was one of 18 counties (''fylker'') in Norway up until 1 January 2020, when it was merged with Aust-Agder to form Agder county. In 2016, there were 182,701 inhabitants, around 3.5% of the total population of Norway. I ...
,
Aust-Agder
Aust-Agder (, en, "East Agder") was a county (''fylke'') in Norway until 1 January 2020, when it was merged with Vest-Agder to form Agder county. In 2002, there were 102,945 inhabitants, which was 2.2% of Norway's population. Its area was . The ...
),
Finland,
Sami (
Västerbotten
Västerbotten (), known in English as West Bothnia or Westrobothnia, is a province (''landskap'') in the north of Sweden, bordering Ångermanland, Lapland, North Bothnia, and the Gulf of Bothnia. It is known for the cheese named after the provi ...
,
Norrbotten
Norrbotten (), known in English as North Bothnia, is a Swedish province (''landskap'') in northernmost Sweden. It borders south to Västerbotten, west to Swedish Lapland, and east to Finland.
Administration
The traditional provinces of Swede ...
), Komi,
Russia (
Chelyabinsk Oblast
Chelyabinsk Oblast (russian: Челя́бинская о́бласть, ''Chelyabinskaya oblast'') is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia in the Ural Mountains region, on the border of Europe and Asia. Its administrative center is the city ...
),
Ket (lower Yenisey River basin)
********Z1a1a1 – Russia (
Chelyabinsk Oblast
Chelyabinsk Oblast (russian: Челя́бинская о́бласть, ''Chelyabinskaya oblast'') is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia in the Ural Mountains region, on the border of Europe and Asia. Its administrative center is the city ...
)
********Z1a1a2 –
Udmurt
********Z1a1a3 – Russia (
Chelyabinsk Oblast
Chelyabinsk Oblast (russian: Челя́бинская о́бласть, ''Chelyabinskaya oblast'') is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia in the Ural Mountains region, on the border of Europe and Asia. Its administrative center is the city ...
,
Novgorod Oblast
Novgorod Oblast (russian: Новгоро́дская о́бласть, ''Novgorodskaya oblast'') is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Veliky Novgorod. Some of the oldest Russian cities, including ...
[Malyarchuk,B., Litvinov,A., Derenko,M., Skonieczna,K., Grzybowski,T., Grosheva,A., Shneider,Y., Rychkov,S. and Zhukova,O., "Mitogenomic diversity in Russians and Poles." ''Forensic Sci Int Genet'' 30, 51-56 (2017).]), Poland
********Z1a1a4 – Finland (
Eastern Finland Province
Eastern Finland ( fi, Itä-Suomen lääni, sv, Östra Finlands län) was a province of Finland from 1997 to 2009. It bordered the provinces of Oulu, Western Finland and Southern Finland. It also bordered Russia to the east.
History
On Septe ...
), Estonia (
Rapla County
Rapla County ( et, Rapla maakond or ''Raplamaa'') is one of the fifteen counties of Estonia. It is situated in the western part of the country and borders Järva County to the east, Pärnu County to the south, Lääne County to the west, and Har ...
)
*******Z1a1b – Evenk (Sakha Republic),
Dolgan
********Z1a1b* – Nganasan (Taimyr Peninsula),
Yukaghir (lower Indigirka River basin
), Even (
Sakkyryyr,
[Duggan AT, Whitten M, Wiebe V, Crawford M, Butthof A, ''et al.'' (2013), "Investigating the Prehistory of Tungusic Peoples of Siberia and the Amur-Ussuri Region with Complete mtDNA Genome Sequences and Y-chromosomal Markers." ''PLoS ONE'' 8(12): e83570. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083570] Eveno-Bytantaysky National district or Momsky district of Sakha Republic
), Evenk (Iengra River basin,
Nyukzha
The Nyukzha (russian: Нюкжа) is a river in Amur Oblast and Transbaikalia, East Siberia, Russian Federation. It is the second largest tributary of the Olyokma river in terms of length and area of its basin. The Nyukzha is long and has a drai ...
river basin
)
********Z1a1b1
*********Z1a1b1* – Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast)
*********Z1a1b1a – Uyghur
******Z1a2 (TMRCA 5,400
10,400">5% CI 2,400 <-> 10,400ybp
)
*******Z1a2* – Ulchi (lower Amur River basin)
*******Z1a2a – Itelmen,
Koryak
********Z1a2a* – Even (Kamchatka),
Yukaghir (upper Anadyr River basin)
********Z1a2a1
*********Z1a2a1* – Even (Kamchatka,
Berezovka)
*********Z1a2a1a – Even (Kamchatka),
Evenk (village of Nelkan by the Maya River in the Okhotsk Region)
******Z1a3 (TMRCA 3,600
6,500">5% CI 1,850 <-> 6,500ybp
)
*******Z1a3* – Yukaghir (upper Anadyr River basin),
Even (
Tompo District
Tomponsky District (russian: Томпонский улу́с; sah, Томпо улууһа, ''Tompo uluuha'') is an administrativeConstitution of the Sakha Republic and municipalLaw #172-Z #351-III district (raion, or ''ulus''), one of the thirty ...
,
Eveno-Bytantaysky National district or Momsky district of Sakha Republic
), Evenk (Nyukzha River basin
), Yakut (central Yakutia)
*******Z1a3a
********Z1a3a* – Even (Kamchatka)
********Z1a3a1 – Yukaghir
(lower Kolyma River basin
), Even (
Berezovka)
*******Z1a3b – Even (
Berezovka), Yakut
******Z1a4 (TMRCA 5,500
9,000">5% CI 3,200 <-> 9,000ybp
)
*******Z1a4* – Uyghur,
Tubalar,
[Rem I. Sukernik, Natalia V. Volodko, Ilya O. Mazunin, Nikolai P. Eltsov, Stanislav V. Dryomov, and Elena B. Starikovskaya, "Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in the Tubalar, Even, and Ulchi: Contribution to Prehistory of Native Siberians and Their Affinities to Native Americans." ''American Journal of Physical Anthropology'' 148:123–138 (2012). DOI 10.1002/ajpa.22050] Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast)
*******Z1a4a – Uyghur
[YFull MTree 1.01.5396 as of April 4, 2019.]
*****Z1b – Tofalar
[Elena B. Starikovskaya, Rem I. Sukernik, Olga A. Derbeneva, Natalia V. Volodko, Eduardo Ruiz-Pesini, Antonio Torroni, Michael D. Brown, Marie T. Lott, Seyed H. Hosseini, Kirsi Huoponen, and Douglas C. Wallace, "Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Indigenous Populations of the Southern Extent of Siberia, and the Origins of Native American Haplogroups." ''Annals of Human Genetics'' (2005) 69, 67–89. doi: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00127.x]
****Z2 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, ''etc.'') (TMRCA 3,900
8,400">5% CI 1,450 <-> 8,400ybp
)
****Z3 – Japan (Tokyo), South Korea, China, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand (
Lao Isan in
Chaiyaphum Province
Chaiyaphum ( th, ชัยภูมิ, ) is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces (''changwat''), located in central northeastern Thailand , also called Isan. Neighboring provinces are (from north clockwise) Khon Kaen, Nakhon Ratchasima, Lopb ...
), Vietnam, Uyghur, Evenk (Sakha Republic), Buryat, Altai Kizhi, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Tajik, Azerbaijan, North Ossetian, Romania, USA (TMRCA 21,000
25,300">5% CI 17,200 <-> 25,300ybp
)
*****Z3a – China (
Xibo,
Deng Deng may refer to:
* Deng (company), is a Danish engineering, electrical, solar power and sales company in Accra, Ghana
* Deng (state), an ancient Chinese state
* Deng (Chinese surname), originated from the state
** Deng Xiaoping, paramount leader ...
, etc.), Kazakh
(TMRCA 12,900
18,000">5% CI 9,000 <-> 18,000ybp
)
******Z3a1
*******Z3a1a
********Z3a1a - Nepal (Newar, Magar, Tharu, Eastern Nepal, Kathmandu)
********Z3a1a* – Lachungpa,
Lepcha
********Z3a1a1 – China
********Z3a1a2 –
Gallong,
Dirang Monpa,
[Chandrasekar A, Kumar S, Sreenath J, Sarkar BN, Urade BP, ''et al.'' (2009), "Updating Phylogeny of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup M in India: Dispersal of Modern Human in South Asian Corridor. ''PLoS ONE'' 4(10): e7447. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007447] Thailand (
Khon Mueang in
Mae Hong Son Province
Mae Hong Son province ( Burmese: မဲဟောင်ဆောင်; th, แม่ฮ่องสอน, ; Northern Thai: ; Shan: ; formerly called ''Mae Rong Son''), also spelled ''Maehongson'', ''Mae Hong Sorn'' or ''Maehongsorn'', is one of ...
), Vietnam (
Hà Nhì)
*******Z3a1b – Yakut
******Z3a2 – Lachungpa
*******Z3a2a – Lachungpa
******Z3a3 – Thailand (
Palaung in
Chiang Mai Province
Chiang Mai ( th, เชียงใหม่, ; nod, , ) is the largest Province (''changwat'') of Thailand. It lies in upper northern Thailand and has a population of 1.78 million people. It is bordered by Chiang Rai to the northeast, Lam ...
,
Lawa in
Mae Hong Son Province
Mae Hong Son province ( Burmese: မဲဟောင်ဆောင်; th, แม่ฮ่องสอน, ; Northern Thai: ; Shan: ; formerly called ''Mae Rong Son''), also spelled ''Maehongson'', ''Mae Hong Sorn'' or ''Maehongsorn'', is one of ...
)
*****Z3b – Deng, Gallong
(TMRCA 8,400
21,500">5% CI 2,300 <-> 21,500ybp
)
*****Z-G709A – Yakut,
China (Han from Beijing)
******Z3c – Altaian,
Altai Kizhi,
Iran, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan),
[Min-Sheng Peng, Weifang Xu, Jiao-Jiao Song, ''et al.'' (2017), "Mitochondrial genomes uncover the maternal history of the Pamir populations." ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-017-0028-8] Japan (Tokyo), Vietnam
******Z3d – China (Han from Beijing, ''etc.''), Taiwan (Minnan, ''etc.''), Mongol (Inner Mongolia), Korea
*****Z3e – China,
Korea
******Z3e1 - China
*****Z3f – China,
She people
The She people (; Shehua: ; Cantonese: , Fuzhou: ) are an ethnic group in China. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China.
The She are the largest ethnic minority in Fujian, Zhejiang, and Jia ...
(China),
Korea,
Hazara
*****Z3g -
Uyghur (China),
Hazara (Pakistan)
****Z4 – China (Suzhou, ''etc.''), Thailand (
Phuan in
Suphan Buri Province), Philippines, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan,
Kalmyk,
Khakas,
Karanogai
(TMRCA 14,900
22,800">5% CI 9,200 <-> 22,800ybp
)
*****Z4a – China (Han from Hunan and Denver, ''etc.''), Uyghur, Daur, Japan (Tokyo)
******Z4a1 – China (Han from Wuhan)
*******Z4a1a – China (Han from Hunan and Yunnan), Vietnam
********Z4a1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, ''etc.''), South Korea
****Z7 – Dirang Monpa,
Tibet (
Tingri, Shannan
) (TMRCA 1,750
6,200">5% CI 275 <-> 6,200ybp
), Nepal (Newar)
****Z8* – Nepal (Newar)
See also
*
Genealogical DNA test
A genealogical DNA test is a DNA-based test used in genetic genealogy that looks at specific locations of a person's genome in order to find or verify ancestral genealogical relationships, or (with lower reliability) to estimate the ethnic mixt ...
*
Genetic genealogy
Genetic genealogy is the use of genealogical DNA tests, i.e., DNA profiling and DNA testing, in combination with traditional genealogical methods, to infer genetic relationships between individuals. This application of genetics came to be used b ...
*
Human mitochondrial genetics
Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrial DNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria). The human mitochondrial genome is the entirety of hereditary information contained in human mitochondria. Mitochond ...
*
Population genetics
Population genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and between populations, and is a part of evolutionary biology. Studies in this branch of biology examine such phenomena as adaptation, speciation, and pop ...
*
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized by bipedality, bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex Human brain, brain. This has enabled the development of ad ...
{{MtDNA
References
External links
*General
**Ian Logan'
Mitochondrial DNA Site**Mannis van Oven'
Phylotree*Haplogroup Z
from ''
National Geographic
''National Geographic'' (formerly the ''National Geographic Magazine'', sometimes branded as NAT GEO) is a popular American monthly magazine published by National Geographic Partners. Known for its photojournalism, it is one of the most widely ...
''
Z
mtDNA
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA located in mitochondria, cellular organelles within eukaryotic cells that convert chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondrial DNA ...