Haplogroup N is a
human mitochondrial DNA
Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrial DNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria). The human mitochondrial genome is the entirety of hereditary information contained in human mitochondria. Mitochondri ...
(mtDNA) clade. A macrohaplogroup, its descendant lineages are distributed across many continents. Like its sibling
macrohaplogroup M, macrohaplogroup N is a descendant of the
haplogroup L3
Haplogroup L3 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade has played a pivotal role in the early dispersal of anatomically modern humans.
It is strongly associated with the out-of-Africa migration of modern humans of about 70– ...
.
All mtDNA haplogroups found outside of Africa are descendants of either haplogroup N or its sibling haplogroup M. M and N are the signature maternal haplogroups that define the theory of the
recent African origin of modern humans
In paleoanthropology, the recent African origin of modern humans, also called the "Out of Africa" theory (OOA), recent single-origin hypothesis (RSOH), replacement hypothesis, or recent African origin model (RAO), is the dominant model of the ...
and subsequent
early human migrations
Early human migrations are the earliest migrations and expansions of archaic and modern humans across continents. They are believed to have begun approximately 2 million years ago with the early expansions out of Africa by '' Homo erect ...
around the world. The global distribution of haplogroups N and M indicates that there was likely at least one major prehistoric migration of humans out of Africa, with both N and M later evolving outside the continent.
[
]
Origins
There is widespread agreement in the scientific community concerning the African ancestry of haplogroup L3 (haplogroup N's parent clade). However, whether or not the mutations which define haplogroup N itself first occurred within Asia or Africa has been a subject for ongoing discussion and study.[
]The out of Africa hypothesis has gained generalized consensus. However, many specific questions remain unsettled. To know whether the two M and N macrohaplogroups that colonized Eurasia were already present in Africa before the exit is puzzling.
Torroni et al. 2006 state that Haplogroups M, N and R occurred somewhere between East Africa and the Persian Gulf.
Also related to the origins of haplogroup N is whether ancestral haplogroups M, N and R were part of the same migration out of Africa, or whether Haplogroup N left Africa via the Northern route through the Levant, and M left Africa via Horn of Africa. This theory was suggested because haplogroup N is by far the predominant haplogroup in Western Eurasia, and haplogroup M is absent in Western Eurasia, but is predominant in India and is common in regions East of India. However, the mitochondrial DNA variation in isolated "relict" populations in southeast Asia and among Indigenous Australians supports the view that there was only a single dispersal from Africa. Southeast Asian populations and Indigenous Australians all possess deep rooted clades of both haplogroups M and N. The distribution of the earliest branches within haplogroups M, N, and R across Eurasia and Oceania therefore supports a three-founder-mtDNA scenario and a single migration route out of Africa. These findings also highlight the importance of Indian subcontinent in the early genetic history of human settlement and expansion.
Asian origin hypothesis
The hypothesis of Asia as the place of origin of haplogroup N is supported by the following:
# Haplogroup N is found in all parts of the world but has low frequencies in Sub-Saharan Africa. According to a number of studies, the presence of Haplogroup N in Africa is most likely the result of back migration from Eurasia.
# The oldest clades of macrohaplogroup N are found in Asia and Australia.
# It would be paradoxical that haplogroup N had traveled all the distance to Australia or New World yet failed to affect other populations within Africa besides North Africans and Horn Africans.
# The mitochondrial DNA variation in isolated "relict" populations in southeast Asia supports the view that there was only a single dispersal from Africa.[ The distribution of the earliest branches within haplogroups M, N, and R across Eurasia and Oceania provides additional evidence for a three-founder-mtDNA scenario and a single migration route out of Africa.] These findings also highlight the importance of Indian subcontinent in the early genetic history of human settlement and expansion. Therefore, N's history is similar to M and R which have their most probable origin in South Asia.
A study (Vai et al. 2019), finds a basal branch of maternal haplogroup N in early Neolithic North African remains from the Libyan site of Takarkori. The authors propose that N most likely split from L3 in the Arabian peninsula and later migrated back to North Africa, with its sister haplogroup M also likely splitting from L3 in the Middle East, but also suggest that N may have possibly diverged in North Africa, and state that more information is necessary to be certain.[
]
African origin hypothesis
According to Toomas Kivisild
Toomas Kivisild (born 11 August 1969, in Tapa, Estonia) is an Estonian population geneticist. He graduated as a biologist and received his PhD in Genetics, from University of Tartu, Estonia, in 2000. Since then he has worked as a postdoctoral res ...
"the lack of L3 lineages other than M and N in India and among non-African mitochondria in general suggests that the earliest migration(s) of modern humans already carried these two mtDNA ancestors, via a departure route over the Horn of Africa.[
In 2019, a study by Vai et al. presented evidence of a basal branch of haplogroup N from the Neolithic Sahara. They suggest that N either diverged from haplogroup L3 in the Near East (possibly in the Arabian peninsula, following the exit of L3 from Africa), then back-migrated to North Africa, or that it instead may have originated in North Africa (having diverged from L3 there).][
]
Distribution
Haplogroup N is derived from the ancestral L3 macrohaplogroup, which represents the migration discussed in the theory of the recent African origin of modern humans. Haplogroup N is the ancestral haplogroup to almost all clades today distributed in Europe and Oceania, as well as many found in Asia and the Americas. It is believed to have arisen at a similar time to haplogroup M. Haplogroup N subclades like haplogroup U6
Haplogroup U is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup (mtDNA). The clade arose from haplogroup R, likely during the early Upper Paleolithic. Its various subclades (labelled U1–U9, diverging over the course of the Upper Paleolithic) are found ...
are also found at high to low frequencies in northwest and northeast Africa due to a back migration from Europe or Asia during the Paleolithic ca. 46,000 ybp, the estimated age of the basal U6* clade. Other haplogroups common in Western Eurasia, such as R0, J, and T, are also common in North Africa and parts of East Africa.
The haplogroup N descendant lineage U6 has been found among Iberomaurusian
The Iberomaurusian is a backed bladelet lithic industry found near the coasts of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. It is also known from a single major site in Libya, the Haua Fteah, where the industry is locally known as the Eastern Oranian.The ...
specimens at the Taforalt
Taforalt or Grotte des Pigeons is a cave in the province of Berkane, Aït Iznasen region, Morocco, possibly the oldest cemetery in North Africa (Humphrey ''et al.'' 2012). It contained at least 34 Iberomaurusian adolescent and adult human skele ...
site, which date from the Epipaleolithic. In Sub-Saharan Africa, several ancient samples of N have been found, the oldest so far being K1a dating back to about 2000 BC in Kenya. Additionally, haplogroup N predominated among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic Ptolemaic is the adjective formed from the name Ptolemy, and may refer to:
Pertaining to the Ptolemaic dynasty
* Ptolemaic dynasty, the Macedonian Greek dynasty that ruled Egypt founded in 305 BC by Ptolemy I Soter
* Ptolemaic Kingdom
Pertaining ...
/late New Kingdom, Ptolemaic, and Roman
Roman or Romans most often refers to:
*Rome, the capital city of Italy
*Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD
*Roman people, the people of ancient Rome
*'' Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a lette ...
periods.
Subgroups distribution
Haplogroup N's derived clades include the macro-haplogroup R and its descendants, and haplogroups A, I, S, W, X, and Y.
Rare unclassified haplogroup N* has been found among fossils belonging to the Cardial and Epicardial culture (Cardium pottery
Cardium pottery or Cardial ware is a Neolithic decorative style that gets its name from the imprinting of the clay with the heart-shaped shell of the '' Corculum cardissa '', a member of the cockle family Cardiidae. These forms of pottery a ...
) and the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) is part of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, a Neolithic culture centered in upper Mesopotamia and the Levant, dating to years ago, that is, 8800–6500 BC. It was typed by British archaeologist Kathleen Kenyon durin ...
. A rare unclassified form of N has been also been reported in modern Algeria
)
, image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg
, map_caption =
, image_map2 =
, capital = Algiers
, coordinates =
, largest_city = capital
, relig ...
.
* Haplogroup N1'5
** Haplogroup N1 – found in Africa .
*** Haplogroup N1b – found in Middle East
The Middle East ( ar, الشرق الأوسط, ISO 233: ) is a geopolitical region commonly encompassing Arabia (including the Arabian Peninsula and Bahrain), Asia Minor (Asian part of Turkey except Hatay Province), East Thrace (Europ ...
, Egypt ( Gurna), Caucasus and Europe.
*** N1a'c'd'e'I
**** Haplogroup N1c – Northern Saudi Arabia, Turkey
**** N1a'd'e'I
***** Haplogroup N1d – India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
***** N1a'e'I
****** Haplogroup N1a – Arabian Peninsula and Northeast Africa. Found also in Central Asia and Southern Siberia. This branch is well attested in ancient people from various cultures of Neolithic Europe
The European Neolithic is the period when Neolithic (New Stone Age) technology was present in Europe, roughly between 7000 BCE (the approximate time of the first farming societies in Greece) and c.2000–1700 BCE (the beginning of the Bronze Ag ...
, from Hungary to Spain, and among the earliest farmers of Anatolia
Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The ...
.
****** N1e'I
******* Haplogroup N1e – found in Balochs
The Baloch or Baluch ( bal, بلۏچ, Balòc) are an Iranian people who live mainly in the Balochistan region, located at the southeasternmost edge of the Iranian plateau, encompassing the countries of Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan. There ar ...
, Burushos, and Buryats
******* Haplogroup I – West Eurasia and South Asia.
** Haplogroup N5 – found in India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
.
* Haplogroup N2
** Haplogroup N2a – small clade found in West Europe.
** Haplogroup W – found in Western Eurasia and South Asia
* Haplogroup N3 – all subgroups have so far only been found in Belarus
*** Haplogroup N3a
*** Haplogroup N3a1
** Haplogroup N3b
* Haplogroup N7 – all subgroups have so far only been found in Cambodia
** Haplogroup N7a
*** Haplogroup N7a1
*** Haplogroup N7a2
** Haplogroup N7b
* Haplogroup N8 – found in China.[Kong, Qing-Peng et al. 2011]
Large-Scale mtDNA Screening Reveals a Surprising Matrilineal Complexity in East Asia and Its Implications to the Peopling of the Region.
/ref>
* Haplogroup N9 – found in Far East
The ''Far East'' was a European term to refer to the geographical regions that includes East and Southeast Asia as well as the Russian Far East to a lesser extent. South Asia is sometimes also included for economic and cultural reasons.
The ter ...
. .html" ;"title="MRCA 45,709.7 ± 7,931.5 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 45,709.7 ± 7,931.5 ybp; CI=95%** Haplogroup N9a .html" ;"title="MRCA 17,520.4 ± 4,389.8 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 17,520.4 ± 4,389.8 ybp; CI=95%*** Haplogroup N9a12 – Khon Mueang ( Pai District)
*** Haplogroup N9a-C16261T
**** Haplogroup N9a-C16261T* – Vietnam (Kinh
The Vietnamese people ( vi, người Việt, lit=Viet people) or Kinh people ( vi, người Kinh) are a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to modern-day Northern Vietnam and Southern China (Jing Islands, Dongxing, Guangxi). The native lang ...
)
**** Haplogroup N9a-A4129G-A4913G-T12354C-A12612G-C12636T-T16311C!!! – Tashkurgan (Kyrgyz)
**** Haplogroup N9a1'3 Behar_et_al.,_2012b.html" ;"title="MRCA 15,007.4 ± 6,060.1 ybp; CI=95%[Behar et al., 2012b]">MRCA 15,007.4 ± 6,060.1 ybp; CI=95%[Behar et al., 2012b]***** Haplogroup N9a1 – Chinese (Hakka in Taiwan, ''etc.''), She
She most commonly refers to:
*She (pronoun), the third person singular, feminine, nominative case pronoun in modern English.
She or S.H.E. may also refer to:
Literature and films
*'' She: A History of Adventure'', an 1887 novel by H. Rider Hagga ...
, Tu, Uyghur, Tuvan, Mongolia, Khamnigan, Korea,[Hwan Young Lee, Ji-Eun Yoo, Myung Jin Park, Ukhee Chung, Chong-Youl Kim, and Kyoung-Jin Shin, "East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: Haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis." ''Electrophoresis'' (2006). DOI 10.1002/elps.200600151.] Japan [TMRCA 9,200 (95% CI 7,100 <-> 11,600) ybp[YFull Haplogroup YTree](_blank)
v6.05.11 at 25 September 2018.]
****** Haplogroup N9a1a – Chinese (Sichuan, Zhanjiang, ''etc.'') [TMRCA 7,300 (95% CI 3,800 <-> 12,800) ybp]
****** Haplogroup N9a1b – Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
****** Haplogroup N9a1c – Vietnam (Tay people
Tay may refer to:
People and languages
* Tay (name), including lists of people with the given name, surname and nickname
* Tay people, an ethnic group of Vietnam
** Tày language
*Atayal language, an Austronesian language spoken in Taiwan (ISO 63 ...
), Thailand ( Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province
Chiang Mai ( th, เชียงใหม่, ; nod, , ) is the largest Province (''changwat'') of Thailand. It lies in upper northern Thailand and has a population of 1.78 million people. It is bordered by Chiang Rai to the northeast, Lam ...
, Lao Isan from Loei Province)
***** Haplogroup N9a3 – China .html" ;"title="MRCA 11,500 (95% CI 7,500 <-> 16,800) ybp">MRCA 11,500 (95% CI 7,500 <-> 16,800) ybp****** Haplogroup N9a3a – Japan, Korean (Seoul), Taiwan (incl. Paiwan), Thailand ( Mon from Lopburi Province and Kanchanaburi Province), China, Uyghur, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Kazakhstan, Buryat, Russia (Belgorod, Chechen Republic, ''etc.''), Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, Lithuania, Poland, Czech (West Bohemia), Hungary, Austria, Germany .html" ;"title="MRCA 8,280.9 ± 5,124.4 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 8,280.9 ± 5,124.4 ybp; CI=95%**** Haplogroup N9a2'4'5'11 .html" ;"title="MRCA 15,305.4 ± 4,022.6 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 15,305.4 ± 4,022.6 ybp; CI=95%***** Haplogroup N9a2 – Japan, Korea, China (Barghut in Hulunbuir, Uyghur, ''etc.'') .html" ;"title="MRCA 10,700 (95% CI 8,200 <-> 13,800) ybp">MRCA 10,700 (95% CI 8,200 <-> 13,800) ybp****** Haplogroup N9a2a – Japan, Korea, Uyghur .html" ;"title="MRCA 8,100 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 10,000) ybp">MRCA 8,100 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 10,000) ybp******* Haplogroup N9a2a1 – Japan .html" ;"title="MRCA 4,200 (95% CI 1,850 <-> 8,400) ybp">MRCA 4,200 (95% CI 1,850 <-> 8,400) ybp******* Haplogroup N9a2a2 – Japan, Korea, Volga-Ural region (Tatar) .html" ;"title="MRCA 5,700 (95% CI 3,500 <-> 8,900) ybp">MRCA 5,700 (95% CI 3,500 <-> 8,900) ybp******* Haplogroup N9a2a3 – Japan, Hulun-Buir region (Barghut) .html" ;"title="MRCA 4,700 (95% CI 2,400 <-> 8,400) ybp">MRCA 4,700 (95% CI 2,400 <-> 8,400) ybp******* Haplogroup N9a2a4 – Japan .html" ;"title="MRCA 2,800 (95% CI 600 <-> 7,900) ybp">MRCA 2,800 (95% CI 600 <-> 7,900) ybp****** Haplogroup N9a2b – China
****** Haplogroup N9a2c .html" ;"title="MRCA 7,200 (95% CI 3,600 <-> 12,700) ybp">MRCA 7,200 (95% CI 3,600 <-> 12,700) ybp******* Haplogroup N9a2c* – Japan
******* Haplogroup N9a2c1 – Japan, Korea, Uyghur .html" ;"title="MRCA 2,600 (95% CI 1,250 <-> 4,900) ybp">MRCA 2,600 (95% CI 1,250 <-> 4,900) ybp****** Haplogroup N9a2d – Japan, Korea .html" ;"title="MRCA 5,200 (95% CI 1,800 <-> 12,000) ybp">MRCA 5,200 (95% CI 1,800 <-> 12,000) ybp****** Haplogroup N9a2e – China
***** Haplogroup N9a4 – Malaysia .html" ;"title="MRCA 7,900 (95% CI 3,900 <-> 14,300) ybp">MRCA 7,900 (95% CI 3,900 <-> 14,300) ybp****** Haplogroup N9a4a – Japan .html" ;"title="MRCA 4,400 (95% CI 1,500 <-> 10,200) ybp">MRCA 4,400 (95% CI 1,500 <-> 10,200) ybp****** Haplogroup N9a4b .html" ;"title="MRCA 5,700 (95% CI 2,400 <-> 11,400) ybp">MRCA 5,700 (95% CI 2,400 <-> 11,400) ybp******* Haplogroup N9a4b* – Japan
******* Haplogroup N9a4b1 – China (Minnan in Taiwan, ''etc.'')
******* Haplogroup N9a4b2 – China
***** Haplogroup N9a5 .html" ;"title="MRCA 8,700 (95% CI 4,700 <-> 15,000) ybp">MRCA 8,700 (95% CI 4,700 <-> 15,000) ybp****** Haplogroup N9a5* – Korea
****** Haplogroup N9a5a – Japan
****** Haplogroup N9a5b – Japan .html" ;"title="MRCA 5,300 (95% CI 1,150 <-> 15,300) ybp">MRCA 5,300 (95% CI 1,150 <-> 15,300) ybp***** Haplogroup N9a11 – Taiwan (Hakka, Minnan), Laos ( Lao from Luang Prabang)
**** Haplogroup N9a6 – Thailand ( Phuan from Lopburi Province, Khon Mueang from Lamphun Province, Phutai from Sakon Nakhon Province, Lawa from Mae Hong Son Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province), Vietnam, Sumatra .html" ;"title="MRCA 11,972.5 ± 5,491.7 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 11,972.5 ± 5,491.7 ybp; CI=95%***** Haplogroup N9a6a – Cambodia (Khmer), Malaysia (Bidayuh, Jehai, Temuan, Kensiu), Sumatra, Sundanese
***** Haplogroup N9a6b – Malaysia (Seletar)
**** Haplogroup N9a7 – Japan
**** Haplogroup N9a8 – Japan, China, Buryat
**** Haplogroup N9a9 – Chelkans ( Biyka, Turochak
Turochak (russian: Туроча́к, alt, Турачак, ''Turaçak'') is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Turochaksky District of the Altai Republic, Russia. Population:
Climate
Turochak has a humid continental clim ...
), Tubalar (North-East Altai), Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan), China, Ukraine (Vinnytsia Oblast
Vinnytsia Oblast ( uk, Ві́нницька о́бласть, translit=Vinnytska oblast; ; also referred to as Vinnychchyna — uk, Ві́нниччина) is an oblast of western and southwestern Ukraine. Its administrative center is Vinnytsia. ...
), Romania (10th century AD Dobruja)
**** Haplogroup N9a10 – Thailand ( Khon Mueang from Mae Hong Son Province, Chiang Mai Province, Lamphun Province, and Lampang Province, Shan from Mae Hong Son Province, Lao Isan from Loei Province, Black Tai from Kanchanaburi Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province and Phichit Province, Mon from Kanchanaburi Province), Laos ( Lao from Luang Prabang, Hmong
Hmong may refer to:
* Hmong people, an ethnic group living mainly in Southwest China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand
* Hmong cuisine
* Hmong customs and culture
** Hmong music
** Hmong textile art
* Hmong language, a continuum of closely related to ...
), Vietnam (Tay Nung), China (incl. Han in Chongqing)
***** Haplogroup N9a10a – China, Taiwan (Ami)
****** Haplogroup N9a10a1 – Chinese (Suzhou)
****** Haplogroup N9a10a2 – Philippines (Ivatan), Taiwan (Ami)
******* Haplogroup N9a10a2a – Taiwan (Atayal, Tsou)
***** Haplogroup N9a10b – China
** Haplogroup N9b – Japan, Udegey, Nanai, Korea .html" ;"title="MRCA 14,885.6 ± 4,092.5 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 14,885.6 ± 4,092.5 ybp; CI=95%*** Haplogroup N9b1 – Japan .html" ;"title="MRCA 11,859.3 ± 3,760.2 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 11,859.3 ± 3,760.2 ybp; CI=95%**** Haplogroup N9b1a – Japan .html" ;"title="MRCA 10,645.2 ± 3,690.3 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 10,645.2 ± 3,690.3 ybp; CI=95%**** Haplogroup N9b1b – Japan .html" ;"title="MRCA 2,746.5 ± 2,947.0 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 2,746.5 ± 2,947.0 ybp; CI=95%**** Haplogroup N9b1c – Japan .html" ;"title="MRCA 6,987.8 ± 4,967.0 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 6,987.8 ± 4,967.0 ybp; CI=95%***** Haplogroup N9b1c1 – Japan
*** Haplogroup N9b2 – Japan .html" ;"title="MRCA 13,369.7 ± 4,110.0 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 13,369.7 ± 4,110.0 ybp; CI=95%**** Haplogroup N9b2a – Japan
*** Haplogroup N9b3 – Japan .html" ;"title="MRCA 7,629.8 ± 6,007.6 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 7,629.8 ± 6,007.6 ybp; CI=95%*** Haplogroup N9b4 – Japan, Ulchi
** Haplogroup Y – found especially among Nivkhs
The Nivkh, or Gilyak (also Nivkhs or Nivkhi, or Gilyaks; ethnonym: Нивхгу, ''Nʼivxgu'' (Amur) or Ниғвңгун, ''Nʼiɣvŋgun'' (E. Sakhalin) "the people"), are an indigenous ethnic group inhabiting the northern half of Sakhalin Islan ...
, Ulchs
The Ulch people, also known as Ulch or Ulchi, (russian: ульчи, obsolete ольчи; Ulch: , nani) are an indigenous people of the Russian Far East, who speak a Tungusic language known as Ulch. Over 90% of Ulchis live in Ulchsky District ...
, Nanais
The Nanai people are a Tungusic people of East Asia who have traditionally lived along Heilongjiang (Amur), Songhuajiang (Sunggari) and Wusuli River on the Middle Amur Basin. The ancestors of the Nanai were the Jurchens of northernmost Manch ...
, Negidals
Negidals (; Negidal: ''элькан бэйэнин'', ''elkan bayenin'', "local people") are a people in the Khabarovsk Krai in Russia, who live along the Amgun River and Amur River.
The ethnonym "Negidal" is a Russification of the Ewenki ter ...
, Ainus, and the population of Nias Island
Nias ( id, Pulau Nias, Nias language: ''Tanö Niha'') (sometimes called Little Sumatra in English) is an island located off the western coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. Nias is also the name of the archipelago () of which the island is the centre, ...
, with a moderate frequency among other Tungusic peoples
Tungusic peoples are an ethno-linguistic group formed by the speakers of Tungusic languages (or Manchu–Tungus languages). They are native to Siberia and Northeast Asia.
The Tungusic phylum is divided into two main branches, northern (Evenic or ...
, Koreans
Koreans ( South Korean: , , North Korean: , ; see names of Korea) are an East Asian ethnic group native to the Korean Peninsula.
Koreans mainly live in the two Korean nation states: North Korea and South Korea (collectively and simply re ...
, Mongols
The Mongols ( mn, Монголчууд, , , ; ; russian: Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal membe ...
, Koryaks
Koryaks () are an indigenous people of the Russian Far East, who live immediately north of the Kamchatka Peninsula in Kamchatka Krai and inhabit the coastlands of the Bering Sea. The cultural borders of the Koryaks include Tigilsk in the south ...
, Itelmens
The Itelmens (Itelmen: Итәнмән, russian: Ительмены) are an indigenous ethnic group of the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia. The Itelmen language is distantly related to Chukchi and Koryak, forming the Chukotko-Kamchatkan language ...
, Chinese
Chinese can refer to:
* Something related to China
* Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity
**''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation
** List of ethnic groups in China, people of ...
, Japanese
Japanese may refer to:
* Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia
* Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan
* Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture
** Japanese diaspor ...
, Tajiks
Tajiks ( fa, تاجيک، تاجک, ''Tājīk, Tājek''; tg, Тоҷик) are a Persian-speaking Iranian ethnic group native to Central Asia, living primarily in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Tajiks are the largest ethnicity in Taj ...
, Island Southeast Asians (including Taiwanese aborigines
Taiwanese may refer to:
* Taiwanese language, another name for Taiwanese Hokkien
* Something from or related to Taiwan ( Formosa)
* Taiwanese aborigines, the indigenous people of Taiwan
* Han Taiwanese, the Han people of Taiwan
* Taiwanese people, ...
), and some Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West, Central, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages.. "Turkic peoples, any of various peoples whose members speak languages belonging t ...
.html" ;"title="MRCA 24,576.4 ± 7,083.2 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 24,576.4 ± 7,083.2 ybp; CI=95%*** Haplogroup Y1 – Korea, Taiwan ( Minnan), Thailand (Iu Mien
The Iu Mien language ( ium, Iu Mienh, ; zh, 勉語 or ; th, ภาษาอิวเมี่ยน) is the language spoken by the Iu Mien people in China (where they are considered a constituent group of the Yao peoples), Laos, Vietnam, Th ...
from Phayao Province[Wibhu Kutanan, Rasmi Shoocongdej, Metawee Srikummool, ''et al.'' (2020), "Cultural variation impacts paternal and maternal genetic lineages of the Hmong-Mien and Sino-Tibetan groups from Thailand." ''European Journal of Human Genetics''. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-020-0693-x]), Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic .html" ;"title="MRCA 14,689.5 ± 5,264.3 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 14,689.5 ± 5,264.3 ybp; CI=95%**** Haplogroup Y1a – Nivkh, Ulchi, Hezhen, Udegey, Even, Zabaikal Buryat, Mongolian, Daur, Korea, Han, Tibet, Ukraine[Y-DNA D Haplogroup Project](_blank)
at Family Tree DNA .html" ;"title="MRCA 7,467.5 ± 5,526.7 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 7,467.5 ± 5,526.7 ybp; CI=95%***** Haplogroup Y1a1 – Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Yakut, Buryat, Hezhen, Udegey, Evenk ( Taimyr), Ket, Slovakia, Romania, Hungary, Turkey
***** Haplogroup Y1a2 – Koryak, Even (Kamchatka)
**** Haplogroup Y1b – Volga Tatar .html" ;"title="MRCA 9,222.8 ± 4,967.0 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 9,222.8 ± 4,967.0 ybp; CI=95%***** Haplogroup Y1b1 – Chinese (Han
Han may refer to:
Ethnic groups
* Han Chinese, or Han People (): the name for the largest ethnic group in China, which also constitutes the world's largest ethnic group.
** Han Taiwanese (): the name for the ethnic group of the Taiwanese p ...
from Lanzhou,[Hongbin Yao, Mengge Wang, Xing Zou, ''et al.'', "New insights into the fine-scale history of western-eastern admixture of the northwestern Chinese population in the Hexi Corridor via genome-wide genetic legacy." ''Mol Genet Genomics'' 2021 Mar 1. doi: 10.1007/s00438-021-01767-0.] ''etc.''), Japanese, Korea, Russia
**** Haplogroup Y1c - Korea (especially Jeju Island), Khamnigan
The Khamnigan, Hamnigan Mongols, or the Tungus Evenki, are a Tungusic- Mongolic ethnic (sub)group of Mongolized Evenks.
Khamnigan is the Buriat- Mongolian term for all Ewenkis. In the early 16th century, the Evenks of Transbaikalia or Khamnigan ...
, Uyghur, Canada
*** Haplogroup Y2 – Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Khamnigan, South Africa (Cape Coloured
Cape Coloureds () are a South African ethnic group consisted primarily of persons of mixed race and Khoisan descent. Although Coloureds form a minority group within South Africa, they are the predominant population group in the Western Cape ...
) .html" ;"title="MRCA 7,279.3 ± 2,894.5 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 7,279.3 ± 2,894.5 ybp; CI=95%**** Haplogroup Y2a – Taiwan (Atayal, Saisiyat, Tsou), Philippines (Maranao), Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Hawaii, USA (Hispanic), Spain, Ireland .html" ;"title="MRCA 4,929.5 ± 2,789.6 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 4,929.5 ± 2,789.6 ybp; CI=95%***** Haplogroup Y2a1 - Philippines (Bugkalot
The Bugkalot (also Ilongot or Ibilao) are a tribe inhabiting the southern Sierra Madre and Caraballo Mountains, on the east side of Luzon in the Philippines, primarily in the provinces of Nueva Vizcaya and Nueva Ecija and along the mountain bor ...
, Ivatan, Surigaonon, Manobo
The Lumad are a group of Austronesian indigenous people in the southern Philippines. It is a Cebuano term meaning "native" or "indigenous". The term is short for Katawhang Lumad (Literally: "indigenous people"), the autonym officially adopte ...
, Mamanwa
The Lumad are a group of Austronesian indigenous people in the southern Philippines. It is a Cebuano term meaning "native" or "indigenous". The term is short for Katawhang Lumad (Literally: "indigenous people"), the autonym officially adopte ...
, ''etc.''), Malaysia (Sabah
Sabah () is a state of Malaysia located in northern Borneo, in the region of East Malaysia. Sabah borders the Malaysian state of Sarawak to the southwest and the North Kalimantan province of Indonesia to the south. The Federal Territory o ...
, Acheh Malay from Kedah
Kedah (), also known by its honorific Darul Aman and historically as Queda, is a state of Malaysia, located in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The state covers a total area of over 9,000 km2, and it consists of the mainland ...
, Banjar from Perak), Indonesia ( from Sumatra
Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...
, Medan
Medan (; English: ) is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of North Sumatra, as well as a regional hub and financial centre of Sumatra. According to the National Development Planning Agency, Medan is one of the four mai ...
, Bangka, Mandar from Sulawesi, ''etc.'')
****** Haplogroup Y2a1a - Philippines ( Kankanaey, Ifugao
Ifugao, officially the Province of Ifugao ( ilo, Probinsia ti Ifugao; tl, Lalawigan ng Ifugao), is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is Lagawe and it borders Benguet to the ...
), USA (Hispanic)
**** Haplogroup Y2b – Japan, South Korea, Buryat .html" ;"title="MRCA 1,741.8 ± 3,454.2 ybp; CI=95%">MRCA 1,741.8 ± 3,454.2 ybp; CI=95%* Haplogroup N10 – found in China (Han from Shanghai, Jiangsu, Fujian, Guangdong, and Yunnan, Hani and Yi from Yunnan, She from Guizhou, Uzbek from Xinjiang) and Southeast Asia (Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia).
* Haplogroup N11 – found in China (Han from Yunnan, Sichuan, and Hubei, Tibetan from Xizang, Dongxiang from Gansu, Oroqen from Inner Mongolia) and the Philippines.
* Haplogroup O or N12- found among Indigenous Australians
Indigenous Australians or Australian First Nations are people with familial heritage from, and membership in, the ethnic groups that lived in Australia before British colonisation. They consist of two distinct groups: the Aboriginal peoples ...
and the Floresians of Indonesia.
* Haplogroup N13 – Aboriginal Australians
* Haplogroup N14 – Aboriginal Australians
* Haplogroup N21 – In ethnic Malays
Malays ( ms, Orang Melayu, Jawi: أورڠ ملايو) are an Austronesian ethnic group native to eastern Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and coastal Borneo, as well as the smaller islands that lie between these locations — areas that are col ...
from Malaysia and Indonesia.
* Haplogroup N22 – Southeast Asia, Bangladesh, India, Japan
* Haplogroup A – found in Central and East Asia, as well as among Native Americans.
* Haplogroup S – extended among Aboriginal Australians.
* Haplogroup X – found most often in Western Eurasia, but also present in the Americas.
** Haplogroup X1 – found primarily in North Africa as well as in some populations of the Levant, notably among the Druze
** Haplogroup X2 – found in Western Eurasia, Siberia and among Native Americans
* Haplogroup R Haplogroup R may refer to:
* Haplogroup R (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup
* Haplogroup R (Y-DNA), a human Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) haplogroup
{{Disambig ...
– a very extended and diversified macro-haplogroup.
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup N subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser ''Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation'' and subsequent published research.
* N
** N1'5
*** N1
**** N1a'c'd'e'I
***** N1a'd'e'I
****** N1a'e'I
******* N1a
******** N1a1
********* N1a1a
******* N1e'I
******** I
******** N1e
****** N1d
***** N1c
**** N1b
***** N1b1
****** N1b1a
****** N1b1b
****** N1b1c
******* N1b1d
***** N1b2
*** N5
** N2
*** N2a
*** W
** N3
***N3a
****N3a1
***N3b
** N7
***N7a
****N7a1
****N7a2
***N7b
** N8
** N9
*** N9a
**** N9a1'3
***** N9a1
***** N9a3
**** N9a2'4'5
***** N9a2
****** N9a2a'b
******* N9a2a
******* N9a2b
****** N9a2c
****** N9a2d
***** N9a4
***** N9a5
**** N9a6
***** N9a6a
*** N9b
**** N9b1
***** N9b1a
***** N9b1b
***** N9b1c
****** N9b1c1
**** N9b2
**** N9b3
*** Y
** N10
*** N10a
*** N10b
** N11
*** N11a
**** N11a1
**** N11a2
*** N11b
** N13
** N14
** N21
** N22
** A
** O
*** O1
** S
** X
** R
See also
References
External links
* Haplogroup N
** Mannis van Oven'
– mtDNA subtree N
*
from '' National Geographic''
** {{cite journal , doi=10.1073/pnas.0702928104 , title=Revealing the prehistoric settlement of Australia by Y chromosome and mtDNA analysis , year=2007 , last1=Hudjashov , first1=G. , last2=Kivisild , first2=T. , last3=Underhill , first3=P. A. , last4=Endicott , first4=P. , last5=Sanchez , first5=J. J. , last6=Lin , first6=A. A. , last7=Shen , first7=P. , last8=Oefner , first8=P. , last9=Renfrew , first9=C. , last10=Villems , first10=R. , last11=Forster , first11=P. , journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , volume=104 , pages=8726–30 , pmid=17496137 , issue=21 , pmc=1885570, bibcode=2007PNAS..104.8726H , doi-access=free
** Katherine Borges
The Haplogroup N mtDNA Study
at Family Tree DNA
FamilyTreeDNA is a division of Gene by Gene, a commercial genetic testing company based in Houston, Texas. FamilyTreeDNA offers analysis of autosomal DNA, Y-DNA, and mitochondrial DNA to individuals for genealogical purpose. With a database of ...
* General
** Ian Logan'
Mitochondrial DNA Site
N