In
human mitochondrial genetics
Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrial DNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria). The human mitochondrial genome is the entirety of hereditary information contained in human mitochondria. Mitochond ...
, haplogroup B is a
human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup
In human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. Haplogroups are used to represent the major branch points on the mitochondrial phylogenetic tree. Understanding the evolu ...
.
Origin
Haplogroup B is believed to have arisen in Asia some 50,000 years before present. Its ancestral haplogroup was
haplogroup R Haplogroup R may refer to:
* Haplogroup R (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup
* Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup R, or R-M207, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is both numerous and widespread amongst modern populations.
S ...
.
The greatest variety of haplogroup B is in China. It is therefore likely that it underwent its earliest diversification in mainland
East
East or Orient is one of the four cardinal directions or points of the compass. It is the opposite direction from west and is the direction from which the Sun rises on the Earth.
Etymology
As in other languages, the word is formed from the fa ...
or
South East Asia
Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical south-eastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of mainland ...
.
[Yong-Gang Yao et al. 2001]
Phylogeographic Differentiation of Mitochondrial DNA in Han Chinese
Am J Hum Genet. 2002 March; 70(3): 635–651
Distribution
Basal B was found in Upper Paleolithic
Tianyuan man
Tianyuan man ( zh, t=田園洞人, s=田园洞人, p=Tiányuándòng Rén) are the remains of one of the earliest modern humans to inhabit East Asia. In 2007, researchers found 34 bone fragments belonging to a single individual at the Tianyuan Ca ...
.
Haplogroup B is now most common among populations native to Southeast Asia,
Haplogroup B.
/ref> as well as speakers of Sino-Tibetan languages
Sino-Tibetan, also cited as Trans-Himalayan in a few sources, is a family of more than 400 languages, second only to Indo-European in number of native speakers. The vast majority of these are the 1.3 billion native speakers of Chinese languages. ...
and Austronesian languages.
A subclade of B4b (which is sometimes labeled B2) is one of five haplogroups found among the indigenous peoples of the Americas
The Indigenous peoples of the Americas are the inhabitants of the Americas before the arrival of the European settlers in the 15th century, and the ethnic groups who now identify themselves with those peoples.
Many Indigenous peoples of the A ...
, the others being A, C, D, and X.
Because the migration to the Americas by the ancestors of indigenous Americans is generally believed to have been from northeastern Siberia
Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
via Beringia
Beringia is defined today as the land and maritime area bounded on the west by the Lena River in Russia; on the east by the Mackenzie River in Canada; on the north by 72 degrees north latitude in the Chukchi Sea; and on the south by the tip ...
, it is surprising that Haplogroup B and Haplogroup X have not been found in Paleo-Siberian
Paleosiberian (or Paleo-Siberian) languages or Paleoasian (Paleo-Asiatic) (from , "ancient") are several linguistic isolates and small families of languages spoken in parts of northeastern Siberia and the Russian Far East. They are not know ...
tribes of northeastern Siberia. However, Haplogroup B has been found among Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic populations of Siberia, such as Tuvans
The Tuvans ( tyv, Тывалар, Tıvalar) are a TurkicOtto Maenchen-Helfen, Journey to Tuva, p. 169 ethnic group indigenous to Siberia who live in Russia (Tuva), Mongolia, and China. They speak Tuvan, a Siberian Turkic language. They are als ...
, Altays, Shors
Shors or Shorians ( Shor: , ''shor-kizhi'', , ''tadar-kizhi'', , ''shor'', , ''tadar'', , ''shor-kizhiler'', , ''tadar-kizhiler'', , ''shorlar'', , ''tadarlar'') are a Turkic ethnic group native to Kemerovo Oblast of Russia. Their self design ...
, Khakassians, Yakuts
The Yakuts, or the Sakha ( sah, саха, ; , ), are a Turkic ethnic group who mainly live in the Republic of Sakha in the Russian Federation, with some extending to the Amur, Magadan, Sakhalin regions, and the Taymyr and Evenk Districts ...
, Buryats
The Buryats ( bua, Буряад, Buryaad; mn, Буриад, Buriad) are a Mongolic peoples, Mongolic ethnic group native to southeastern Siberia who speak the Buryat language. They are one of the two largest indigenous groups in Siberia, the oth ...
, Mongols
The Mongols ( mn, Монголчууд, , , ; ; russian: Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal membe ...
, Negidals
Negidals (; Negidal language, Negidal: ''элькан бэйэнин'', ''elkan bayenin'', "local people") are a people in the Khabarovsk Krai in Russia, who live along the Amgun River and Amur River.
The ethnonym "Negidal" is a Russification ...
, and Evenks
The Evenks (also spelled Ewenki or Evenki based on their endonym )Autonym: (); russian: Эвенки (); (); formerly known as Tungus or Tunguz; mn, Хамниган () or Aiwenji () are a Tungusic people of North Asia. In Russia, the Even ...
. This haplogroup is also found among populations in China, Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
, Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...
, Iraq
Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq ...
, Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
, Korea
Korea ( ko, 한국, or , ) is a peninsular region in East Asia. Since 1945, it has been divided at or near the 38th parallel, with North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) comprising its northern half and South Korea (Republic o ...
, Laos
Laos (, ''Lāo'' )), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic ( Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ, French: République démocratique populaire lao), is a socialist ...
,[Martin Bodner, Bettina Zimmermann, Alexander Röck, Anita Kloss-Brandstätter, David Horst, Basil Horst, Sourideth Sengchanh, Torpong Sanguansermsri, Jürgen Horst, Tanja Krämer, Peter M Schneider, and Walther Parson, "Southeast Asian diversity: first insights into the complex mtDNA structure of Laos." ''BMC Evolutionary Biology'' (2011), 11:49. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/49] Madagascar
Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately off the coast of East Africa ...
, Malaysia
Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...
, Melanesia
Melanesia (, ) is a subregion of Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It extends from Indonesia's New Guinea in the west to Fiji in the east, and includes the Arafura Sea.
The region includes the four independent countries of Fiji, Va ...
, Micronesia
Micronesia (, ) is a subregion of Oceania, consisting of about 2,000 small islands in the western Pacific Ocean. It has a close shared cultural history with three other island regions: the Philippines to the west, Polynesia to the east, and ...
, Mongolia
Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million, ...
, the Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
, Polynesia
Polynesia () "many" and νῆσος () "island"), to, Polinisia; mi, Porinihia; haw, Polenekia; fj, Polinisia; sm, Polenisia; rar, Porinetia; ty, Pōrīnetia; tvl, Polenisia; tkl, Polenihia (, ) is a subregion of Oceania, made up of ...
, Thailand
Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is bo ...
, and Vietnam
Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making i ...
.[Theodore G Schurr and Douglas C Wallace, "Mitochondrial DNA diversity in Southeast Asian populations", ''Human Biology'', June 2002.]
Although haplogroup B in general has been found in many Siberian population samples, the subclade that is phylogenetically closest to American B2, namely B4b1, has been found mainly in populations of southern China and Southeast Asia, especially Filipinos
Filipinos ( tl, Mga Pilipino) are the people who are citizens of or native to the Philippines. The majority of Filipinos today come from various Austronesian ethnolinguistic groups, all typically speaking either Filipino, English and/or othe ...
and Austronesian speakers of eastern Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
(approx. 8%) and the aborigines of Taiwan
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort ...
and Hainan
Hainan (, ; ) is the smallest and southernmost province of the People's Republic of China (PRC), consisting of various islands in the South China Sea. , the largest and most populous island in China,The island of Taiwan, which is slightly l ...
(approx. 7%).[Kristina A. Tabbada, Jean Trejaut, Jun-Hun Loo ''et al.'', "Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia?" ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 27(1):21–31. (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msp215][Min-Sheng Peng, Jun-Dong He, Hai-Xin Liu, and Ya-Ping Zhang, "Tracing the legacy of the early Hainan Islanders – a perspective from mitochondrial DNA," ''BMC Evol Biol.'' 2011; 11: 46. Published online 2011 February 15. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-46] However, B4b1 has been observed in populations as far north as Turochak
Turochak (russian: Туроча́к, alt, Турачак, ''Turaçak'') is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Turochaksky District of the Altai Republic, Russia. Population:
Climate
Turochak has a humid continental clim ...
and Choya districts in the north of Altai Republic
The Altai Republic (; russian: Респу́блика Алта́й, Respublika Altay, ; Altai: , ''Altay Respublika''), also known as Gorno-Altai Republic, and colloquially, and primarily referred to in Russian to distinguish from the neighbour ...
(3/72 = 4.2% Tubalar
The Tubalars are an ethnic subgroup of the Altaians native to the Altai Republic in Russia.
According to the 2010 census, there were 1,965 Tubalars in Russia. In 2002 they were listed by the authorities within the indigenous small-numbered peopl ...
), Miyazaki and Tokyo
Tokyo (; ja, 東京, , ), officially the Tokyo Metropolis ( ja, 東京都, label=none, ), is the capital and largest city of Japan. Formerly known as Edo, its metropolitan area () is the most populous in the world, with an estimated 37.468 ...
, Japan (approx. 3%),[Taketo Uchiyama, Rinnosuke Hisazumi, Kenshi Shimizu ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis in Japanese Individuals from Miyazaki Prefecture," 『法科学技術』''houkagaku gijutsu'', 12(1), 83–96 (2007)] South Korea (4/185 = 2.2%), Tuva
Tuva (; russian: Тува́) or Tyva ( tyv, Тыва), officially the Republic of Tuva (russian: Респу́блика Тыва́, r=Respublika Tyva, p=rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə tɨˈva; tyv, Тыва Республика, translit=Tyva Respublika ...
(1/95 = 1.1% Tuvan), and Hulunbuir
Hulunbuir or Hulun Buir ( mn, , ''Kölün buyir'', Mongolian Cyrillic: Хөлөнбуйр, ''Khölönbuir''; zh, s=呼伦贝尔, ''Hūlúnbèi'ěr'') is a region that is governed as a prefecture-level city in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. ...
(1/149 = 0.7% Barghut).
Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup B
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup B subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser ''Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation'' and subsequent published research.
*B'R11'R24
**B4'5 – China (Han from Zhanjiang
Zhanjiang (), historically spelled Tsamkong, is a prefecture-level city at the southwestern end of Guangdong province, People's Republic of China, facing Haikou city to the south.
As of the 2020 census, its population was 6,981,236 (6,994,832 ...
, Paleolithic remains from Tianyuan Cave
Tianyuan Cave () is near Beijing, where Tianyuan man, one of the earliest modern humans, was found.
The remains in the Tianyuan Cave have ancestral relations "to many present-day Asians and Native Americans".
See also
* Niah Caves
* Fuyan Cave ...
), the Philippines ( Ivatan)
***B4
****B4-T16217C* – Vietnam ( Lô Lô), Japan
****B4a'g'h'i'k'm (B4-C16261T)
*****B4-C16261T* – Thailand ( Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province), Cambodia ( Takeo), Vietnam (Kinh
The Vietnamese people ( vi, người Việt, lit=Viet people) or Kinh people ( vi, người Kinh) are a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to modern-day Northern Vietnam and Southern China (Jing Islands, Dongxing, Guangxi). The native lang ...
), China (Han
Han may refer to:
Ethnic groups
* Han Chinese, or Han People (): the name for the largest ethnic group in China, which also constitutes the world's largest ethnic group.
** Han Taiwanese (): the name for the ethnic group of the Taiwanese p ...
, Uyghur), Korea
*****B4a – Korea, Han Chinese
The Han Chinese () or Han people (), are an East Asian ethnic group native to China. They constitute the world's largest ethnic group, making up about 18% of the global population and consisting of various subgroups speaking distinctive va ...
(Denver), Tujia, Uyghur, Borneo (Bidayuh
Bidayuh is the collective name for several indigenous groups found in southern Sarawak, Malaysia and northern West Kalimantan, Indonesia, on the island of Borneo, which are broadly similar in language and culture (see also #Language issues, is ...
)
******B4a1 (TMRCA 22,900 28,400">5% CI 18,200 <-> 28,400ybp[YFull MTree 1.01.5539](_blank)
/ref>)
*******B4a1a (TMRCA 9,700 10,500">5% CI 9,000 <-> 10,500ybp)
********B4a1a* – Philippines (Ivatan, ''etc.''), Malaysia, Papua New Guinea (Trobriand Islands), Ireland
********B4a1a1 (A14022G, A16247G) – (TMRCA 7,000 7,500">5% CI 6,600 <-> 7,500ybp) Vanuatu (Port Olry), Papua New Guinea (Siwai of Bougainville) the Polynesian motif, or "PM" (though sometimes referred to as its immediate precursor)
*********B4a1a1a (16247) – (TMRCA 5,400 5,900">5% CI 4,900 <-> 5,900ybp) Vanuatu (Banks and Torres), Cook Islands (also sometimes referred to as "the Polynesian motif")
**********B4a1a1a1 – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Malaita)
***********B4a1a1a1a – Solomon Islands (Savo)
************B4a1a1a1a1 – Solomon Islands (Gela, Isabel)
***********B4a1a1a1b – Solomon Islands (Gela, Simbo)
***********B4a1a1a1c – Papua New Guinea (Nasioi and Nagovisi of Bougainville)
***********B4a1a1a1d – Tonga
**********B4a1a1a2 – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Papua New Guinea (Lihir Island)
***********B4a1a1a2a – Solomon Islands (Malaita)
***********B4a1a1a2b – Papua New Guinea (Buin of Bougainville)
**********B4a1a1a3 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Makira)
**********B4a1a1a4 – Papua New Guinea (South Coast), Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
**********B4a1a1a5 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Ontong Java)
**********B4a1a1a6 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Vella Lavella)
**********B4a1a1a7 – Solomon Islands (Bellona)
**********B4a1a1a8 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Fiji
**********B4a1a1a9 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia)
**********B4a1a1a10 – Solomon Islands (Savo, Ranongga)
**********B4a1a1a11 – Solomon Islands (Simbo)
***********B4a1a1a11a – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Vanuatu (Banks and Torres)
***********B4a1a1a11b – Solomon Islands (Bellona), Cook Islands
**********B4a1a1a12 – Solomon Islands (Gela, Savo)
**********B4a1a1a13 – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Samoa
**********B4a1a1a14 – Papua New Guinea (Buka)
**********B4a1a1a15 – Tonga, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
**********B4a1a1a16 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Tonga
**********B4a1a1a17 – Papua New Guinea (Buka, Siwai of Bougainville)
**********B4a1a1a18 – Cook Islands
**********B4a1a1a19 – Papua New Guinea (Lihir Island, Anem of New Britain)
**********B4a1a1a20 – Tuvalu
**********B4a1a1a21 – Solomon Islands (Malaita), Samoa
**********B4a1a1a22 – Niue, Samoa
**********B4a1a1a23 – Papua New Guinea (Torau of Bougainville), Solomon Islands (Isabel, Vella Lavella, Shortlands)
*********B4a1a1b – Madagascar (Mikea, Merina) (Malagasy motif – a Polynesian motif found only among the Malagasy people)
*********B4a1a1c – Cook Islands
*********B4a1a1d – Solomon Islands (Isabel), Papua New Guinea (Kavieng)
*********B4a1a1e – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Malaita)
*********B4a1a1f – Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
*********B4a1a1g – Solomon Islands (Russell, Malaita)
*********B4a1a1h – Solomon Islands (Bellona, Rennell)
*********B4a1a1i – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Savo)
*********B4a1a1j – Solomon Islands (Russell, Guadalcanal)
*********B4a1a1k – Tonga, Samoa
**********B4a1a1k1 – Tonga, Samoa
*********B4a1a1m – Tonga, Samoa, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
**********B4a1a1m1 – Cook Islands, Tuvalu
*********B4a1a1n – Solomon Islands (Santa Cruz), Cook Islands
*********B4a1a1o – Papua New Guinea (Madang), Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Samoa
*********B4a1a1p – Solomon Islands (Gela)
*********B4a1a1q – Indonesia (West New Guinea), Solomon Islands (Choiseul)
*********B4a1a1r – Cook Islands
*********B4a1a1s – Papua New Guinea (Torau and Nagovisi of Bougainville)
*********B4a1a1t – Samoa, Cook Islands
*********B4a1a1u – Fiji, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
*********B4a1a1v – Tonga, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
*********B4a1a1w – Papua New Guinea (Anem of New Britain)
*********B4a1a1x – Tuvalu, Micronesia (Majuro Atoll)
*********B4a1a1y – Solomon Islands (Vella Lavella)
*********B4a1a1z – Papua New Guinea (Nakanai of New Britain)
*********B4a1a1aa – Bougainville (Torau, ''etc.'')
*********B4a1a1ab – Solomon Islands (Ontong Java), Samoa
*********B4a1a1ac – Solomon Islands (Kolombangara), Tuvalu
*********B4a1a1ad – Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
*********B4a1a1ae – Papua New Guinea (Kavieng)
*********B4a1a1af – Papua New Guinea (Anem of New Britain)
********B4a1a2 – Taiwan (Amis)
********B4a1a3 – Taiwan (Ami)
*********B4a1a3a – Taiwan (Siraya)
**********B4a1a3a1 – Philippines (Ivatan), Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu), Spain, USA
***********B4a1a3a1a – Taiwan (Amis)
********B4a1a4 – Philippines (Ivatan), Orchid Island (Yami)
********B4a1a5 – Philippines, Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu)
*********B4a1a5a – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ivatan)
********B4a1a6 – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ifugao)
*********B4a1a6a – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ibaloi)
********B4a1a7 – Taiwan (Amis)
*******B4a1b'e (TMRCA 20,000 25,700">5% CI 15,300 <-> 25,700ybp)
********B4a1b'e* – China ( Naxi, Nyingchi
Nyingchi (), also known as Linzhi and as Nyingtri, is a prefecture-level city in the southeast of the Tibet Autonomous Region in China. The administrative seat of Nyingchi is Bayi District.
Nyingchi is the location of Buchu Monastery.
Economy ...
, ''etc.'')
********B4a1b – Japan
*********B4a1b1 – Japan
**********B4a1b1a – Japan, Korea
********B4a1e – China, Taiwan (Makatao), Vietnam ( Thái), Thailand ( Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Lamphun Province, and Lampang Province, Tai Yuan
The Northern Thai people or Tai Yuan ( th, ไทยวน, ), self-designation ''khon mu(e)ang'' ( nod, , คนเมือง meaning "people of the (cultivated) land" or "people of our community") are a Tai ethnic group, native to eight p ...
in Northern Thailand)
*******B4a1c (TMRCA 20,200 25,700">5% CI 15,600 <-> 25,700ybp) – India, China ( Uyghur), Vietnam (Tay
Tay may refer to:
People and languages
* Tay (name), including lists of people with the given name, surname and nickname
* Tay people, an ethnic group of Vietnam
** Tày language
*Atayal language, an Austronesian language spoken in Taiwan (ISO 639 ...
), Japan
********B4a1c1 (TMRCA 17,400 26,600">5% CI 10,700 <-> 26,600ybp) – Japan
*********B4a1c1a (TMRCA 13,800 21,800">5% CI 8,200 <-> 21,800ybp) – Japan, Korea, China
**********B4a1c1a1 – Japan, Korea
********B4a1c2'4'5 (TMRCA 17,100 23,900">5% CI 11,800 <-> 23,900ybp) – Vietnam ( Cờ Lao)
*********B4a1c2 – Tuvan, Tofalar
*********B4a1c4 (TMRCA 13,400 16,300">5% CI 11,000 <-> 16,300ybp) – China (Mongol
The Mongols ( mn, Монголчууд, , , ; ; russian: Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal member of ...
in Hulun Buir
Hulunbuir or Hulun Buir ( mn, , ''Kölün buyir'', Mongolian Cyrillic: Хөлөнбуйр, ''Khölönbuir''; zh, s=呼伦贝尔, ''Hūlúnbèi'ěr'') is a region that is governed as a prefecture-level city in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. ...
, Dai), Vietnam (Dao
Dao, Dão or DAO may refer to:
* Tao (Chinese: "The Way" 道), a philosophical concept
* Dao (Chinese sword) (刀), a type of Chinese sword
* Dao (Naga sword), a weapon and a tool of Naga people
People and language
* Yao people, a minority ethni ...
, Hà Nhì, Si La
The Si La (also Sila or Syla) are an ethnic group of about 3,151 people living in northern Laos and another 600 living in two villages: Nậm Sin and Seo Hay of Lai Châu Province, Northwest region, Vietnam.
Culture
The Si La people speak a ...
, Kinh
The Vietnamese people ( vi, người Việt, lit=Viet people) or Kinh people ( vi, người Kinh) are a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to modern-day Northern Vietnam and Southern China (Jing Islands, Dongxing, Guangxi). The native lang ...
, Nùng), Thailand ( Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw
The Lao Nyaw, Thai Nyaw or Tai Yo (Thai/Isan: ไทญ้อ, , Isan pronunciation: , Khmer: ឡាវញ៉) are an ethnic group of Thailand, Cambodia and Laos, scattered throughout the provinces of Isan such as Nong Khai, Sakon Nakhon, Na ...
in Nakhon Phanom Province, Lao Isan in four provinces of Northeast Thailand, Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Htin in Phayao Province, Phuan in Suphan Buri Province)
*********B4a1c5 – China (Fujian), Taiwan (Hakka)
********B4a1c3 (TMRCA 16,100 24,500">5% CI 10,100 <-> 24,500ybp)
*********B4a1c3a (TMRCA 3,600 6,800">5% CI 1,650 <-> 6,800ybp) – Japan, Korea, Kazakh ( Zhan Aul of Altai Republic[Omer Gokcumen, Matthew C. Dulik, Athma A. Pai, ''et al.'' (2008), "Genetic Variation in the Enigmatic Altaian Kazakhs of South-Central Russia: Insights into Turkic Population History." ''American Journal of Physical Anthropology'' 136:278–293 (2008). DOI 10.1002/ajpa.20802.]), Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan)
*********B4a1c3b (TMRCA 11,500 21,200">5% CI 5,600 <-> 21,200ybp) – Japan, Korea, China
*******B4a1d – Vietnam
******B4a2 – Japan
*******B4a2a – Indonesia (Semende of Sumatra, Banjarmasin), Philippines, Taiwan (Makatao, Hakka)
********B4a2a1 – Orchid Island (Yami), Philippines (Ivatan)
********B4a2a2 – Taiwan (Atayal, Saisiat)
********B4a2a3 – Taiwan (Paiwan, Hakka)
*******B4a2b – China (Han from Beijing)
********B4a2b1 – China, Jamaica
*********B4a2b1a – Japan
******B4a3 – Tibet (Nagqu), Japan
******B4a4 – Ladakh, Northern Areas of Pakistan ( Balti), Singapore, China (Han from Beijing, ''etc.''), Korea, Russia, Germany
*******B4a4a - Yakut, Yukaghir
*******B4a4b - China
*******B4a4c - Thailand
********B4a4c1 - Naxi, Uyghur
*******B4a4d - China
*******B4a4e - China
********B4a4e1 - China, Taiwan
*******B4a4f - Japan
********B4a4f1 - China
******B4a5 – China (Han
Han may refer to:
Ethnic groups
* Han Chinese, or Han People (): the name for the largest ethnic group in China, which also constitutes the world's largest ethnic group.
** Han Taiwanese (): the name for the ethnic group of the Taiwanese p ...
), Taiwan (Hakka
The Hakka (), sometimes also referred to as Hakka Han, or Hakka Chinese, or Hakkas are a Han Chinese subgroup whose ancestral homes are chiefly in the Hakka-speaking provincial areas of Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Sichuan, Hunan, Zhej ...
), Vietnam ( H'Mông, Dao
Dao, Dão or DAO may refer to:
* Tao (Chinese: "The Way" 道), a philosophical concept
* Dao (Chinese sword) (刀), a type of Chinese sword
* Dao (Naga sword), a weapon and a tool of Naga people
People and language
* Yao people, a minority ethni ...
, Cờ Lao)
*****B4g
******B4g1 – Thailand
*******B4g1a – Thailand ( Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son, Chiang Rai, and Lampang provinces, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province), Vietnam ( Thái, Nùng, ''etc.''), China (Han from Zhanjiang
Zhanjiang (), historically spelled Tsamkong, is a prefecture-level city at the southwestern end of Guangdong province, People's Republic of China, facing Haikou city to the south.
As of the 2020 census, its population was 6,981,236 (6,994,832 ...
, ''etc.'')
*******B4g1b – Han Chinese (Beijing, Denver)
******B4g2 – Orchid Island (Tao), China (Han from Hunan), Vietnam ( Cờ Lao, Dao
Dao, Dão or DAO may refer to:
* Tao (Chinese: "The Way" 道), a philosophical concept
* Dao (Chinese sword) (刀), a type of Chinese sword
* Dao (Naga sword), a weapon and a tool of Naga people
People and language
* Yao people, a minority ethni ...
, Si La
The Si La (also Sila or Syla) are an ethnic group of about 3,151 people living in northern Laos and another 600 living in two villages: Nậm Sin and Seo Hay of Lai Châu Province, Northwest region, Vietnam.
Culture
The Si La people speak a ...
), Thailand (Tai Dam
The Tai Dam ( Tai Dam: , lo, ໄຕດຳ, th, ไทดำ) are an ethnic minority predominantly from China, northwest Vietnam, Laos, Thailand. They are part of the Tai peoples and ethnically similar to the Thai from Thailand, the Lao from ...
in Kanchanaburi Province, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province, Htin in Phayao Province)
*****B4h – China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand ( Phuan in Sukhothai Province)
******B4h1 – China (Fujian, ''etc.''), Taiwan, Thailand (Tai Dam
The Tai Dam ( Tai Dam: , lo, ໄຕດຳ, th, ไทดำ) are an ethnic minority predominantly from China, northwest Vietnam, Laos, Thailand. They are part of the Tai peoples and ethnically similar to the Thai from Thailand, the Lao from ...
in Kanchanaburi Province), Japan
*****B4i – China
******B4i1 – China (Han from Beijing, ''etc.'')
*****B4k – China (Han from Beijing, ''etc.'')
*****B4m – Korea, China, Taiwan (Minnan), Vietnam
****B4b'd'e'j – Vietnam, Laos
*****B4b – Canada
******B2 – Quechua, Guarani, Coreguaje, Waunana, Katuena, Ache, Gaviao, Xavante, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Argentina, USA (Yaqui, Hispanics, ''etc.''), Dominican Republic
*******B2a – Northwestern Canada (Tsimshian), Mexico (Chihuahua)
********B2a1 – USA (Jemez in New Mexico, Hispanics, ''etc.''), Mexico
*********B2a1a – USA (Hispanics)
**********B2a1a1 – Mexico (Chihuahua)
*********B2a1b – Mexico (Chihuahua), USA (Hispanic)
********B2a2 – USA (New Mexico, Colorado, Mexican)
********B2a3 – Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango), USA (Mexican)
********B2a4
*********B2a4a – Mexico (Sinaloa)
**********B2a4a1 – Mexico (Chihuahua, Jalisco, Durango)
********B2a5 – Pima, USA (Arizona, Utah, California)
*******B2b – Cayapa, Pomo, Xavante, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina
********B2b1 – Venezuela, Ecuador (Shuar of Gualaceo
Gualaceo, nicknamed “El Jardin del Azuay” (The Garden of Azuay), is a canton in the sierra region of Ecuador in the Azuay Province. It is located 35 km east from the city of Cuenca and is one of the biggest cities in Azuay.
Gualaceo ha ...
)
********B2b2 – Bolivia (Beni), Argentina (Criollo of Gran Chaco), USA (Hispanic)
*********B2b2a – Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Cochabamba)
********B2b3 – Yanomama
*********B2b3a – Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Kayapo
********B2b4 – USA (Mexican)
*******B2c – Ecuador, USA (Hispanic), ancient Canada
********B2c1 – Mexico (Mixe), USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
*********B2c1a – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
*********B2c1b – USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
*********B2c1c – USA (Mexican)
********B2c2 – USA (Mexican)
*********B2c2a – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
*********B2c2b – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
*******B2d – Nicaragua (Chinandega), Ngöbe/Guaymi, Wayuu, Colombia, USA (Hispanic in New Jersey)
*******B2e – Colombia, Argentina, Waiwai
*******B2f – USA (Mexican)
*******B2g
********B2g1 – Mexico, USA (Yaqui, Mexican, Hispanic)
********B2g2
*******B2h – Ache
*******B2i
********B2i1 – Kayapo
********B2i2 – Chile
*********B2i2a – Mapuche
**********B2i2a1 – Chile
***********B2i2a1a – Chile, Argentina
***********B2i2a1b – Chile
*********B2i2b – Chile
**********B2i2b1 – Chile
*******B2j
*******B2k – Venezuela, USA (Mexican)
*******B2l – Venezuela, Ecuador
*******B2m
*******B2n
*******B2o – Colombia, Mexico (Maya), USA (Hispanic in Arizona)
********B2o1 – Ecuador, Bolivia
*********B2o1a – Colombia, Bolivia, Peru
*******B2p – USA (Mexican)
*******B2q – Ecuador, USA (Mexican)
*******B2r – USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
*******B2s – USA (Mexican)
*******B2t – Guatemala (Maya, la Tinta)
*******B2u
*******B2v
*******B2w
*******B2x
*******B2y – South America (Andes), Peru
********B2y1 – USA
******B4b1
*******B4b1* – Thailand ( Phuan in Phrae Province),[Wibhu Kutanan, Jatupol Kampuansai, Metawee Srikummool, Daoroong Kangwanpong, Silvia Ghirotto, Andrea Brunelli, and Mark Stoneking, "Complete mitochondrial genomes of Thai and Lao populations indicate an ancient origin of Austroasiatic groups and demic diffusion in the spread of Tai–Kadai languages." ''Hum Genet'' 2016 DOI 10.1007/s00439-016-1742-y.] Korea, Japan
*******B4b1a
********B4b1a* – China, Tubalar, Philippines, Indonesia
********B4b1a-G207A (TMRCA 14,900 19,400">5% CI 11,200 <-> 19,400ybp) – Japan
*********B4b1a1 (TMRCA 3,000 4,200">5% CI 2,100 <-> 4,200ybp) – Japan
**********B4b1a1a – Japan, Korea
**********B4b1a1b – Japan
**********B4b1a1c – Japan, Korea
*********B4b1a2 (TMRCA 11,900 13,600">5% CI 10,300 <-> 13,600ybp) – Japan, Korea, China (Fujian), Taiwan, Philippines (Aeta of Bataan, ''etc.''), Indonesia, Thailand ( Khon Mueang in Lampang Province), India
**********B4b1a2a – Thailand ( Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai, Lamphun, and Lampang provinces, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Tai Dam
The Tai Dam ( Tai Dam: , lo, ໄຕດຳ, th, ไทดำ) are an ethnic minority predominantly from China, northwest Vietnam, Laos, Thailand. They are part of the Tai peoples and ethnically similar to the Thai from Thailand, the Lao from ...
in Loei Province, Lao Isan in Ubon Ratchathani Province), Vietnam (Gelao), China (Han from Zhanjiang), Korea, Japan
**********B4b1a2b – Taiwan (Ami)
***********B4b1a2b1 – Philippines (Maranao, Manobo)
***********B4b1a2b2 – Taiwan (Bunun, Makatao)
**********B4b1a2c – Philippines (Mamanwa)
**********B4b1a2d – Philippines (Surigaonon)
**********B4b1a2e – China (She people, ''etc.'')
**********B4b1a2f – Taiwan (Bunun, Tsou)
**********B4b1a2g – Taiwan (Bunun)
***********B4b1a2g1 – Taiwan (Bunun)
**********B4b1a2h – Taiwan (Ami)
**********B4b1a2i
***********B4b1a2i* – Tuvalu, Banjar (Banjarmasin
)
, translit_lang1 = Other
, translit_lang1_type1 = Jawi
, translit_lang1_info1 = بنجر ماسين
, settlement_type = City
, motto = ''Kayuh Baimbai'' ( Banjare ...
)
***********B4b1a2i1
************B4b1a2i1*
************B4b1a2i1a
*************B4b1a2i1a* – Nauru, Kiribati
**************B4b1a2i1a1 – Tuvalu
***********B4b1a2i2 – Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
*********B4b1a3 (TMRCA 7,300 11,000">5% CI 4,600 <-> 11,000ybp) – Han Chinese (Denver)
**********B4b1a3* – Hazara (Pakistan)
**********B4b1a3a (TMRCA 3,300 4,900">5% CI 2,100 <-> 4,900ybp)
***********B4b1a3a* – Turk, Altai Kizhi, Shor, Uyghur, Yakut[Duggan AT, Whitten M, Wiebe V, Crawford M, Butthof A, ''et al.'' (2013), "Investigating the Prehistory of Tungusic Peoples of Siberia and the Amur-Ussuri Region with Complete mtDNA Genome Sequences and Y-chromosomal Markers." ''PLoS ONE'' 8(12): e83570. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083570]
***********B4b1a3a1 – Khamnigan, Buryat, Barghut
***********B4b1a3a2 – Khamnigan
***********B4b1a3a3 – Chuvash
**********B4b1a3b
***********B4b1a3b* – Buryat
***********B4b1a3b1 – Uyghur
*******B4b1b'c
********B4b1b – Japan, Korean, China (Lanzhou
Lanzhou (, ; ) is the capital and largest city of Gansu Province in Northwest China. Located on the banks of the Yellow River, it is a key regional transportation hub, connecting areas further west by rail to the eastern half of the country. H ...
[Hongbin Yao, Mengge Wang, Xing Zou, ''et al.'', "New insights into the fine-scale history of western-eastern admixture of the northwestern Chinese population in the Hexi Corridor via genome-wide genetic legacy." ''Mol Genet Genomics'' 2021 Mar 1. doi: 10.1007/s00438-021-01767-0.]), Vietnam
********B4b1c – China, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan (TMRCA 14,900 21,700">5% CI 9,800 <-> 21,700ybp)
*********B4b1c1 – Vietnam (Kinh, Tày, Nùng), Thailand, China, Japan (TMRCA 7,200 10.800">5% CI 4,500 <-> 10.800ybp)
*********B4b1c2 – Mongol (New Barag Left Banner), China, Taiwan (Hakka), Japan (TMRCA 12,900 20,100">5% CI 7,800 <-> 20,100ybp)
*****B4d
******B4d1'2'3
*******B4d1'2'3* – Russia (Buryat), China ( Oroqen, Tibetan
Tibetan may mean:
* of, from, or related to Tibet
* Tibetan people, an ethnic group
* Tibetan language:
** Classical Tibetan, the classical language used also as a contemporary written standard
** Standard Tibetan, the most widely used spoken dial ...
from Tingri, ''etc.''), Korea
*******B4d1 – China (Miao Miao may refer to:
* Miao people, linguistically and culturally related group of people, recognized as such by the government of the People's Republic of China
* Miao script or Pollard script, writing system used for Miao languages
* Miao (Unicode ...
, Han from Fengcheng, Lanzhou
Lanzhou (, ; ) is the capital and largest city of Gansu Province in Northwest China. Located on the banks of the Yellow River, it is a key regional transportation hub, connecting areas further west by rail to the eastern half of the country. H ...
, Jiangsu, ''etc.''), Taiwan, Japan (Chiba
Chiba may refer to:
Places China
* (), town in Jianli County, Jingzhou, Hubei
Japan
* Chiba (city), capital of Chiba Prefecture
** Chiba Station, a train station
* Chiba Prefecture, a sub-national jurisdiction in the Greater Tokyo Area on ...
), conqueror period Hungary (three specimens from the Karos-III site)[Endre Neparáczki, Klaudia Kocsy, Gábor Endre Tóth, ''et al.'', "Revising mtDNA haplotypes of the ancient Hungarian conquerors with next generation sequencing." ''PLoS One'' 2017; 12(4): e0174886.]
********B4d1a – Han Chinese (Denver), Barghut (Hulun Buir)
*******B4d2 – China (Han from Qingdao)
*******B4d3 – China (Han from Beijing, ''etc.'')
********B4d3a – China, Italy (TMRCA 8,300 13,500">5% CI 4,700 <-> 13,500ybp)
*********B4d3a1 – Japan (Aichi, Ibaraki, ''etc.''), Korea[Pham VH, Nguyen VL, Jung HE, Cho YS, Shin JG. "The frequency of the known mitochondrial variants associated with drug-induced toxicity in a Korean population." ''BMC Med Genomics''. 2022 Jan 3;15(1):3. doi: 10.1186/s12920-021-01153-0. PMID: 34980117; PMCID: PMC8722126.]
******B4d4 – Japan (Chiba, ''etc.'')
*****B4e – Thailand ( Phuan in Lopburi, Sukhothai, and Phrae provinces, Tai Yuan
The Northern Thai people or Tai Yuan ( th, ไทยวน, ), self-designation ''khon mu(e)ang'' ( nod, , คนเมือง meaning "people of the (cultivated) land" or "people of our community") are a Tai ethnic group, native to eight p ...
in Uttaradit Province), Laos ( Lao in Vientiane), Vietnam ( La Hủ), China, Japan (Tokyo)
*****B4j – Buryat, Khamnigan
****B4c – Thailand, Indonesia
*****B4c1
******B4c1a'b
*******B4c1a – China (Shandong, Lanzhou
Lanzhou (, ; ) is the capital and largest city of Gansu Province in Northwest China. Located on the banks of the Yellow River, it is a key regional transportation hub, connecting areas further west by rail to the eastern half of the country. H ...
, Deng people Deng may refer to:
* Deng (company), is a Danish engineering, electrical, solar power and sales company in Accra, Ghana
* Deng (state), an ancient Chinese state
* Deng (Chinese surname), originated from the state
** Deng Xiaoping, paramount lea ...
, Sarikoli in Tashkurgan), Vietnam ( La Hủ) (TMRCA 18,000 25,000">5% CI 12,600 <-> 25,000ybp)
********B4c1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi) (TMRCA 12,000 16,700">5% CI 8,300 <-> 16,700ybp)
*********B4c1a1a – Japan (Chiba, Aichi), Korea
**********B4c1a1a1 – Japan (Tokyo), Korea
***********B4c1a1a1a – Japan (Aichi, ''etc.'')
**********B4c1a1a2 – Japan (Aichi)
*********B4c1a1b – Japan (Tokyo, ''etc.''), Korea
*********B4c1a1c – Japan (Tokyo, ''etc.'')
********B4c1a2 – Barghut, Buryat, Yakut (TMRCA 11,700 20,600">5% CI 6,000 <-> 20,600ybp)
*********B4c1a2a – Barghut (Hulun Buir), Khamnigan, Kyrgyz (Artux) (TMRCA 3,200 9,300">5% CI 700 <-> 9,300ybp)
*******B4c1b - Japan (Aichi
is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshū. Aichi Prefecture has a population of 7,552,873 () and a geographic area of with a population density of . Aichi Prefecture borders Mie Prefecture to the west, Gifu Prefectu ...
), Vietnam (Kinh
The Vietnamese people ( vi, người Việt, lit=Viet people) or Kinh people ( vi, người Kinh) are a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to modern-day Northern Vietnam and Southern China (Jing Islands, Dongxing, Guangxi). The native lang ...
), Thailand
********B4c1b1
*********B4c1b1* – Japan (Tokyo), Korea, USA
*********B4c1b1a – Japan (Tokyo)
********B4c1b-A16335G
*********B4c1b-C5246A/T14502C/G16310A
**********B4c1b-C5246A/T14502C/G16310A* – Vietnam (Tay
Tay may refer to:
People and languages
* Tay (name), including lists of people with the given name, surname and nickname
* Tay people, an ethnic group of Vietnam
** Tày language
*Atayal language, an Austronesian language spoken in Taiwan (ISO 639 ...
, Kinh
The Vietnamese people ( vi, người Việt, lit=Viet people) or Kinh people ( vi, người Kinh) are a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to modern-day Northern Vietnam and Southern China (Jing Islands, Dongxing, Guangxi). The native lang ...
)
**********B4c1b-C2380T
***********B4c1b-C2380T* – Japan (Chiba
Chiba may refer to:
Places China
* (), town in Jianli County, Jingzhou, Hubei
Japan
* Chiba (city), capital of Chiba Prefecture
** Chiba Station, a train station
* Chiba Prefecture, a sub-national jurisdiction in the Greater Tokyo Area on ...
)
***********B4c1b-A200G/G16145A/C16189TC – Uyghur
*********B4c1b2 - Poland
**********B4c1b2a – Thailand ( Khon Mueang in Lampang Province), China (Han from Fengcheng, Lanzhou
Lanzhou (, ; ) is the capital and largest city of Gansu Province in Northwest China. Located on the banks of the Yellow River, it is a key regional transportation hub, connecting areas further west by rail to the eastern half of the country. H ...
, ''etc.''), Kazakh ( Altai)
***********B4c1b2a1 – China (Zhejiang, ''etc.''), Uyghur, Japan
***********B4c1b2a2 – Indonesia (Besemah of Sumatra), Philippines (Ivatan), South Africa, China
************B4c1b2a2a – Philippines (Ivatan), Orchid Island (Yami)
************B4c1b2a2b – Philippines (Ivatan)
**********B4c1b2b – Taiwan (Minnan), Han Chinese (Denver)
**********B4c1b2c – China, Han Chinese (Denver), Taiwan, Vietnam ( Phù Lá, Tay
Tay may refer to:
People and languages
* Tay (name), including lists of people with the given name, surname and nickname
* Tay people, an ethnic group of Vietnam
** Tày language
*Atayal language, an Austronesian language spoken in Taiwan (ISO 639 ...
), Cambodia (Siem Reap), Laos ( Lao in Vientiane), Hazara (Pakistan)
***********B4c1b2c1 – China (Han from Beijing), Taiwan (Minnan), Japan
***********B4c1b2c2 – China, Taiwan (Hakka, ''etc.''), Vietnam (Kinh
The Vietnamese people ( vi, người Việt, lit=Viet people) or Kinh people ( vi, người Kinh) are a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to modern-day Northern Vietnam and Southern China (Jing Islands, Dongxing, Guangxi). The native lang ...
, La Hủ), Thailand ( Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province)
********B4c1b3
*********B4c1b3* – Japan (Aichi
is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshū. Aichi Prefecture has a population of 7,552,873 () and a geographic area of with a population density of . Aichi Prefecture borders Mie Prefecture to the west, Gifu Prefectu ...
)
*********B4c1b3a – Northern Thailand ( Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province
Chiang Mai ( th, เชียงใหม่, ; nod, , ) is the largest Province (''changwat'') of Thailand. It lies in upper northern Thailand and has a population of 1.78 million people. It is bordered by Chiang Rai to the northeast, Lam ...
and Lamphun Province
Lamphun ( th, ลำพูน, ; Northern Thai: ) is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces (''changwat''), lies in upper northern Thailand. Neighboring provinces are (from north clockwise) Chiang Mai, Lampang, and Tak.
Geography
Lamphun is ...
)
******B4c1c
*******B4c1c* – China, Korea, Japan
*******B4c1c-T16311C!
********B4c1c-T16311C!* – China, Japan
********B4c1c1 – Japan, Korea,[Hwan Young Lee, Ji-Eun Yoo, Myung Jin Park, Ukhee Chung, Chong-Youl Kim, and Kyoung-Jin Shin, "East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: Haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis." ''Electrophoresis'' (2006). DOI 10.1002/elps.200600151.] Singapore, Kyrgyzstan
*********B4c1c1a – Japan, Korea
*********B4c1c1b - Japan
*****B4c2
******B4c2* – Thailand ( Tai Lü in Northern Thailand
Northern Thailand, or more specifically Lanna, is geographically characterised by several mountain ranges, which continue from the Shan Hills in bordering Myanmar to Laos, and the river valleys which cut through them. Though like most of Thailand ...
, Thai
Thai or THAI may refer to:
* Of or from Thailand, a country in Southeast Asia
** Thai people, the dominant ethnic group of Thailand
** Thai language, a Tai-Kadai language spoken mainly in and around Thailand
*** Thai script
*** Thai (Unicode block ...
in Western Thailand
Western Thailand is a region of Thailand bordering Myanmar on the west, Southern Thailand on the south, and central Thailand on the east.
Geography
Thailand's long mountainous border with Myanmar continues south from northern Thailand into weste ...
, Phuan in Phichit, Lopburi, and Sukhothai provinces, Lao Isan in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Saek in Nakhon Phanom Province, Soa in Sakon Nakhon Province), Laos ( Lao in Luang Prabang), Indonesia ( Banjar of Banjarmasin
)
, translit_lang1 = Other
, translit_lang1_type1 = Jawi
, translit_lang1_info1 = بنجر ماسين
, settlement_type = City
, motto = ''Kayuh Baimbai'' ( Banjare ...
, Besemah of Sumatra, Jawa Timur), USA ("Caucasian"), Vietnam ( La Hủ, Hà Nhì), Cambodia (Siem Reap
Siem Reap ( km, សៀមរាប, ) is the second-largest city of Cambodia, as well as the capital and largest city of Siem Reap Province in northwestern Cambodia.
Siem Reap has French colonial and Chinese-style architecture in the Old F ...
, Battambang
Battambang ( km, បាត់ដំបង, UNGEGN: ) is the capital of Battambang Province and the third largest city in Cambodia.
Founded in the 11th century by the Khmer Empire, Battambang is the leading rice-producing province of the coun ...
, Banteay Meanchey)
******B4c2a
*******B4c2a* – Thai[Ingman,M. and Gyllensten,U., "Mitochondrial genome variation and evolutionary history of Australian and New Guinean aborigines." ''Genome Res.'' 13 (7), 1600-1606 (2003).]
*******B4c2a1 – Uzbek,[Ingman,M., Kaessmann,H., Paabo,S., and Gyllensten,U., "Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans." ''Nature'' 408 (6813), 708-713 (2000).] Uyghur, China
******B4c2b – Vietnam (Cham
Cham or CHAM may refer to:
Ethnicities and languages
*Chams, people in Vietnam and Cambodia
**Cham language, the language of the Cham people
***Cham script
***Cham (Unicode block), a block of Unicode characters of the Cham script
*Cham Albanian ...
), Cambodia (Kampong Thom Kampong Thom may refer to:
*Kampong Thom city
Kampong Thom ( km, ក្រុងកំពង់ធំ), also Krong Kampong Thom, is the capital city of Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia lying on the bank of the Steung Saen River. It is a mid-wa ...
), Malaysia (Seletar
Seletar is an area located in the north-east of Singapore. Its name can also refer to the Seletar Planning Area (as defined by the Urban Redevelopment Authority), situated in the North-East Region of Singapore. The place name was derived from th ...
), Indonesia ( Banjar from Banjarmasin
)
, translit_lang1 = Other
, translit_lang1_type1 = Jawi
, translit_lang1_info1 = بنجر ماسين
, settlement_type = City
, motto = ''Kayuh Baimbai'' ( Banjare ...
), Netherlands
******B4c2c – Thailand (Thai
Thai or THAI may refer to:
* Of or from Thailand, a country in Southeast Asia
** Thai people, the dominant ethnic group of Thailand
** Thai language, a Tai-Kadai language spoken mainly in and around Thailand
*** Thai script
*** Thai (Unicode block ...
in Eastern Thailand
Eastern Thailand is a region of Thailand bordering Cambodia on the east, North-Eastern Thailand, Northeastern Thailand in the north, and central Thailand on the west.
Geography
Eastern Thailand lies between the Sankamphaeng Range, which forms a ...
, Tai Khün
Tai or TAI may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
*Tai (comics) a fictional Marvel Comics supervillain
*Tai Fraiser, a fictional character in the 1995 film ''Clueless''
*Tai Kamiya, a fictional character in ''Digimon''
Businesses and organisations ...
in Northern Thailand
Northern Thailand, or more specifically Lanna, is geographically characterised by several mountain ranges, which continue from the Shan Hills in bordering Myanmar to Laos, and the river valleys which cut through them. Though like most of Thailand ...
, Tai Lü in Northern Thailand
Northern Thailand, or more specifically Lanna, is geographically characterised by several mountain ranges, which continue from the Shan Hills in bordering Myanmar to Laos, and the river valleys which cut through them. Though like most of Thailand ...
), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang
Luang Phabang, ( Lao: ຫລວງພະບາງ/ ຫຼວງພະບາງ) or ''Louangphabang'' (pronounced ), commonly transliterated into Western languages from the pre-1975 Lao spelling ຫຼວງພຣະບາງ (ຣ = silent r) ...
), Cambodia (Kampong Thom Kampong Thom may refer to:
*Kampong Thom city
Kampong Thom ( km, ក្រុងកំពង់ធំ), also Krong Kampong Thom, is the capital city of Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia lying on the bank of the Steung Saen River. It is a mid-wa ...
), Vietnam ( Tày, Nùng, Dao
Dao, Dão or DAO may refer to:
* Tao (Chinese: "The Way" 道), a philosophical concept
* Dao (Chinese sword) (刀), a type of Chinese sword
* Dao (Naga sword), a weapon and a tool of Naga people
People and language
* Yao people, a minority ethni ...
), Taiwan (Minnan), China ( Tu, ''etc.'')
******B4c2d – Cambodia (Kampong Thom Kampong Thom may refer to:
*Kampong Thom city
Kampong Thom ( km, ក្រុងកំពង់ធំ), also Krong Kampong Thom, is the capital city of Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia lying on the bank of the Steung Saen River. It is a mid-wa ...
, Kratié)
******B4c2e – Vietnam ( La Hu)
******B4c2f – Vietnam (Kinh
The Vietnamese people ( vi, người Việt, lit=Viet people) or Kinh people ( vi, người Kinh) are a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to modern-day Northern Vietnam and Southern China (Jing Islands, Dongxing, Guangxi). The native lang ...
), Thailand ( Phuan)
******B4c2g – Thailand ( Phuan)
*****B4c3
******B4c3* – China
******B4c3a
*******B4c3a* – Vietnam ( La Chí)
*******B4c3a1 – Vietnam ( La Chí)
******B4c3b – Vietnam ( Lô Lô)
******B4c3c – Vietnam ( La Hủ)
****B4f – Japan (Japanese, Ryukyuan, Ainu, late 3–4th century AD (early Kofun period
The is an era in the history of Japan from about 300 to 538 AD (the date of the introduction of Buddhism), following the Yayoi period. The Kofun and the subsequent Asuka periods are sometimes collectively called the Yamato period. This period is ...
) Yokohama
is the second-largest city in Japan by population and the most populous municipality of Japan. It is the capital city and the most populous city in Kanagawa Prefecture, with a 2020 population of 3.8 million. It lies on Tokyo Bay, south of To ...
)
*****B4f* – Vietnam ( Lô Lô), Japan (Aichi)
*****B4f1 - Barghut, Korea
******B4f1* – Japan (Tokyo)
******B4f1a – Japan (Tokyo, ''etc.'')
***B5
****B5* – China
****B5a – Thailand (Tai Dam
The Tai Dam ( Tai Dam: , lo, ໄຕດຳ, th, ไทดำ) are an ethnic minority predominantly from China, northwest Vietnam, Laos, Thailand. They are part of the Tai peoples and ethnically similar to the Thai from Thailand, the Lao from ...
from Kanchanaburi Province), Vietnam (Kinh), China (Han), Taiwan (Hakka), Philippines (Agta of Iriga)
*****B5a1 – Thailand (Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province, Blang from Chiang Rai Province, Lao Isan from Chaiyaphum Province, Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province, Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province), Indonesia (Besemah of Sumatra), Vietnam, China
******B5a1a – Cambodia, Vietnam (Kinh, Gelao), Laos, Thailand, Indonesia (Besemah and Kutaradja of Sumatra), China, Uyghur, Taiwan (Minnan), Philippines, India
*******B5a1a1 – Nicobar Islands
******B5a1b – China (Han from Wuhan), Philippines, Iran[Source: 23andme]
*******B5a1b1 – Cambodia (Jarai), Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand (Bru from Sakon Nakhon Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province and Lopburi Province, Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province, Khon Mueang from Mae Hong Son Province and Chiang Mai Province, Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province, Saek from Nakhon Phanom Province), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang and Vientiane), China, Korea
******B5a1c – China, Taiwan (Minnan), Thailand ( Kaleun from Nakhon Phanom Province), Guyana
*******B5a1c1 – China, Taiwan (Minnan), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang)
********B5a1c1a – Han Chinese
*********B5a1c1a1 – China (Han from Hunan, ''etc.'')
*******B5a1c2 – China (Han)
******B5a1d – China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia (Semende of Sumatra)
*****B5a2 – China (Han from Hunan)
******B5a2a
*******B5a2a1
********B5a2a1a – China
********B5a2a1b – Korea, Japan (Tokyo, Chiba)
*******B5a2a2
********B5a2a2* – China
********B5a2a2a
*********B5a2a2a1 – Taiwan (Paiwan, Rukai)
*********B5a2a2a2 – Taiwan (Saisiyat, Rukai)
********B5a2a2b
*********B5a2a2b1 – Philippines (Ivatan)
**********B5a2a2b1a – Taiwan (Bunun)
*********B5a2a2b2 – Taiwan (Makatao)
****B5b – Korea, China, Uyghur, Kyrgyz
*****B5b1 – China, Tibet, Buryat (Inner Mongolia), Korea, Japan (Tokyo, ''etc.''), Thailand ( Suay from Surin Province), Cambodia ( Lao), Vietnam, Singapore
******B5b1a – China, Thailand ( Shan from Mae Hong Son Province)
*******B5b1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi)
*******B5b1a2 – Japan (Tokyo)
********B5b1a2a – Japan (Chiba, Tokyo)
******B5b1c – Philippines (Ivatan, ''etc.''), Solomon Islands (Isabel, Santa Cruz), Malaysia (Jawa, Batek), Singapore, Yemen
*******B5b1c1 – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ifugao, Ibaloi, Kankanaey)
********B5b1c1a – Philippines (Kankanaey, Ifugao, Kalangoya, Ibaloi, Abaknon)
*****B5b2 – Russia (Russian old settler in Pokhosk Village of Sakha Republic, Ulchi
Ulchsky District (russian: У́льчский райо́н) is an administrativeResolution #143-pr and municipalLaw #194 district (raion), one of the administrative divisions of Khabarovsk Krai, seventeen in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It is locat ...
,[Rem I. Sukernik, Natalia V. Volodko, Ilya O. Mazunin, Nikolai P. Eltsov, Stanislav V. Dryomov, and Elena B. Starikovskaya, "Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in the Tubalar, Even, and Ulchi: Contribution to Prehistory of Native Siberians and Their Affinities to Native Americans." ''American Journal of Physical Anthropology'' 148:123–138 (2012). DOI 10.1002/ajpa.22050] Altaian
The Altai people ( alt, Алтай-кижи, Altai-kizhi), also the Altaians ( alt, Алтайлар, Altailar), are a Turkic ethnic group of indigenous peoples of Siberia mainly living in the Altai Republic, Russia. Several thousand of the Al ...
Kazakh), China (Han, Uyghur, Barghut), Japan, Philippines
******B5b2a – Negidal, Khamnigan
*******B5b2a1 – Japan (Aichi, Tokyo, ''etc.''), China (Han from Wuhan)
*******B5b2a2 – Japan (Tokyo, ''etc.''), Korea, China (Tianjin), Buryat, Hezhen
********B5b2a2a
*********B5b2a2a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi)
*********B5b2a2a2 – Malaysia (Bidayuh
Bidayuh is the collective name for several indigenous groups found in southern Sarawak, Malaysia and northern West Kalimantan, Indonesia, on the island of Borneo, which are broadly similar in language and culture (see also #Language issues, is ...
of Sarawak
Sarawak (; ) is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordered by the M ...
), Philippines, Solomon Islands (Ranongga)
******B5b2b – Yakut
******B5b2-C204T! - China (Han
Han may refer to:
Ethnic groups
* Han Chinese, or Han People (): the name for the largest ethnic group in China, which also constitutes the world's largest ethnic group.
** Han Taiwanese (): the name for the ethnic group of the Taiwanese p ...
), Korea, Vietnam (Kinh
The Vietnamese people ( vi, người Việt, lit=Viet people) or Kinh people ( vi, người Kinh) are a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to modern-day Northern Vietnam and Southern China (Jing Islands, Dongxing, Guangxi). The native lang ...
)
*******B5b2c – Taiwan (Minnan, Makatao)
********B5b2c1 – China (Han from Hunan), Japan (Chiba, Aichi)
*****B5b3
******B5b3a – Japan (Aichi, early 11th century AD (Heian period
The is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. It followed the Nara period, beginning when the 50th emperor, Emperor Kanmu, moved the capital of Japan to Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto). means "peace" in Japanese. ...
) Yokohama
is the second-largest city in Japan by population and the most populous municipality of Japan. It is the capital city and the most populous city in Kanagawa Prefecture, with a 2020 population of 3.8 million. It lies on Tokyo Bay, south of To ...
,[Ryohei TAKAHASHI, Ryoko KOIBUCHI, Fumiko SAEKI, Yasuo HAGIHARA, Minoru YONEDA, Noboru ADACHI, and Takashi NARA, "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the human skeletons excavated from the Shomyoji shell midden site, Kanagawa, Japan." ''Anthropological Science'' Vol. 127(1), 65–72, 2019. DOI: 10.1537/ase.190307] ''etc.''), Korea, China
******B5b3b – Japan
*****B5b4 – China, Altai Kizhi
*****B5b5 – Taiwan (Hakka), Han Chinese (Denver)
**R11'B6
***R11 – China (Han from Beijing)
****R11a – Japan, China[MtDNA Haplotree at Family Tree DNA](_blank)
/ref>
****R11b – China (Han from Qingdao,[Qing-Peng Kong, Yong-Gang Yao, Chang Sun, ''et al.'' (2003), "Phylogeny of East Asian Mitochondrial DNA Lineages Inferred from Complete Sequences." ''Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' 73:671–676, 2003.] ''etc.''), Tibet ( Tingri[Longli Kang, Hong-Xiang Zheng, Menghan Zhang, ''et al.'' (2016), "MtDNA analysis reveals enriched pathogenic mutations in Tibetan highlanders." ''Scientific Reports'' , 6:31083 , DOI: 10.1038/srep31083.]), Korea, Japan
*****R11b1 – China (Han from Hunan)
******R11b1c - Altai Kizhi
*****R11b2 - China, Xibo
******R11b2a - China, Thailand (Khmer from Surin Province), Vietnam (Kinh[Duong,N.T., Macholdt,E., Ton,N.D., ''et al.'', "Complete human mtDNA genome sequences from Vietnam and the phylogeography of Mainland Southeast Asia." ''Sci Rep'' 8 (1), 11651 (2018).])
*****R11b3 - China (Taihang area in Henan province[Jia Liu, Li-Dong Wang, Yan-Bo Sun, ''et al.'' (2012), "Deciphering the Signature of Selective Constraints on Cancerous Mitochondrial Genome." ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 29(4):1255–1261. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr290])
*****R11b4 - China (Han
Han may refer to:
Ethnic groups
* Han Chinese, or Han People (): the name for the largest ethnic group in China, which also constitutes the world's largest ethnic group.
** Han Taiwanese (): the name for the ethnic group of the Taiwanese p ...
from Chongqing
Chongqing ( or ; ; Sichuanese dialects, Sichuanese pronunciation: , Standard Mandarin pronunciation: ), Postal Romanization, alternately romanized as Chungking (), is a Direct-administered municipalities of China, municipality in Southwes ...
)
***B6
****B6a – China (Han from Tai'an), Thailand ( Htin in Phayao Province, Palaung and Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Phuan in Phrae Province and Sukhothai Province, Mon in Ratchaburi Province and Lopburi Province, Tai Dam
The Tai Dam ( Tai Dam: , lo, ໄຕດຳ, th, ไทดำ) are an ethnic minority predominantly from China, northwest Vietnam, Laos, Thailand. They are part of the Tai peoples and ethnically similar to the Thai from Thailand, the Lao from ...
in Kanchanaburi Province)
*****B6a1 – China, Thailand ( Khon Mueang in Lampang Province, Htin in Phayao Province, Blang in Chiang Rai Province), Philippines
******B6a1a – Myanmar, Thailand ( Lawa and Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province), Malaysia (Temuan)
**R24 – Philippines (Mamanwa)
***R24a – Philippines
Popular culture
In his popular book ''The Seven Daughters of Eve
''The Seven Daughters of Eve'' is a 2001 semi-fictional book by Bryan Sykes that presents the science of human origin in Africa and their dispersion to a general audience. Sykes explains the principles of genetics and human evolution, the parti ...
'', Bryan Sykes
Bryan Clifford Sykes (9 September 1947 – 10 December 2020) was a British geneticist and science writer who was a Fellow of Wolfson College and Emeritus Professor of human genetics at the University of Oxford.[Genealogical DNA test
A genealogical DNA test is a DNA-based test used in genetic genealogy that looks at specific locations of a person's genome in order to find or verify ancestral genealogical relationships, or (with lower reliability) to estimate the ethnic mixt ...]
*Genetic genealogy
Genetic genealogy is the use of genealogical DNA tests, i.e., DNA profiling and DNA testing, in combination with traditional genealogical methods, to infer genetic relationships between individuals. This application of genetics came to be used b ...
*Human mitochondrial genetics
Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrial DNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria). The human mitochondrial genome is the entirety of hereditary information contained in human mitochondria. Mitochond ...
*Population genetics
Population genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and between populations, and is a part of evolutionary biology. Studies in this branch of biology examine such phenomena as adaptation, speciation, and pop ...
* Indigenous Amerindian genetics
References
External links
*General
**Ian Logan'
Mitochondrial DNA Site
**Mannis van Oven'
Phylotree
*Haplogroup B
from ''National Geographic
''National Geographic'' (formerly the ''National Geographic Magazine'', sometimes branded as NAT GEO) is a popular American monthly magazine published by National Geographic Partners. Known for its photojournalism, it is one of the most widely ...
''
Ina
Tianyuan, mtDNA B and the formation of Far Eastern peoples
{{DEFAULTSORT:Haplogroup B (Mtdna)
B