Aéroplanes Hanriot et Cie. or simply 'Hanriot' was a French aircraft manufacturer with roots going back to the beginning of aviation. Founded by René Hanriot in 1910 as ''The Monoplans Hanriot Company Ltd.'' the company survived in different forms until 1916 when it established itself with the Hanriot-Dupont (HD.) fighters and observation aircraft. The company lasted through several takeovers and structural changes until in 1936 it merged with Farman to become the

Société Nationale de Constructions Aéronautiques du Centre SNCAC (the ', sometimes known as ) was a French aircraft manufacturer created by the nationalisation of the Farman Aviation Works and Hanriot firms in 1936 in aviation, 1936. It was liquidated in 1949, with assets distributed between SNCAN, SNC ...

(SNCAC). 'Central Air Works' consortium. Hanriot aeroplanes included pre-war monoplanes with boat-like fuselages, the HD.1 and 2 World War I biplane fighters, the HD.14 trainer, and the H.220 series of twin-engined heavy fighters that eventually evolved in the SNCAC 600 fighter just before World War II. The company's main bases of operations were

Bétheny Bétheny () is a commune in the Marne department in northeastern France. Population Personalities * Marie Drouet (1885-1963) died there See also *Communes of the Marne department The following is a list of the 613 communes in the French de ...

(a suburb of

Reims Reims ( , , ; also spelled Rheims in English) is the most populous city in the French department of Marne, and the 12th most populous city in France. The city lies northeast of Paris on the Vesle river, a tributary of the Aisne. Founded by ...

)

Boulogne-Billancourt Boulogne-Billancourt (; often colloquially called simply Boulogne, until 1924 Boulogne-sur-Seine, ) is a wealthy and prestigious Communes of France, commune in the Parisian area, located from its Kilometre zero, centre. It is a Subprefectures in ...

Carrières-sur-Seine Carrières-sur-Seine () is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. The inhabitants of the town of Carrières-sur-Seine are called ''Carrillons'' (masculine plural) or ''Carrillonnes'' (feminine p ...

and

Bourges Bourges () is a commune in central France on the river Yèvre. It is the capital of the department of Cher, and also was the capital city of the former province of Berry. History The name of the commune derives either from the Bituriges, t ...

History

René Hanriot, a builder and racer of motor boats and a race car driver for the Darracq motor company, built his first aircraft in 1907, although it did not fly until late 1909. It was a monoplane with a wire-braced wooden fuselage resembling the Blériot XI but was almost immediately superseded by a series of similar monoplanes, which were exhibited at the Brussels ''Salon d'Automobiles, d'Aeronautique, du Cycles et dus Sports'' in January 1910. These featured a slender wooden monocoque fuselage and were powered by a 20 hp Darracq and a 40 hp Gyp. and a handful were built. Together with Darracq racing colleague Louis Wagner, Hanriot started a flying school at

near

, where the Hanriot factory was located.

Beatrix de Rijk Beatrix de Rijk (1883–1958) was a pioneering Dutch aviator. On receiving her pilot's licence from the Aéro-Club de France on 6 October 1911, she became the first Dutch woman pilot. Early life Born on 24 July 1883 in Surabaya in the Dutch East ...

, the first Dutch women to earn a pilot's licence learned to fly there. Unusually, Hanriot tested new design features using a flying model powered by a 2 kW (3 hp) Duthiel-Chalmers. In 1910 Hanriot and his staff pilots made regular appearances at air shows in France and England. Hanriot's 15-year-old son Marcel Hanriot became the youngest holder of a pilot's certificate, and joined his father's pilots as a competition flyer. René Hanriot then withdrew from competition flying himself and concentrated on constructing aircraft. Hanriot's 1911 military two-seater was passed over at the French military trials, among other reasons because its fuselage was so slender that the crew were completely unshielded. It was obsolete and never had a serious chance against contemporary Nieuport, Morane-Saulnier and Deperdussin types. Nieuport's former chief engineer Alfred Pagny designed the 1912 Hanriot, and the Nieuport influence was clearly visible, but it failed to gain any orders at the 1912 military trials and attempts to sell them were unsuccessful. Faced with bankruptcy, René Hanriot sold his assets to Louis Alfred Ponnier, who reorganized the company as the ''Société de Construction de Machines pour la Navigation Aérienne'' (CMNA), headed by Pagny. In 1913, Marcel Hanriot, now 18, was called up for military service. The Ponnier factory continued for several years to develop the monoplane racer, one of which was placed second in the 1913 Gordon Bennett Trophy competition. Following the outbreak of World War I, Marcel Hanriot, still in military service, flew French air force bombers. The German advance stalled with the CMNA/Ponnier factories in Rheims behind German lines, but René Hanriot founded a new factory, ''Aéroplanes Hanriot et Cie'', in Levallois. Starting as a subcontractor building airplane components, the company progressed to licence-build aircraft from other manufacturers (notably the Sopwith 1 A.2 and

Salmson 2 A.2 The Salmson 2 A.2, (often shortened to Salmson 2) was a French biplane reconnaissance aircraft developed and produced by Salmson to a 1916 requirement. Along with the Breguet 14, it was the main reconnaissance aircraft of the French army in 19 ...

). In 1915, Marcel Hanriot, after being seriously wounded in a night-flying raid, was released from military service and joined his father's factory. Around the same time, Hanriot hired the young engineer Emile Dupont and in 1916, the Dupont-designed fighter HD.1 was produced. Although being passed over by the French air force in favor of the more powerful

SPAD VII The SPAD S.VII was the first of a series of highly successful biplane fighter aircraft produced by ''Société Pour L'Aviation et ses Dérivés'' (SPAD) during the First World War. Like its successors, the S.VII was renowned as a sturdy and r ...

design, the HD.1 was ordered by the Belgian and Italian air force. Heavy demand resulted in a new factory being opened in

(84, rue des Moulineaux). Licences to build the HD.1 were also sold to

Macchi Aermacchi was an Italian aircraft manufacturer. Formerly known as Aeronautica Macchi, the company was founded in 1912 by Giulio Macchi at Varese in north-western Lombardy as Nieuport-Macchi, to build Nieuport monoplanes under licence for the Ita ...

in Italy. Hanriot produced 5000 aircraft and employed 2000 workers in his Boulogne-Billancourt factory alone. After the war, Hanriot continued as a manufacturer of fighters and all-purpose aircraft, building on the HD.1 / HD.2 series but also bringing out new biplane and monoplane designs. In 1924, having outgrown its Boulogne-Billancourt works, the company moved to

René Hanriot died on 7 November 1925. His heirs, Marcel and his two brothers-in-law, entrusted daily operations of the factories to Outhenin Chalandre, formerly director of a paper mill. In 1930 the Hanriot company became part of the

Lorraine-Dietrich Lorraine-Dietrich was a French automobile and aircraft engine manufacturer from 1896 until 1935, created when railway locomotive manufacturer ''Société Lorraine des Anciens Etablissements de Dietrich et Cie de Lunéville'' (known as ''De Dietri ...

company under the name Lorraine-Hanriot. The merger lasted three years, until in 1933 the two companies separated and Marcel Hanriot stepped once again forward to lead his family business. Under his management, the company embarked on an ambitious project to design and build state-of-the-art metal military aircraft like the H.220 heavy fighter. However its main successes would be with the liaison/training monoplane H.180/H.182 and the twin-engined H.232/H.232 trainer In 1936 the company was included in Pierre Cot's nationalisation programme, Merging with Farman to become the

in 1937. Unlike Maurice Farman, who left the new company in protest, Marcel Hanriot stayed on as one of the directors.

Nomenclature

* The pre-war aircraft designed by René Hanriot went by Roman Numerals, the 1907 monoplane being the 'Type I'. Commonly however the planes were known by a description usually featuring the year of built and some characteristic such as 'monoplane', one- or two-seater, engine and horsepower. Thus Hanriot's first airplane was the '1907 monoplane', the type IV was the '1911 military two-seater' and the Hanriot VIII was known as the 'Hanriot 100 ch' (100 Hp Hanriot). The monoplane two-seater designed by Pagny is mostly referred to as the Hanriot 1912 monoplane or the Hanriot-Pagny 1912 monoplane. * The World War I and later biplanes designed by Pierre Dupont received the code 'HD.' followed by a consecutive Arabic number (HD.1, HD.8, HD.32 ...) * During the short stint as Lorraine-Hanriot, the designation HD. was kept for aircraft already in production but the prefix was changed into LH. for new designs. Around this time, Hanriot also adopted the habit by other French factories to add a number for the subtype directly behind the two-digit type number. Thus the HD.32-series 0 became the HD.320, the next improvement, series 1 became the HD.321 and so on... * After the merger with Lorraine was dissolved, Hanriot aircraft adopted the single letter 'H.', again followed by a design number. It also kept the now universal French habit of adding the subseries number directly behind the design number. (Hanriot H.180/H.182)

Aircraft

Hanriot 1909 monoplane The Hanriot 1909 monoplane was an early France, French aircraft constructed by Rene Hanriot, a successful automobile racer. Design The Hanriot 1909 monoplane had an uncovered rectangular-section wire-braced wooden fuselage with deeply camber (a ...

Hanriot I Aéroplanes Hanriot et Cie. or simply 'Hanriot' was a French aircraft manufacturer with roots going back to the beginning of aviation. Founded by René Hanriot in 1910 as ''The Monoplans Hanriot Company Ltd.'' the company survived in different ...

* Hanriot Type II * Hanriot III * Hanriot IV Hanriot 1911 military two-seater (Type IV) * Hanriot V Hanriot 1910 monoplane (Type V) * Hanriot VI Hanriot 1910 monoplane (Type VI) * Hanriot VII * Hanriot VIII Hanriot 100 ch monoplane (Type VII) * Hanriot IX * Hanriot-Pagny 1912 monoplane *

Hanriot HD.1 The Hanriot HD.1 was a French World War I single-seat fighter aircraft. Rejected for service with French squadrons in favour of the SPAD S.VII, the type was supplied to the Belgian Army′s (Belgian Military Aviation) and the (Military Aviatio ...

* Hanriot HD.2 *

Hanriot HD.3 The Hanriot HD.3 C.2 was a two-seat fighter aircraft produced in France during World War I. Design and development Similar in appearance to a scaled-up HD.1, the Hanriot HD.3 was a conventional, single-bay biplane with staggered wings of equal ...

* Hanriot HD.4 * Hanriot HD.5 *

Hanriot HD.6 The Hanriot HD.6 was a French two-seat fighter aircraft prototype, built towards the end of World War I though not flown until after the armistice with Germany. A biplane with an unusually narrow gap between upper and lower wings, powered by a s ...

Hanriot HD.7 The Hanriot HD.7 was a French fighter prototype of the 1910s. Development The HD.7 was based largely on the Hanriot HD.3, using the wings and tail surfaces from the earlier model. A single-seat fighter, it first flew in 1918 Operational histor ...

Hanriot HD.8 The Hanriot HD.8 was a short-lived French fighter prototype of the 1910s. Development A single-seat fighter, it was largely designed to test the experimental Le Rhône 9R engine. It first flew in early 1918, however was plagued by problems from ...

Hanriot HD.9 The Hanriot HD.3 C.2 was a two-seat fighter aircraft produced in France during World War I. Design and development Similar in appearance to a scaled-up HD.1, the Hanriot HD.3 was a conventional, single-bay biplane with staggered wings of equal ...

Hanriot HD.12 The Hanriot HD.2 was a biplane floatplane fighter aircraft produced in France during the First World War that was used after the war for testing the use of aircraft from warships. Development The design was based on that of the HD.1, but was ...

Hanriot HD.14 The Hanriot HD.14 was a military trainer aircraft produced in large numbers in France during the 1920s. It was a conventional, two-bay biplane with unstaggered wings of equal span. The pilot and instructor sat in tandem, open cockpits, and the ...

Hanriot HD.15 The Hanriot HD.15 was a French two-seat fighter aircraft fitted with a supercharger for good high altitude performance, built in the 1920s. Three were ordered by Japan but lost at sea during delivery. Design and development The Hanriot HD.15 wa ...

Hanriot HD.17 The Hanriot HD.17 was a French trainer seaplane of the 1920s. It was essentially a floatplane version of the ubiquitous HD.14 with a revised tail and a more powerful engine. Over 50 examples were operated by the '' Aéronautique Maritime'', of wh ...

Hanriot HD.18 The Hanriot HD.18 was a three-seat colonial police aircraft built by Hanriot in the early 1920s. Specifications (HD.18) References Further reading * * * {{Hanriot aircraft Hanriot aircraft Aircraft first flown in 1921 ...

* Hanriot HD.19 *

Hanriot HD.20 The Hanriot HD.20 was a French single seat shipboard fighter aircraft prototype completed in 1923. Only one was built. Design and development The Hanriot HD.20 was an all-metal two bay biplane, though the inner bay was relatively narrow. Outwa ...

Hanriot HD.22 The Hanriot HD.22 was a racer aircraft built by Hanriot in the early 1920s. Design The HD.22 was a high-wing monoplane intended for the Coupe Deutsch de la Meurthe The Coupe Deutsch de la Meurthe was an international aeronautical speed comp ...

* Hanriot HD.24 * Hanriot H.25 *

Hanriot H.26 The Hanriot H.26 was a French single seat fighter aircraft prototype completed in 1923. Only one was built. Design and development The H.26 (the first Hanriot fighter that did not use the HD nomenclature, where the D was for their long-stan ...

* Hanriot HD.28 * Hanriot H.31 *

Hanriot HD.32 The Hanriot HD.32 was a military trainer aircraft built in France in the 1920s. Derived from the HD.14 and sharing the same basic configuration as it, the HD.32 was a substantially revised design, with redesigned tailplane, undercarriage, and win ...

* Hanriot H.33 *

Hanriot H.34 The Hanriot H.34 was a basic trainer designed in France in 1924 which did not reach production. It was a parasol wing aircraft, seating two in tandem. Design and development The parasol winged Hanriot H.34 was intended to complement the very ...

* Hanriot H.35 * Hanriot H.36 * Hanriot H.38 * Lorraine-Hanriot LH.10 * Lorraine-Hanriot LH.21 * Lorraine-Hanriot LH.30 * Hanriot H.41 *

Hanriot H.43 The Hanriot H.43 was a military utility aircraft produced in France in the late 1920s and early 1930s which was primarily used by the ''Aéronautique Militaire'' as a trainer. While Hanriot had spent most of the 1920s manufacturing further and fur ...

Lorraine-Hanriot LH.60 The Lorraine-Hanriot LH.60 was a training monoplane built in France in the early 1930s. Design It was a conventional parasol-wing monoplane with fixed tailskid undercarriage, the main units of which were mounted on outriggers attached to the win ...

Lorraine-Hanriot LH.70 The Lorraine-Hanriot LH.70 or S.A.B. LH.70 was a French trimotor designed to a 1930 government programme for a colonial policing aircraft. Only two were built. Design The LH.70 was entirely conceived and directed by the Société Aérienne Bord ...

* Hanriot H.110 *

Hanriot H.115 The Hanriot H.110 was an unusual pusher configuration, twin boom, single seat fighter aircraft built in France in the early 1930s. It proved to be slower and less manoeuvrable than its contemporaries and failed to reach production, even as the Ha ...

Hanriot HD.120 Aéroplanes Hanriot et Cie. or simply 'Hanriot' was a French aircraft manufacturer with roots going back to the beginning of aviation. Founded by René Hanriot in 1910 as ''The Monoplans Hanriot Company Ltd.'' the company survived in different ...

* Lorraine-Hanriot LH.130 * Hanriot H.180/H.182 * Hanriot H.220/SNCAC 600 * Hanriot H.2300/H.232

Notes

References

* Bruce J.M. ''The Hanriot HD 1'' Leatherhead: Profile Publications, 1966. * Davilla, James J., & Soltan, Arthur M., ''French Aircraft of the First World War.'' Stratford, Connecticut: Flying Machines Press, 1997. * Munson, Kenneth. ''Pioneer Aircraft 1903-1914'' Blandford Press, London 1969. * Opdycke, Leonard. ''French Aeroplanes before the Great War''. Atglen, PA: Schiffer, 1999

External links

Video of flight of 1910 Hanriot plane
{{Defunct aircraft manufacturers of France Defunct aircraft manufacturers of France Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1907 Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1936 French companies established in 1907 1936 disestablishments in France