The Hamburg Temple (german: link=no, Israelitischer Tempel) was the first permanent
Reform
Reform ( lat, reformo) means the improvement or amendment of what is wrong, corrupt, unsatisfactory, etc. The use of the word in this way emerges in the late 18th century and is believed to originate from Christopher Wyvill#The Yorkshire Associati ...
synagogue and the first ever to have a Reform prayer rite. It operated in
Hamburg
(male), (female) en, Hamburger(s),
Hamburgian(s)
, timezone1 = Central (CET)
, utc_offset1 = +1
, timezone1_DST = Central (CEST)
, utc_offset1_DST = +2
, postal ...
(
Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
) from 1818 to 1938. On 18 October 1818 the Temple was inaugurated and later twice moved to new edifices, in 1844 and 1931, respectively.
History of the Temple and its congregation
The New Israelite Temple Society (Neuer Israelitischer Tempelverein in Hamburg) was founded on 11 December 1817 and 65
heads of families joined the new congregation.
[Gaby Büchelmaier]
„Zehn Jahre Rolf-Liebermann-Studio“
on:
', retrieved on 20 January 2013. One of the pioneers of the synagogue reform was
Israel Jacobson
Israel Jacobson (17 October 1768, Halberstadt – 14 September 1828, Berlin) was a German-Jewish philanthropist and communal organiser. Jacobson pioneered political, educational and religious reforms in the early days of Jewish emancipation, a ...
(1768–1828). In 1810 he had founded a prayerhouse, adjacent to the modern school he ran, in
Seesen
Seesen is a town and municipality in the Goslar (district), district of Goslar, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the northwestern edge of the Harz mountain range, approx. west of Goslar.
History
The Duchy of Saxony, Saxon settlement ...
. On 18 October 1818, the anniversary of the
Battle of Nations near Leipzig, the members of the New Israelite Temple Society inaugurated their first synagogue in a rented building in the courtyard between ''Erste Brunnenstraße'' and ''Alter Steinweg'' in
Hamburg's Neustadt quarter (New Town).
Dr. together with Dr.
Gotthold Salomon
Gotthold Salomon (born as Schlomo Salman ben Lippmann haLewi; November 1, 1784 in Sandersleben (Anhalt-Dessau) – November 17, 1862 in Hamburg) was a German Jewish rabbi, politician and Bible translator.
Following on the work of Moses Mendelss ...
were the first spiritual leaders of the Hamburg Temple in 1818. The first members included the notary
Meyer Israel Bresselau
Meyer Israel Bresselau (25 April 1785 – 25 December 1839) was a founding member and chairman of the Hamburg Temple, one of the first Jewish reform congregations in Germany.
Bresselau earned his living as notary from 1811. He was among the firs ...
, Lazarus Gumpel and
Ruben Daniel Warburg. Later members included
Salomon Heine
Salomon Heine (19 October 1767 – 23 December 1844) was a merchant and banker in Hamburg. Heine was born in Hanover. Penniless, he came to Hamburg in 1784 and in the following years acquired sizeable assets. It was common knowledge at the t ...
and Dr.
Gabriel Riesser
Gabriel Riesser (2 April 1806 – 22 April 1863) was a German politician and lawyer.
Life
Both of Riesser's grandfathers were rabbis; his paternal grandfather was Jakob Pinchas Katzenellenbogen, rabbi in Lemberg and later Oettingen, and hi ...
, who was chairman of the New Israelite Temple Society from 1840 to 1843.
The new prayer book employed in the Temple was the first comprehensive Reform liturgy ever composed: it omitted or changed several of the formulas anticipating a
return to Zion
The return to Zion ( he, שִׁיבָת צִיּוֹן or שבי ציון, , ) is an event recorded in Ezra–Nehemiah of the Hebrew Bible, in which the Jews of the Kingdom of Judah—subjugated by the Neo-Babylonian Empire—were freed from the ...
and restoration of the
sacrificial cult in the
Jerusalem Temple
The Temple in Jerusalem, or alternatively the Holy Temple (; , ), refers to the two now-destroyed religious structures that served as the central places of worship for Israelites and Jews on the modern-day Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusa ...
. These changes – expressing the earliest tenet of the nascent Reform movement, universalised Messianism – evoked a thunderous denunciation from Rabbis across Europe, who condemned the builders of the new synagogue as heretics. The religious service of the Hamburg Temple was disseminated at the 1820
Leipzig Trade Fair
The Leipzig Trade Fair (german: Leipziger Messe) is a major trade fair, which traces its roots back for nearly a millennium. After the Second World War, Leipzig fell within the territory of East Germany, whereupon the Leipzig Trade Fair became o ...
, where Jewish businessmen from
German states, many other European countries, and the United States met. As a consequence, several Reform communities, including New York and Baltimore, adopted the Hamburg Temple's prayer book, which was read from left to right, as in the Christian world.
The members, mostly
Ashkenazim
Ashkenazi Jews ( ; he, יְהוּדֵי אַשְׁכְּנַז, translit=Yehudei Ashkenaz, ; yi, אַשכּנזישע ייִדן, Ashkenazishe Yidn), also known as Ashkenazic Jews or ''Ashkenazim'',, Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation: , singu ...
, strived to form an independent Jewish congregation besides Hamburg's two other established Jewish
statutory corporation
A statutory corporation is a government entity created as a statutory body by statute. Their precise nature varies by jurisdiction, thus, they are statutes owned by a government or controlled by national or sub-national government to the (in ...
s, the Sephardic ''Heilige Gemeinde der Sephardim Beith Israel'' (בית ישראל; Holy Congregation of the Sephardim Beit Israel; est. 1652; see also
Portuguese Jewish community in Hamburg
From about 1590 on, there had been a Portuguese Jewish community in Hamburg, whose ''qehilla'' (קהילה "congregation") existed until its compulsory merger with the Ashkenazi congregation in July 1939. The first Sephardic settlers were Portug ...
) and the Ashkenazi ''Deutsch-Israelitische Gemeinde zu Hamburg'' (DIG, German-Israelite Congregation; est. 1662), however, in 1819 the
Senate of Hamburg
The government of Hamburg is divided into executive, legislative and judicial branches. Hamburg is a city-state and municipality, and thus its governance deals with several details of both state and local community politics. It takes place in two ...
, then the government of a sovereign independent
city-state
A city-state is an independent sovereign city which serves as the center of political, economic, and cultural life over its contiguous territory. They have existed in many parts of the world since the dawn of history, including cities such as ...
, declared it would not recognise a potential Reform congregation. Therefore, the New Israelite Temple Society remained a civic association and its members stayed enrolled with the DIG, since one could only quit the DIG by joining another religious corporation. Irreligionism was still a legal impossibility in Hamburg at that time.
With the temple in the Erste Brunnenstraße growing too small in the late 1820s its members applied to build a bigger synagogue. The senate denied the application for a bigger temple in a prominent location, as intended, since this would incite a controversy within the DIG with the other Ashkenazi faithful also demanding a more visible synagogue.
[Saskia Rohde, „Synagogen im Hamburger Raum 1680–1943“, in: ''Die Geschichte der Juden in Hamburg'': 2 vols., Hamburg: Dölling und Galitz, 1991, vol. 2: 'Die Juden in Hamburg 1590 bis 1990', pp. 143–175, here p. 151. .] In 1835 the Society started another attempt applying for a building licence, but in 1836 Hamburg's building authority recommended to withhold the application until the senate would have decided the request of Hamburg's Jewry for their emancipation, issued in 1834.
In 1835 the senate had decided against the Jewish emancipation for the time being, but had founded a commission to further investigate the question.
In 1840 then the New Israelite Temple Society (meanwhile comprising 300 families) insisted to get a building licence.
This time then Hamburg's Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi
Isaac Bernays
Isaac Bernays ( , , ; 29 September 1792 – 1 May 1849) was Chief Rabbi in Hamburg.
Life
Bernays was born in Weisenau (now part of Mainz). He was the son of Jacob Gera, a boarding house keeper at Mainz, and an elder brother of Adolphus Bernays. ...
intervened at the senate in order to make it deny the application.
However, the senate granted the licence on 20 April 1841 and the cornerstone was laid on 18 October 1842.
Several sites (# 11 to 14) in the Poolstrasse (https://hamburg-tempel-poolstrasse.de/en/welcome/ ) had been bought, thus to allow building the new Temple with a wide forecourt in the courtyard, however, not - unlike the original intention - visible from public streets.
Johann Hinrich Klees-Wülbern was commissioned to design the plans for the new temple. The old temple was profaned. The lawyer and notary Gabriel Riesser enforced that the land was registered on the name of the New Israelite Temple Society, till then the senate would register property of Jewish civic association only under names of a natural person.
Temple and congregation since the opening of its second venue
The New Temple Society invited the Hamburg-born
Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy
Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (3 February 18094 November 1847), born and widely known as Felix Mendelssohn, was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period. Mendelssohn's compositions include sym ...
to set
Psalm 100 (Hebrew: מזמור לתודה, Mizmor leToda) to music for a choir for playing it at the inauguration of the new Temple on 5 September 1844. However, disputes on which translation should be used,
Luther
Luther may refer to:
People
* Martin Luther (1483–1546), German monk credited with initiating the Protestant Reformation
* Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968), American minister and leader in the American civil rights movement
* Luther (give ...
's, as preferred by the
Calvinist
Calvinism (also called the Reformed Tradition, Reformed Protestantism, Reformed Christianity, or simply Reformed) is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice set down by John Ca ...
Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, or that of his Jewish grandfather
Moses Mendelssohn
Moses Mendelssohn (6 September 1729 – 4 January 1786) was a German-Jewish philosopher and theologian. His writings and ideas on Jews and the Jewish religion and identity were a central element in the development of the ''Haskalah'', or 'Je ...
, as preferred by the Society, prevented the realisation of that project, as can be read from the correspondence between the composer and Maimon Fränkel, the
praeses
''Praeses'' (Latin ''praesides'') is a Latin word meaning "placed before" or "at the head". In antiquity, notably under the Roman Dominate, it was used to refer to Roman governors; it continues to see some use for various modern positions.
...
of the Society. Psalm 100 was then most likely sung the traditional Ashkenazi way on entering the
Sefer Torah
A ( he, סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה; "Book of Torah"; plural: ) or Torah scroll is a handwritten copy of the Torah, meaning the five books of Moses (the first books of the Hebrew Bible). The Torah scroll is mainly used in the ritual of Tora ...
to the new synagogue. Presumably Mendelssohn-Bartholdy then provided his versions of the
Psalms 24 and
25 for the inauguration.
On 1 February 1865 a new law abolished the compulsion for Jews to enrol with one of Hamburg's two statutory Jewish congregations.
[On 4 November 1864 the ]Hamburg Parliament
The Hamburg Parliament (german: Hamburgische Bürgerschaft; literally “Hamburgish Citizenry”) is the unicameral legislature of the German state of Hamburg according to the constitution of Hamburg. As of 2011 there were 121 members in the parli ...
passed the ''Law concerning the relations of the local Israelite congregations'' (Gesetz, betreffend die Verhältnisse der hiesigen israelitischen Gemeinden) with effect of 1 February 1865. So the members of the New Israelite Temple Society were free to found their own Jewish congregation.
[Ina Lorenz, „Die jüdische Gemeinde Hamburg 1860 – 1943: Kaisereich – Weimarer Republik – NS-Staat“, in: ''Die Geschichte der Juden in Hamburg'': 2 vols., Hamburg: Dölling und Galitz, 1991, vol. 2: 'Die Juden in Hamburg 1590 bis 1990', pp. 77–100, here p. 78. .] The fact that its members were no longer compelled to associate with the Ashkenazi DIG meant that it could possibly fall apart.
In order to prevent this and to reconstitute the DIG as a religious body with voluntary membership in a liberal civic state the DIG held general elections among its full-aged male members, to form a college of 15 representatives (Repräsentanten-Kollegium), who would further negotiate the future constitution of the DIG.
The liberal faction gained nine, the
Orthodox
Orthodox, Orthodoxy, or Orthodoxism may refer to:
Religion
* Orthodoxy, adherence to accepted norms, more specifically adherence to creeds, especially within Christianity and Judaism, but also less commonly in non-Abrahamic religions like Neo-pa ...
faction 6 seats.
After lengthy negotiations the representatives enacted the statutes of the DIG on 3 November 1867.
The new constitution provided for tolerance among the DIG members as to matters of the
cult (worship) and religious tradition.
This unique model, thus called ''Hamburg System'' (Hamburger System), established a two-tiered organisation of the DIG with the college of representatives and the umbrella administration in charge of matters of general Ashkenazi interest, such as cemetery, zedakah for the poor, hospital and representation of the Ashkenazim towards the outside.
The second tier formed the so-called ''Kultusverbände'' (worship associations), associations independent in religious and financial matters by their own elected boards and membership dues, but within the DIG, took care of religious affairs.
Each member of the DIG, but also any non-associated Jew, was entitled to also join a worship association, but did not have to.
So since 1868 the Reform movement formed within the DIG a ''Kultusverband'', the Reform Jewish ''Israelitischer Tempelverband'' (Israelite Temple association).
The other worship associations were the Orthodox ''Deutsch-Israelitischer Synagogenverband'' (German-Israelite Synagogue association, est. 1868) and the 1892-founded but only 1923-recognised conservative ''Verein der Neuen Dammtor-Synagoge'' (Association of the new Dammtor synagogue).
[Saskia Rohde, „Synagogen im Hamburger Raum 1680–1943“, in: ''Die Geschichte der Juden in Hamburg'': 2 vols., Hamburg: Dölling und Galitz, 1991, vol. 2: 'Die Juden in Hamburg 1590 bis 1990', pp. 143–175, here p. 157. .] The worship associations had agreed that all services commonly provided such as burials,
britot mila, zedakah for the poor, almshouses, hospital care and food offered in these institutions had to fulfill Orthodox requirements.
File:Tempel in der Ersten Brunnenstrasse.jpg, Temple, 1st venue (1818–1844), Erste Brunnenstraße, exterior
File:Westfassade Poolstraße.jpg, Temple, 2nd venue (1844-1931), Poolstraße, exterior
File:Neuer Israelische Tempel Poolstraße.jpg, Temple, 2nd venue, interior
File:Tempel-poolstraße (2).JPG, Temple, 2nd venue, ruin as of 1944, apsis ornament
File:Liebermann-Saal Oberstrasse 120.jpg, Temple, 3rd venue inside, today's ''Rolf Liebermann
Rolf Liebermann (14 September 1910 – 2 January 1999), was a Swiss composer and music administrator. He served as the Artistic Director of the Hamburg State Opera from 1959 to 1973 and again from 1985 to 1988. He was also Artistic Director of ...
Studio'' of the NDR
In 1879,
Rabbi
A rabbi () is a spiritual leader or religious teacher in Judaism. One becomes a rabbi by being ordained by another rabbi – known as ''semikha'' – following a course of study of Jewish history and texts such as the Talmud. The basic form of ...
Max Sänger asked
Moritz Henle
Moritz Henle (7 August 1850 – 24 August 1925) was a prominent German composer of liturgical music and cantor of the Jewish reform movement.
Henle was born in the Upper Swabian town of Laupheim at a time when Laupheim had the largest J ...
to come to the Hamburg Temple and Henle decided to accept the offer. He immediately began his work in Hamburg by forming a mixed choir. One member of the mixed choir was Caroline Franziska Herschel, a relative of Moses Mendelssohn. They married in 1882 and from that date on, his wife accompanied Henle during his performances as well as during official functions. In 1883,
Dávid Leimdörfer became rabbi at the Temple, where he was also principal of the school for religion as all other rabbis. He died in 1922.
The influence of the Temple movement was not restricted to the liberal community; one of the lasting effects has been the introduction of the sermon in German, also within the Orthodox community. Today Reform Judaism, with its origins in the Hamburg Temple, has circa 2 million members just in the United States.
Third venue: Tempel in the Oberstraße
With the moving of many members of the Israelite Temple Association into new quarters outside the old city centre, especially into the neighbourhood, they wished their temple closer to their new domiciles.
[Saskia Rohde, „Synagogen im Hamburger Raum 1680–1943“, in: ''Die Geschichte der Juden in Hamburg'': 2 vols., Hamburg: Dölling und Galitz, 1991, vol. 2: 'Die Juden in Hamburg 1590 bis 1990', pp. 143–175, here p. 161. .] First demands for a relocation appeared in 1908, in 1924 the moving was decided but delayed due to financial constraints, in 1927 decided a plot on Oberstraße 120 was bought in 1928, after an architectural competition in 1929 the architects and were commissioned.
The new synagogue, Tempel Oberstraße, was built from 1930 to 1931 in
modern style
The Modern Style is a style of architecture, art, and design that first emerged in the United Kingdom in the mid-1880s. It is the first Art Nouveau style worldwide, and it represents the evolution of the Arts and Crafts movement which was native ...
for about .
On 30 August 1931 the new Temple in the Oberstraße was inaugurated
[Saskia Rohde, „Synagogen im Hamburger Raum 1680–1943“, in: ''Die Geschichte der Juden in Hamburg'': 2 vols., Hamburg: Dölling und Galitz, 1991, vol. 2: 'Die Juden in Hamburg 1590 bis 1990', pp. 143–175, here p. 162. .] and it was a great time with the rabbi . The temple in the Poolstraße was profaned in 1931 and sold six years later. In 1937 the Israelite Temple Association celebrated a series of festivities for the 120th jubilee of the Hamburg Temple, many of its members celebrated their
Passover Seder
The Passover Seder (; he, סדר פסח , 'Passover order/arrangement'; yi, סדר ) is a ritual feast at the beginning of the Jewish holiday of Passover. It is conducted throughout the world on the eve of the 15th day of Nisan in the Hebrew c ...
together in the synagogue and lectures and a great party were held in the temple and its adjacent premises.
The former Temple in the Oberstraße since 1938
After the
November Pogrom
() or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November pogrom(s) (german: Novemberpogrome, ), was a pogrom against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's (SA) paramilitary and (SS) paramilitary forces along with some participation from ...
in 1938 the Nazis closed the Temple, which had not been burnt but realised vandalism of its interior.
Italiener emigrated to the United Kingdom.
On 28 November 1940 the legal successor of the DIG, the Jewish Religious Association (Jüdischer Religionsverband in Hamburg), was forced to sell the building for the ridiculous sum of to the Colonial Office (Kolonialamt; a legally dependent subunit of Hamburg), which, however, did not realise its plans for the rebuild for its purposes.
[Saskia Rohde, „Synagogen im Hamburger Raum 1680–1943“, in: ''Die Geschichte der Juden in Hamburg'': 2 vols., Hamburg: Dölling und Galitz, 1991, vol. 2: 'Die Juden in Hamburg 1590 bis 1990', pp. 143–175, here p. 163. .]
While the profaned temple in the Poolstraße was destroyed in the
bombing of Hamburg
The Allied bombing of Hamburg during World War II included numerous attacks on civilians and civic infrastructure. As a large city and industrial centre, Hamburg's shipyards, U-boat pens, and the Hamburg-Harburg area oil refineries were attac ...
in 1944, the temple and its adjacent community centre in the Oberstraße remained intact and were rented to the bombed-out editorial department of the newspaper ''Hamburger Fremdenblatt'' in August 1943.
The ruin of the former Poolstraße temple is preserved until today. In 1946 the city-state rented out the former temple building in the Oberstraße to the British-founded
Northwest German Broadcasting (NWDR; Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk), which acquired the building in 1948.
Meanwhile, the 1945-founded , holding legal succession of the Jewish Religious Association in Hamburg, applied for the rescission of the enforced sale of the Temple in 1940.
So with the pending restitution of the temple the NWDR asked the Jewish Community for its permission before it installed a ceiling in order to separate the synagogue hall into two halls, a broadcasting hall above and a radio drama studio below.
In 1952 the court restituted the temple to the
Jewish Trust Corporation The Jewish Trust Corporation (JTC) was established in 1950 in the former British zone of occupation in northwest Germany as a Jewish body to pursue claims for the restitution of heirless property of murdered persons and dissolved organizations that ...
, who then sold it to the NWDR in 1953, whose legal successor
North German Broadcasting (NDR) owns it until today.
Since 1982 the former temple is a
listed building
In the United Kingdom, a listed building or listed structure is one that has been placed on one of the four statutory lists maintained by Historic England in England, Historic Environment Scotland in Scotland, in Wales, and the Northern Irel ...
.
On 6 March 2000 the NDR renamed its studio within the former temple, called at times ''Studio 10'' or ''Großer Sendesaal'' (big broadcasting hall) as ''
Rolf Liebermann
Rolf Liebermann (14 September 1910 – 2 January 1999), was a Swiss composer and music administrator. He served as the Artistic Director of the Hamburg State Opera from 1959 to 1973 and again from 1985 to 1988. He was also Artistic Director of ...
Studio'' in honour of the homonymous composer, who led the NDR music department between 1957 and 1959.
It is used as a venue for concerts, lectures and other artistic performances.
Rabbis and chazzanim of the Hamburg Temple
* Temple rabbis were Eduard Kley (1789–1867), Gotthold Salomon (1784–1862), Naphtali Frankfurter (1810–1866), Hermann Jonas, Max Sänger,
David Leimdörfer, (1860–1950), ,
Jacob Sonderling, , and Bruno Italiener.
* Temple c
hazzan
A ''hazzan'' (; , lit. Hazan) or ''chazzan'' ( he, חַזָּן , plural ; Yiddish ''khazn''; Ladino ''Hasan'') is a Jewish musician or precentor trained in the vocal arts who helps lead the congregation in songful prayer.
In English, this pr ...
im were , Joseph Piza, John Lipman, Ignaz Mandl,
Moritz Henle
Moritz Henle (7 August 1850 – 24 August 1925) was a prominent German composer of liturgical music and cantor of the Jewish reform movement.
Henle was born in the Upper Swabian town of Laupheim at a time when Laupheim had the largest J ...
, Leon Kornitzer, and Joseph Cysner, who was deported to Zbaszyn, Poland in the Polenaktion on October, 28, 1938.
Notes
Sources
Prayerbook Hamburg Templeof
Bodleian Library
The Bodleian Library () is the main research library of the University of Oxford, and is one of the oldest libraries in Europe. It derives its name from its founder, Sir Thomas Bodley. With over 13 million printed items, it is the second- ...
*
Gotthold Salomon
Gotthold Salomon (born as Schlomo Salman ben Lippmann haLewi; November 1, 1784 in Sandersleben (Anhalt-Dessau) – November 17, 1862 in Hamburg) was a German Jewish rabbi, politician and Bible translator.
Following on the work of Moses Mendelss ...
, ''Predigten in dem Neuen Israelitischen Tempel'', Erste Sammlung, Hamburg: J. Ahrons, 1820
Digitalisatdes Exemplars der Harvard University Library
* Eduard Kley, Gotthold Salomon, ''Sammlung der neuesten Predigten: gehalten in dem Neuen Israelitischen Tempel zu Hamburg'', Hamburg: J. Ahrons, 1826.
Digitalisatdes Exemplars der
Harvard University Library
Harvard Library is the umbrella organization for Harvard University's libraries and services. It is the oldest library system in the United States and both the largest academic library and largest private library in the world. Its collection ...
* Gotthold Salomon, ''Festpredigten für alle Feyertage des Herrn: gehalten im neuen Israelitischen Tempel zu Hamburg'', Hamburg: Nestler, 1829
Digitalisatdes Exemplars der Harvard University Library
* Gotthold Salomon, ''Das neue Gebetbuch und seine Verketzerung'', Hamburg: 1841
* Caesar Seligmann, ''Erinnerungen'', Erwin Seligmann (ed.), Frankfurt am Main: 1975
* Andreas Brämer, ''Judentum und religiöse Reform. Der Hamburger Israelitische Tempel 1817–1938'', Hamburg: Dölling und Galitz, 2000.
* Philipp Lenhard, ''The Hamburg Temple Controversy. Continuity and a New Beginning in Dibere Haberith'', in: Key Documents of German-Jewish History, September 21, 2017.
*
Michael A. Meyer
Michael Albert Meyer (born 1937) is a German-born American historian of modern Jewish history. He taught for over 50 years at the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion in Cincinnati, Ohio. He is currently the Adolph S. Ochs Emeritus P ...
, ''Antwort auf die Moderne'', Vienna: Böhlau, 2000.
* Institut für die Geschichte der deutschen Juden, Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Hamburg (eds.), ''Jüdische Stätten in Hamburg - Karte mit Erläuterungen'', 3rd ed., Hamburg: 2001
* Institut für die Geschichte der deutschen Juden (ed.), ''Das Jüdische Hamburg – ein historisches Nachschlagewerk'', Göttingen: 2006
External links
* Website of the Hamburg Initiative to save the temple ruins and make them accessible https://hamburg-tempel-poolstrasse.de/en/welcome/
Did Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy make his Psalm 100 for Hamburg Temple?
Former synagogues in Germany
Jewish German history
Jews and Judaism in Hamburg
Religious buildings and structures in Hamburg
Reform synagogues in Germany