![Halesowen Abbey arms](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Halesowen_Abbey_arms.svg)
Halesowen Abbey was a
Premonstratensian
The Order of Canons Regular of Prémontré (), also known as the Premonstratensians, the Norbertines and, in Britain and Ireland, as the White Canons (from the colour of their habit), is a religious order of canons regular of the Catholic Church ...
abbey in
Halesowen,
England of which only ruins remain. Founded by
Peter des Roches with a grant of land from
King John King John may refer to:
Rulers
* John, King of England (1166–1216)
* John I of Jerusalem (c. 1170–1237)
* John Balliol, King of Scotland (c. 1249–1314)
* John I of France (15–20 November 1316)
* John II of France (1319–1364)
* John I o ...
, the abbey's official year of inauguration was 1218. It acquired two daughter abbeys and a dependent priory. It also acquired a considerable range of estates, mostly concentrated within the region, and a number of churches, which it appropriated after being granted the
advowsons. The abbey's manorial court records have survived in large part, portraying a discontented community, driven to many acts of resistance and at one point to challenge the abbey's very existence. The abbey played no great part in the affairs of its order, although it was represented at all levels. At least one abbot attracted serious criticism from within the order, which attempted to remove him. Its canons observed the
Rule of St Augustine
The Rule of Saint Augustine, written about the year 400, is a brief document divided into eight chapters and serves as an outline for religious life lived in community. It is the oldest monastic rule in the Western Church.
The rule, developed b ...
to a varying degree, with some serious lapses, at least in the late 15th century, when the
order's visitor uncovered widespread sexual exploitation of local women. The abbey was moderately prosperous and survived the suppression of the lesser monasteries. It was dissolved in 1538.
Foundation and early years
![Peterdesrochestombwinchestercathedral](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Peterdesrochestombwinchestercathedral.jpg)
Halesowen Abbey originated in a grant of the manor of Halesowen in 1214 by
King John King John may refer to:
Rulers
* John, King of England (1166–1216)
* John I of Jerusalem (c. 1170–1237)
* John Balliol, King of Scotland (c. 1249–1314)
* John I of France (15–20 November 1316)
* John II of France (1319–1364)
* John I o ...
to
Peter des Roches, then
Bishop of Winchester
The Bishop of Winchester is the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Winchester in the Church of England. The bishop's seat (''cathedra'') is at Winchester Cathedral in Hampshire. The Bishop of Winchester has always held ''ex officio'' (except dur ...
, intended to allow the Peter to found a religious house "of whatever order he pleased". On 27 October of that year the king issued instructions through
letters close to the
Sheriff of Staffordshire This is a list of the sheriffs and high sheriffs of Staffordshire.
The sheriff is the oldest secular office under the Crown. The sheriff was the principal law enforcement officer in the county but over the centuries most of the responsibilities ass ...
to give the bishop full
seisin of the manor and all that pertained to it.
The following year John issued a
charter
A charter is the grant of authority or rights, stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified. It is implicit that the granter retains superiority (or sovereignty), and that the rec ...
confirming the manor in
frankalmoin to the "canons of the Premonstratensian order resident at Hales" (''apud Hales'').
However, the official date for the foundation of Halesowen Abbey, as given by the Premonstratensian order, is 1218, at least three years after the
canons regular, known as "White Canons" because of their habit, had set up a community at Halesowen. Such apparent disparities were common with Premonstratensian houses and stem from religious and
theological attitudes specific to the order. In monastic orders generally an abbey requires a
chapter of at least 13, so that there can be an abbot or "father" and twelve canons. Moreover, it seems likely that the Premonstratensians did not count an abbey as fully established until there was an abbey church to consecrate. Finally, several of the later abbeys were dedicated not simply to
Mary, mother of Jesus
Mary; arc, ܡܪܝܡ, translit=Mariam; ar, مريم, translit=Maryam; grc, Μαρία, translit=María; la, Maria; cop, Ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ, translit=Maria was a first-century Jews, Jewish woman of Nazareth, the wife of Saint Joseph, Jose ...
, but specifically, as at
Dale (Stanley Park) Abbey ''ad festum Assumptionis'' — "for the Feast of the Assumption," so the abbey would not be inaugurated until the next occurrence of the festival (15 August) after the gathering of a sufficient number in church. All of this could lead to considerable delays. The basic facts about the foundation and dedication of an abbey were established in advance by
Bishop Redman, abbot of
Shap Abbey
Shap Abbey was a religious house of the Premonstratensian order of Canons regular situated on the western bank of the River Lowther in the civil parish of Shap Rural, around from the village of Shap, in the Eden District of Cumbria, England. Th ...
, before he carried out regular
canonical visitation
In the Catholic Church, a canonical visitation is the act of an ecclesiastical superior who in the discharge of his office visits persons or places with a view to maintaining faith and discipline and of correcting abuses. A person delegated to car ...
s of Premonstratensian houses in 1478. The text of replies to his preliminary enquiries for that year's visitation of Halesowen:
The acceptance of the abbot of
Welbeck Abbey in
Nottinghamshire as the father abbot of Halesowen, and its basis in a colonisation from that abbey on 6 May 1218, suggest a reason for the delayed formal foundation of the abbey. King John's confirmatory charter of 1215 had implied that there was already a Premonstratensian community at Halesowen, although it did not mention where the canons had come from. If there was an early Premonstratensian settlement of the site by 1215, it seems that a further colonisation from Welbeck was needed to bring the numbers up to the requisite level. Certainly substantial building work was being carried out in 1218, as Peter des Roches received a royal grant of £17 3s. 4d. to meet the costs of it. Although the exact date of the foundation is nowhere stated, it is likely that Halesowen was consecrated on the Feast of the Assumption in 1218, early in the reign of
Henry III.
Building and possibly rebuilding continued for some years, as early in 1223
Brian de Lisle was instructed to have made for the bishop sixty from the royal
Forest of Kinver for the "refurbishment of his church of Hales." Evidently the matter was considered important, as a second set of more detailed instructions were issued to Brian on 23 May, raising the possibility of buying the items ready-made. Although the
Victoria County History account mentions the grant, it does not explain what the items actually were. suggests some sort of couplings or
tie
Tie has two principal meanings:
* Tie (draw), a finish to a competition with identical results, particularly sports
* Necktie, a long piece of cloth worn around the neck or shoulders
Tie or TIE may also refer to:
Engineering and technology
* Ti ...
s, possibly
rafters,
joists or other structural members. In connection with the grant of wood, instructions were also issued to Brian on 5 June to procure for the abbey, with minimal damage to the woodland, sufficient wood for four fires to melt
lead, indicating that roof work was under way: rather than a repair, this was perhaps lead covering to replace an earlier, temporary roof.
The status and possessions of Halesowen Abbey were confirmed by a charter of Henry III on 5 April 1227. In particular the grant of the manor of Halesowen was reiterated and it was made clear that the abbey was answerable to the bishop of Winchester and his successors as patrons.
Daughter houses
Titchfield
Peter des Roches went on to found another Premonstratensian house,
Titchfield Abbey in
Hampshire. This was colonised with canons from Halesowen and given the same dedication as Halesowen. The date is given in some sources, including
Victoria County History, as 1222, but the convent's reply to a question from Bishop Redman on the subject was that the foundation date was 1231, which agrees with the foundation charter, dated the 16th year of Henry III. Redman's ''pro forma'' also elicited a confirmation that the abbot of Halesowen was the father abbot of Tichfield.
Talley
Talley Abbey ( cy, Abaty Talyllychau) was about two decades older than Halesowen Abbey, founded towards the end of the 12th century by
Rhys ap Gruffydd Originally it was subject to St. John the Baptist's Abbey,
Amiens. It suffered greatly as a result of constant warfare in its first century. In 1291 the head of the order, William, Abbot of
Prémontré Abbey, requested Edward I to assist the abbots of Halesowen and
Newsham Abbey
Newsham Abbey was an abbey in Newsham, a small hamlet north of Brocklesby village in Lincolnshire, England. Founded by Peter of Gousla in 1143, Newsham was a daughter house of the Abbey of Licques, near Calais, and the first Premonstratensian hous ...
make a canonical visitation. This fitted well with the king's policy of bringing Welsh religious houses more closely under domination from England. The patron of Talley was
Rhys ap Maredudd
Rhys ap Maredudd ( 1250 – 2 June 1292) was a senior member of the Welsh royal house of Deheubarth, a principality of Medieval Wales. He was the great grandson of The Lord Rhys (died 1197), prince of south Wales, and the last ruler of a unit ...
, one of the most intractable of the Welsh opponents of the English monarchy, who died in 1292. In a letter dated that year, the abbot of Prémontré refers to the will of the king and to the advantages and peace that would surround the abbey, as a result of his reassignment of Talley to
Welbeck Abbey, making the abbot of the
Nottinghamshire house and his successors the father abbots of the Welsh house.
Uncertainty still surrounds the rôles played by Halesowen and Welbeck Abbeys in relation to Talley. Abbots of Halesowen played a part in three of four known visitations at Talley. In 1410
Antipope John XXIII granted an
indult
In Catholic canon law, an indult is a permission or privilege, granted by the competent church authority – the Holy See or the diocesan bishop, as the case may be – for an exception from a particular norm of church law in an individual case ...
to Talley to prevent visitors requiring the canons to travel for more than a day to meetings: previously they had been travelling about 80 miles, despite the impoverishment of the abbey from constant incursions by armed bands. After an inquiry into the matter, the abbot of Welbeck resigned the paternity of Talley Abbey to Halesowen in a letter of 20 August 1414. A letter from Hubert, Abbot of Prémontré, dated 18 April 1475, explains to Bishop Redman that Talley Abbey was transferred to Halesowen because of the distance separating it from St. John the Baptist's Abbey in Amiens. A search of the documents had found no mention of Welbeck in this context, which suggests that its claim might have been based on a forgery. Despite the difficulties of travel, the abbot of Talley attended a provincial chapter meeting, covering all the order's abbeys in Britain and Ireland, at
Lincoln in July 1476 In 1478 Redman's set questions preceding the visitation elicited the answer from the convent of Talley that ''Abbas de Hales-owen est pater abbas'' — "the abbot of Halesowen is the father abbot." Gribbin suggests that the questions, which were asked of all convents that year, were devised precisely because Redman was unsure of the situation at Talley. Nevertheless, a provincial chapter meeting, probably held in 1479 at
Leicester
Leicester ( ) is a city status in the United Kingdom, city, Unitary authorities of England, unitary authority and the county town of Leicestershire in the East Midlands of England. It is the largest settlement in the East Midlands.
The city l ...
, considered the "dubious paternity" of Talley, which was being investigated by Redman. In December 1485 Redman dealt with a canon who wanted to transfer from
Cockersand Abbey to Talley and saw fit to bring the abbot of Welbeck into the process, perhaps to cover himself against future challenges. When Redman made a visitation of Talley Abbey in 1497 he met the abbot, not at the abbey in Wales but at Halesowen, and, as he was newly elected, received his vow of obedience to the abbot of Prémontré. Redman was sufficiently well-informed to order the abbot to attend to urgent repairs. It seems that the issue had been settled at last in favour of Halesowen.
Dodford
Halesowen Abbey absorbed the
Augustine Dodford Priory
Dodford Priory in the parish of Bromsgrove in Worcestershire in the current village of Dodford, was a small Augustinian monastery.
History
It was founded in 1184, probably by King Henry II, which held lands around Bromsgrove. In 1327 it is recor ...
in 1464, by
letters patent
Letters patent ( la, litterae patentes) ( always in the plural) are a type of legal instrument in the form of a published written order issued by a monarch, president or other head of state, generally granting an office, right, monopoly, titl ...
of
Edward IV
Edward IV (28 April 1442 – 9 April 1483) was King of England from 4 March 1461 to 3 October 1470, then again from 11 April 1471 until his death in 1483. He was a central figure in the Wars of the Roses, a series of civil wars in England ...
. At this point the convent of Dodford had dwindled to a single canon, Thomas Tipton, who was therefore the prior at the time of dissolution, and the king's reference to the "decrease of fruits and profits" makes clear that the priory was in financial difficulties. The priory was founded in the reign of
Henry II but its oldest extant foundation document is an
''inspeximus'' charter, which also dates from the 16th year of Henry III, 1231–2. Although Brother Thomas Cooksey, a canon of Halesowen was consistently accorded the title "prior of Dodford" in 1488,
[ 1491][ and 1494, he was no more than the ''custos'', keeper, of Dodford in 1497.][ Halesowen came to treat the former priory as a mere monastic cell and exploited its resources efficiently, bringing about a substantial increase in revenues. In 1500 neither Cooksey nor any other member of the community was named as responsible for Dodford,][ which had dwindled to the status of one of Halesowen's estates. In 1505 Cooksey reappeared as prior, at the head of a fictional Dodford community, which was simply a list of Halesowen's canons. In 1535 the ]demesne
A demesne ( ) or domain was all the land retained and managed by a lord of the manor under the feudal system for his own use, occupation, or support. This distinguished it from land sub-enfeoffed by him to others as sub-tenants. The concept or ...
land and leases at Dodford together brought in the substantial sum of £24 3s. 1d.[
]
Abbots of Halesowen
Abbots within the order
Based on similar tree diagrams in Holliday and Gasquet, and with reference to Gribbin. The chart lists Premonstratensian houses in England and Wales, in the late 15th century, except for Orford or Irford Priory a small Nottinghamshire house of canonesses which was of unknown affiliation. Both abbeys and priories were generally affiliated to the house that founded them, but this was not always so: in some cases paternity was attributed elsewhere or altered subsequently. Each abbey is linked by a solid line to the abbey of its "father abbot" in a row above. The line of paternity from Prémontré Abbey to Halesowen and beyond is highlighted with yellow boxes. Dependent priories are linked to the mother house with dashed lines. Dates of foundation are those given by convents when questioned by Bishop Redman in 1478, if available: otherwise, as estimated by Gasquet or the editors of Victoria County History.
Halesowen's abbots were the main channel connecting the convent to the wider Premonstratensian or Norbertine order. The paternal links between abbeys provided a hierarchical structure of supervision and discipline. As Halesowen was a daughter house of Welbeck Abbey, it was subject to canonical visitation and correction by the abbot of the mother house. The abbot of Halesowen was himself "father abbot" to Titchfield and later to Talley and Dodford and was obliged to carry out annual canonical visitation
In the Catholic Church, a canonical visitation is the act of an ecclesiastical superior who in the discharge of his office visits persons or places with a view to maintaining faith and discipline and of correcting abuses. A person delegated to car ...
s and to supervise and formally confirm the election of their heads. In 1370, for example, Richard de Hampton, Abbot of Halesowen, provided John Thorny, newly elected as abbot of Titchfield, with a letter confirming his election, which he took to William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester and patron of both abbeys. This initiated the benediction of Thorny at the episcopal manor, a more intimate context than the cathedral. In 1390, Abbot Richard, now old, wrote a similar letter to secure the benediction of Thorny's successor, John Romsey. In 1420 Abbot John Poole of Halesowen travelled to Titchfield Abbey to perform two tasks: to attend to the confirmation and benediction of Richard Aubrey as abbot of the daughter hose and to carry out a canonical visitation
In the Catholic Church, a canonical visitation is the act of an ecclesiastical superior who in the discharge of his office visits persons or places with a view to maintaining faith and discipline and of correcting abuses. A person delegated to car ...
. He was assisted by John Ultyng, Abbot of Dureford Abbey
Dureford Abbey, in Sussex, England, was a Premonstratensian monastery. It was founded by Henry Hussey who in 1161 granted land to the abbot of Welbeck Abbey, to establish the new community near Rogate, Sussex.
A History of Disaster
The founder ...
in Sussex, a short distance east of Titchfield. The visitation, signed off on 12 June, seems to have concentrated on accounting for Titchfield's assets and liabilities. There was no cash in the treasury and the debts came to £62 0s. 6d., although the house was owed £43 4s. The valuables in the sacristry
A sacristy, also known as a vestry or preparation room, is a room in Christian churches for the keeping of vestments (such as the alb and chasuble) and other church furnishings, sacred vessels, and parish records.
The sacristy is usually located ...
and treasury were counted: one silver-gilt
Silver-gilt or gilded/gilt silver, sometimes known in American English by the French term vermeil, is silver (either pure or sterling) which has been gilded with gold. Most large objects made in goldsmithing that appear to be gold are actually ...
ciborium, two large silver-gilt chalices and twelve others, of which six were gilded, a large Gospel book adorned with various relic
In religion, a relic is an object or article of religious significance from the past. It usually consists of the physical remains of a saint or the personal effects of the saint or venerated person preserved for purposes of veneration as a tangi ...
s, a silver-gilt vessel set on feet and filled with relics, a large silver-gilt cross with images of Mary and St John, set on a large stand, and so on, to the 84 silver spoons. The livestock on various manors was also counted: 34 horses, 10 draught horses, 4 colts, 154 oxen, 7 bulls, 69 cows, 17 heifers (young cows), 10 bullocks (young and or castrated bulls), 28 yearlings, 29 calves, 381 muttons, 207 ''hurtis et muricis,'' 121 hoggets, 100 lambs, 17 boars, 24 sows, 33 pigs, 126 hogs (castrate
Castration is any action, surgical, chemical, or otherwise, by which an individual loses use of the testicles: the male gonad. Surgical castration is bilateral orchiectomy (excision of both testicles), while chemical castration uses pharmaceut ...
d male pigs, and 89 suckling pigs. It is possible this precise accounting was to establish a marker for the new abbacy.
The order did not work solely through vertical, hierarchical structures. Even when the paternal links were invoked, major interventions almost always involved at least one other abbot: in the case of the attempt to remove Abbot Walter, it was the father abbot and two others. When an election was needed at Dale in 1332, the responsibility to supervise it fell naturally to the abbot of Newsham Abbey
Newsham Abbey was an abbey in Newsham, a small hamlet north of Brocklesby village in Lincolnshire, England. Founded by Peter of Gousla in 1143, Newsham was a daughter house of the Abbey of Licques, near Calais, and the first Premonstratensian hous ...
, the father abbot. However, he sent as his representatives the abbots of Halesowen and Langdon. Both were in the paternal line from Newsham, the oldest Premonstratensian house in England, although only two English abbeys were not. There were horizontal links of support and consultation which took form in the unique Premonstratensian system, grouping abbeys in a region together. In its completed form, this placed Halesowen in the English Middle Circaria, which stretched from Lincolnshire to Shropshire, and beyond into South Wales. In 1311, when the English abbeys were caught between the demands of Prémontré and the king over the subsidies issue, they organised against Adam, the head of the order, on the basis of the : the abbots of Croxton Abbey and Newsham wrote to all the Middle English abbeys to raise funds for an appeal to Rome, including Halesowen's 14 shillings in the list of required contributions. When war brought Prémontré into serious hardship in 1354, the abbot of Halesowen was chosen as one of the representatives of the English Middle Circaria to discuss the issue at Grantham.
Abbots of Halesowen also sometimes took on similar representative functions at the Provincial Chapter, a triennial meeting of all the abbots of the order in Britain and Ireland, which always began with the selection of the ''definitors'', a steering committee. Abbot Thomas Bridges of Halesowen is known to have taken this rôle at two consecutive chapters: at Grantham in 1492 and at Lincoln in 1495 Sometimes the abbot of Halesowen would attend the General Chapter of the order at Prémontré. In 1327, for example, with strict conditions in force designed to prevent the transfer of subsidies to Prémontré, abbots attending the meeting were forced to apply for permission and to specify the amount of money they were carrying. On 1 September orders were issued from Nottingham to Bartholomew Burghersh, the constable of Dover Castle, to permit the abbots of Halesowen and West Dereham Abbeys to cross the Channel
Channel, channels, channeling, etc., may refer to:
Geography
* Channel (geography), in physical geography, a landform consisting of the outline (banks) of the path of a narrow body of water.
Australia
* Channel Country, region of outback Austral ...
with their entourages, with 20 marks each for expenses.
Abbatial elections
Abbots played a crucial part in the installation of other abbots, although Premonstratensian houses elected their own abbots, so long as they could agree on the right man. There was no formal vote, as the process of election was expected to produce a candidate who was acceptable to all. The earliest election at Halesowen of which details are extant was one of those in which the canons could not agree. Held on 17 June 1322, it was supervised by Richard de Nottingham, Abbot of Welbeck and father abbot of Halesowen. He was assisted by the abbot of a house abbreviated to T, which narrows the possibilities to Tupholme Abbey
Tupholme Abbey was a Premonstratensian abbey close to the River Witham some east of the city of Lincoln, England. The Witham valley in Lincolnshire is notable for its high concentration of monasteries—there were six on the east bank and thr ...
or Torre Abbey
Torre Abbey is a historic building and art gallery in Torquay, Devon, which lies in the South West of England. It was founded in 1196 as a monastery for Premonstratensian canons, and is now the best-preserved medieval monastery in Devon and Co ...
. The election probably followed the resignation of Abbot Bartholomew. After celebrating the Mass of the Holy Spirit, the entire convent of the abbey retired with the two abbots to the chapter house
A chapter house or chapterhouse is a building or room that is part of a cathedral, monastery or collegiate church in which meetings are held. When attached to a cathedral, the cathedral chapter meets there. In monasteries, the whole communi ...
, where they sang the ''Veni Creator Spiritus
"Veni Creator Spiritus" (Come, Creator Spirit) is a traditional Christian hymn believed to have been written by Rabanus Maurus, a ninth-century German monk, teacher, and archbishop. When the original Latin text is used, it is normally sung in Greg ...
'', "Come Creator Spirit." After initial discussion the canons unanimously decided to accept an election by way of compromission, a commonly used procedure in which the decision was delegated to a panel chosen by the convent as a whole. This took place under the leadership of Henry, the prior
Prior (or prioress) is an ecclesiastical title for a superior in some religious orders. The word is derived from the Latin for "earlier" or "first". Its earlier generic usage referred to any monastic superior. In abbeys, a prior would be l ...
of Halesowen. However, the issue proved intractable and the choice ultimately devolved on the abbot of Welbeck, acting in his pastoral
A pastoral lifestyle is that of shepherds herding livestock around open areas of land according to seasons and the changing availability of water and pasture. It lends its name to a genre of literature, art, and music (pastorale) that depicts ...
capacity. He nominated Thomas de Lech, who was generally accepted. After singing the '' Te Deum'' with the chapter, Abbot Richard led them out into the choir of the abbey church, where he sat Thomas in the first choir stall, conferred paternal authority on him and installed him in the church and its possessions.
The way of compromission was followed with greater success on 9 March 1486, after the death of Abbot John Derby. On this occasion the father abbot from Welbeck was accompanied by the abbot of Beauchief. It seems that the convent quickly agreed on a panel empowered to carry out the election: the subprior Thomas Bridge, Henry Edgbaston, Richard Hill, John Saunders, Thomas Cockseye and John Birmingham. They were given from 11:00 to 13:00 to make a decision. Before the time had elapsed, Richard Hill was authorised to make the announcement that Bridge had been elected abbot, to unanimous approval. The visiting abbots made a diligent examination of the process and could find nothing wrong with either the election or the man chosen, so took him into the church for installation in his seat.
Over two centuries the essentials of the process did not change, although on 4 July 1505 it brought a very quick outcome, as there was little to discuss. Thomas Wilkinson, Abbot of Welbeck, was accompanied to Halesowen by the abbot of Dale, Richard Nottingham, after the death of Thomas Bridge. Once again, proceedings began with the Mass of the Holy Spirit and a procession to the chapter house, where Wilkinson solemnly warned any who were excommunicated, suspended or under interdict to withdraw before the election commenced. There followed an invocation of the Holy Spirit
In Judaism, the Holy Spirit is the divine force, quality, and influence of God over the Universe or over his creatures. In Nicene Christianity, the Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is the third person of the Trinity. In Islam, the Holy Spirit acts as ...
. It seems that Edmund Green, prior of Hornby
Hornby may refer to:
Places In England
* Hornby, Lancashire
* Hornby, Hambleton, village in North Yorkshire
* Hornby, Richmondshire, village in North Yorkshire Elsewhere
* Hornby, Ontario, community in the town of Halton Hills, Ontario, Canad ...
, a small Lancashire dependency of Croxton Abbey, immediately emerged as favourite. After the convent and the visiting abbots had assured themselves that his reputation and holiness of life were of the required standard, Wilkinson and Nottingham approved, ratified and confirmed his election and affixed their seals to the election return. The convent and abbots moved back to the church and sang ''Te Deum laudamus''.
Attempted deposition
The outstanding case of the deposition, or attempted deposition, of an abbot of Halesowen occurred in 1311, when Walter de la Flagge was abbot. In 1310 Abbot Adam of Prémontré, presumably acting on rumours or reports he had received, had instructed the abbots of Dale
Dale or dales may refer to:
Locations
* Dale (landform), an open valley
* Dale (place name element)
Geography
;Australia
* The Dales (Christmas Island), in the Indian Ocean
;Canada
* Dale, Ontario
;Ethiopia
*Dale (woreda), district
;Norway
*D ...
and Langdon to carry out a visitation of Halesowen Abbey, taking with them the abbot of Welbeck: they were to correct abuses and be prepared to force the resignation of the abbot if necessary. They were to use ecclesiastical powers to put down rebellion but were authorised to call in the secular arm if necessary. The situation was complicated by a conflict between the king and the Premonstratensian order over subsidies that the English abbeys were expected to remit to Prémontré Abbey: money that the king wanted to keep in the country. The king suspected that the visitation was a stratagem for extracting a subsidy and sent a copy of his prohibition of such payments to the abbots of Dale and Langdon on 7 May 1311. However, the visitation went ahead and the three abbots pronounced the abbot of Halesowen incontinent, uncooperative, incompetent and unfit to rule, on numerous grounds deserving of excommunication. Brother Lawrence, a deposed abbot of Bayham Abbey
Bayham Old Abbey is an English Heritage property, located near Lamberhurst, Kent, England. Founded c. 1207 through a combination of the failing Premonstratensian monasteries of Otham and Brockley, Bayham functioned as an abbey until its dissolut ...
, whose offences were not quite defined, was condemned in the most verbose terms as a scandal to the faith. Brother Batholomew of Coventry was a confirmed liar. Brother Robert de Boudon was guilty of incontinence, conspiracy and violent disturbance of the peace. The prior, they reported, was the son of a cleric (which would have excluded him from the order without special permission), incapable of his office, an open conspirator, not trusted to hear confession by the canons. Joh Gorscote was in the same mould as the abbot. However, before the visitors could proceed against them, the accused produced the king's prohibition, claiming that it made them immune against their sentence. When the visitors persisted they were expelled from the abbey. They were even refused accommodation, at their own expense, at one of its granges or farms. They travelled to Dale where they assured themselves that the king's prohibition did not apply to visitations as such and, on the Nativity of Saint John the Baptist (24 June), pronounced their sentences. The abbot, prior, sub-prior, sacristan
A sacristan is an officer charged with care of the sacristy, the church, and their contents.
In ancient times, many duties of the sacrist were performed by the doorkeepers ( ostiarii), and later by the treasurers and mansionarii. The Decretals ...
, precentor, cellarer
A cellarium (from the Latin ''cella'', "pantry"), also known as an ''undercroft'', was a storehouse or storeroom, usually in a medieval monastery or castle. In English monasteries, it was usually located in or under the buildings on the west range ...
and John of Gorscote were solemnly and publicly excommunicated: members of the order were not to communicate with them until they were absolved by the abbot of Prémontré. To signal that this was not just the judgement of the two visitors commissioned by Prémontré, the abbot of Welbeck appended his seal to the document. It is not clear precisely what effect the visitation and the sentences had on the running of Halesowen Abbey. The next known election was not until 1314, when Barthlomew became abbot, so it is possible that the slippery Abbot Walter managed to remain in post for some years.
Canons of Halesowen
Numbers
The clerical population of England seems to have reached a peak by about 1300 and fell greatly during the Black Death
The Black Death (also known as the Pestilence, the Great Mortality or the Plague) was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Western Eurasia and North Africa from 1346 to 1353. It is the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, causi ...
. The number of Premonstratensians is thought to have fallen by a little under a third during this disaster. Poll tax returns for Halesowen show only 11 canons at the abbey in 1381. Redman's visitations gives lists of canons at not quite regular intervals for the last quarter of the 15th century. Numbers at Halesowen are given in the accompanying column chart
A bar chart or bar graph is a chart or graph that presents categorical data with rectangular bars with heights or lengths proportional to the values that they represent. The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally. A vertical bar chart is ...
.
Rôles and responsibilities
The Premonstratensian canons of Halesowen were not monks and were able to take on a wide range of responsibilities both inside and outside their own religious house. Entering the community, sometimes as children, they would progress through a novitiate
The novitiate, also called the noviciate, is the period of training and preparation that a Christian ''novice'' (or ''prospective'') monastic, apostolic, or member of a religious order undergoes prior to taking vows in order to discern whether ...
, under the tutelage of the novice master, until able to make their religious profession as full members, specifically as part of the convent of Halesowen. Alongside this, but distinct from it, was progression through the Holy orders in the Catholic Church: at that time generally acolyte, subdeacon
Subdeacon (or sub-deacon) is a minor order or ministry for men in various branches of Christianity. The subdeacon has a specific liturgical role and is placed between the acolyte (or reader) and the deacon in the order of precedence.
Subdeacons in ...
, deacon and priest. The registers of Worcester diocese record some of these ordinations. For example, in the first week of Lent
Lent ( la, Quadragesima, 'Fortieth') is a solemn religious observance in the liturgical calendar commemorating the 40 days Jesus spent fasting in the desert and enduring temptation by Satan, according to the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke ...
in 1373 William Horwood of Northfield, a canon of Halesowen, was ordained a subdeacon. On the vigil of Trinity Sunday 1419 Thomas Holder of Halesowen convent was ordained a subdeacon during a vacancy in the see by Nicholas Duffield, the abbot of Pershore, who had been recognised as bishop of Dunkeld by the Roman antipopes during the Western Schism. Bishop Redmand's visitation records show individual novices becoming canons and progressing through holy orders. In 1475 the abbey had six novices: Richard Wenlock, John Hales, Edward Clareley, John Seed, Richard Walsall and Richard Worfield. Three years later all their names are prefixed by the title ''Frater'', "Brother," indicating that they have made their profession and become full members of the convent. Hales had been appointed cantor or singer of the abbey, although neither he nor Wenlock is otherwise described: possibly both were now priests. Clareley and Seed had now been ordained deacons, with Clareley also made a sub-cantor; Walsall was a subdeacon; Worfield was an acolyte.
The same reports give examples also of the rôles and responsibilities of the more established canons. John Derby stands at the head of the lists as abbot but next comes Richard Edgbaston, the prior of the abbey. In 1478 he was described also as cellarer, responsible for the abbey's supply of food and drink, and probably also the manager of its manorial court
The manorial courts were the lowest courts of law in England during the feudal period. They had a civil jurisdiction limited both in subject matter and geography. They dealt with matters over which the lord of the manor had jurisdiction, primarily ...
. He was also at that time the sacristan
A sacristan is an officer charged with care of the sacristy, the church, and their contents.
In ancient times, many duties of the sacrist were performed by the doorkeepers ( ostiarii), and later by the treasurers and mansionarii. The Decretals ...
, who took care of the abbey's liturgical vessels and other ceremonial items. He seems to have been the abbot's confidant and factotum, a man trusted with a demanding and important range of tasks, so it no surprise to find him appointed to the panel who elected John Derby's successor in 1486. In both years his deputy in managing the day-to-day affairs of the convent was Thomas Nechel, the sub-prior. The same three canons were vicars of controlled churches in both 1475 and 1478: John Comber at Walsall, Richard Hill at Halesowen and John Hay at Clent. These were priests, exercising pastoral and liturgical functions at the three parish churches and their chapels. Comber is prefixed by the title ''Magister'', Master, in 1475, suggesting academic credentials and in 1478 it is explained that he is ''in decretis bacca larius'', a graduate in canon law, a distinction which he shares with the abbot. John Hay was vicar of Clent still in 1500, although his incumbency had been interrupted for some years: he was described as a former abbot.
In 1475, one canon, Richard Harborne was described as a ''metrista'', someone skilled in verse. In 1478 John Saunders is called a ''circator'', one who patrolled the dormitories in a circuit to enforce discipline. This is ironic, as he was found guilty of incontinence
Incontinence or Incontinent may refer to:
*Fecal incontinence, the involuntary excretion of bowel contents
*Urinary incontinence, the involuntary excretion of urine
* Lack of moderation or self-control, especially related to sexual desire - see I ...
and apostasy and sent to another abbey in the course of the visitation. Although the canons occupying them display a succession, the posts of responsibility varied hardly at all. In 1488 William Hales, a priest, was in charge of the infirmary and Thomas Cooksey, who had been accused alongside Saunders in 1478 but found innocent, made his first appearance as prior of Dodford Priory
Dodford Priory in the parish of Bromsgrove in Worcestershire in the current village of Dodford, was a small Augustinian monastery.
History
It was founded in 1184, probably by King Henry II, which held lands around Bromsgrove. In 1327 it is recor ...
, which had been absorbed by the abbey some years previously. This report and that for 1482 are very unusual in giving the title ''Dominus'', Lord or Master, to a number of canons other than the abbot, although others who are clearly priests are titled ''Frater'', as usual. A number of the reports distinguish the priests clearly with the labels ''sacerdotes'' or ''presbiteri''.
Diet
The commentary on the Rule of St Augustine recommends: "Subdue the flesh by fasting and abstinence from food and drink as much as your health permits." In addition, it urges "let distribution of food and clothing be made by your superior". As well as the Friday fast ordained for all believers, a 1464 bull of Pope Pius II obliged Premonstratensians to fast on Wednesdays and Saturdays, throughout Advent
Advent is a Christian season of preparation for the Nativity of Christ at Christmas. It is the beginning of the liturgical year in Western Christianity.
The name was adopted from Latin "coming; arrival", translating Greek ''parousia''.
In ...
and for an extended Lenten period from Septuagesima to Easter. This meant that canons were to eat a meat-free diet most days of the year, so it not surprising that they stoutly defended their fishing rights. Food often became a point of contention and a focus of grumbling. The first extant report by Redman on Halesowen, dated 1478, found the canons complaining about the abbey's bread, which was said to ''insufficienti, non de frumento sed alliis granis confecto, ministris altaris Christi minus congruo et inhonesto'': "inadequate, not made of wheat but produced from other grains, unsuitable for ministers of the altar of Christ and shameful."[ The canons seem to have associated the bread they were offered with that consumed by and distributed to the poor. The Rule condemned murmuring but Redman thought the complaints justified and ordered that the baking of bread be improved and reformed. Ten years later he noted that the convent was using twenty modii (about 180 litres) of wheat and winter wheat each week to make its bread.][ As it was also using 60 animals a year for beef, 40 for mutton, 30 for pork and 24 for veal, although these large quantities must include an allowance for the many guests. An inventory made after the death of Abbot Thomas Bridge in 1505 found that at "Usmore" grange there were eight oxen waiting for the cellarer and four fat beefs for the abbey kitchen. It seems unlikely the canons of Halesowen were underfed.
]
Discipline and infractions
Redman's visitations found canons sometimes chafing against the discipline of the order. Their infractions of order's statutes illustrate the difficulties and demands of the religious life. In 1491 some canons were evidently dining off the premises and Redman strictly forbade eating and drinking in a secular house within a league
League or The League may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
* ''Leagues'' (band), an American rock band
* ''The League'', an American sitcom broadcast on FX and FXX about fantasy football
Sports
* Sports league
* Rugby league, full contact footba ...
(three miles or an hour's walk) of the abbey. Eating together as a community was part of ''cenobium'', community or shared life, the term Halesowen Abbey used to describe itself. The Rule states: "No one may eat or drink out of the monastery without permission, for this is not in accord with monastic discipline." However, Redman's concern was probably as much with company the canons were keeping during their extramural activities as with maintaining the common life. During the same visitation he ordered that Margery Cook and other women of bad reputation be put out of the abbey premises and not allowed back in. Chastity was a central requirement of the religious life and the Commentary on the Rule is particularly concerned with the male gaze "because the unchaste eye is the sign of the unchaste soul". Breaches of chastity were not uncommon, although the penalty varied greatly. The fault for which John Saunders was condemned in 1478 was described as incontinence,[ or lack of control, invariably meaning a breach of chastity. In the case of Saunders and many others, but not always, this was paired with apostasy, which could mean no more than being absent without permission but might involve an almost total break with the religious life. Redman proposed to send Saunders for three years to Cockersand Abbey, a remote place in an exposed location overlooking the Irish Sea. At the special request of the abbot and canons, he agreed to reduce this greatly: to just eighty days at Dale Abbey in Derbyshire. Moreover, he arranged for Saunders' prompt return when visiting Dale just two days later. Even when severe punishments were actually imposed, they were often revoked at signs of penitence. Thomas Bromsgrove, a priest, was listed at Halesowen alongside Saunders in 1478.][ He must have got into trouble subsequently, as about 1480 he was at Welbeck Abbey, where he had been sent for apostasy. However, the abbot of Welbeck wrote to Halesowen asking that he return home soon, as he had shown himself submissive. The abbot of Halesowen wrote back in agreement. The leniency probably had divergent results. Saunders was present at the abbey in 1482,][ went on to become a trusted member of the convent, playing a central part in the election of the next abbot, and was prior by 1491.] He was not mentioned in connection with the "enormities" of 1497. Bromsgrove is never heard of again so, if he did not die before the 1482 visitation, he must have left the order.
Over the course of a quarter century Redman made many criticisms or suggestions on the finer points of the liturgy and occasional criticisms, not all justified, about the management of money and resources, but disciplinary matters were often relatively minor: in June 1494 he took up the tonsure at Halesowen, threatening serious penalties if it were not reformed in line with the order's statutes. He also enjoined silence about the visitation.
Enormities discovered
At the next visitation, on 30 August 1497, Redman reported that he had "discovered enormities". He seems to have uncovering a substantial ring of canons abusing Halesowen women: the convent had considerable power over Halesowen people in general, as they were its servants and tenants. It was reported of Brother Richard Walsall that he went "above and beyond apostasy and disobedience, from the life of a child in its mother's womb being extinguished on his advice, to a very great insurrection of many of the younger men of Hales against the abbot." Redman decreed that he should be imprisoned for ten years at Croxton Abbey in Leicestershire
Leicestershire ( ; postal abbreviation Leics.) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East Midlands, England. The county borders Nottinghamshire to the north, Lincolnshire to the north-east, Rutland to the east, Northamptonshire t ...
. Richard Bacon, the sub-prior and an important aide to the abbot, was involved in the plot against the abbot and was suspected of cohabiting with local women. He was sentenced to forty days of severe penance and to be transferred to St Agatha's or Easby Abbey in north Yorkshire for three years. Richard Hampton, Roger Wednesbury and Thomas Dudley did not deny their guilt and were sentenced to the same punishment: Hampton and Wednesbury at the Lincolnshire abbeys of Barlings
Barlings and Low Barlings are two small hamlets lying south off the A158 road at Langworth, in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. Low Barlings is a scattered collection of homes, situated along a trackway south from Barlings tow ...
and Newsham respectively, and Dudley at West Dereham Abbey in Norfolk. These three were almost certainly among the younger men who were encouraged in rebellion by Walsall: they are first mentioned together in the 1488 visitation, when all were still novices.[ The charges against Walsall mention many younger canons rebelling, which suggests rather more than three. Roger Walsall himself was considerably older: a novice in 1478.][ Bacon first appears, already a priest, in 1482:][ it could be that he is identical to Richard Wenlock, who was at the abbey in 1478 but subsequently disappears from view. If the five were prepared to procure abortions and to threaten open revolt to cover up their conduct, they were clearly ruthless men and it seems that more were involved to a lesser extent in their conspiracy.
Despite the seriousness of the situation, a scandal was never likely because Redman's findings were secret, as he had stressed on his previous visit. It seems unlikely that the punishments he prescribed were carried out fully. There were "tearful appeals for mercy" on behalf of the five from Abbot Thomas Bridge, from the abbot of Talley, who was reporting to Redman at Halesowen instead of undergoing a visitation at his own abbey, and from their own brother canons. Redman consented to refer the matter to the next provincial chapter. The next visitation of Halesowen was on 17 May 1500, less than three years later. All five of the accused canons — even Walsall who had been condemned to ten years of imprisonment — were at this time resident at Halesowen Abbey and Bacon was sub-prior, as before.][
]
Lands and endowments
Manor of Halesowen
Jurisdictions
The grant of the manor of Hales brought the abbey into existence and gave it its name. It was to continue as the main economic and political focus for the abbots and convent.
In 1086 Domesday Book listed the manor of Hala as part of the hundred of Clent in Worcestershire It had 77 householders: 42 villeins 23 bordar
Serfdom was the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism, and similar systems. It was a condition of debt bondage and indentured servitude with similarities to and differences from slavery, which develope ...
s, 8 slave
Slavery and enslavement are both the state and the condition of being a slave—someone forbidden to quit one's service for an enslaver, and who is treated by the enslaver as property. Slavery typically involves slaves being made to perf ...
s, 2 female slaves, 2 priests and 4 riders. This made it a fairly large settlement by the standards of the time and the tenant-in-chief was Roger de Montgomery, the first Earl of Shrewsbury and a key confidant of William the Conqueror. The immense power of Roger and the importance of the manor to him led to its transfer to his county of Shropshire some time soon after the Domesday survey. Cradley, Warley Wigorn
upThe Edwardian drinking fountain in Warley Woods Park, in 2013
Warley is a residential area of Oldbury in the Metropolitan Borough of Sandwell in the West Midlands of the United Kingdom. Historically in both Worcestershire and Shropshire, the ...
and Lutley
Lutley is an area of Halesowen in the West Midlands, England. Site of a mill, called the Lutley Mill, also the name of a local Pub. Lutley Mill is situated on Puddings Brook. The Lutley Gutter runs through Lutley.
History
Historically a part of ...
, manors held by other lords but part of Halesowen parish, remained within Worcestershire. The rebellion of Robert de Bellême, Roger's second son, allowed Henry I to dismantle the dynasty's vast land holdings in the Welsh Marches
The Welsh Marches ( cy, Y Mers) is an imprecisely defined area along the border between England and Wales in the United Kingdom. The precise meaning of the term has varied at different periods.
The English term Welsh March (in Medieval Latin ...
and Midlands
The Midlands (also referred to as Central England) are a part of England that broadly correspond to the Kingdom of Mercia of the Early Middle Ages, bordered by Wales, Northern England and Southern England. The Midlands were important in the Ind ...
. He retained Hales in royal hands, so Henry II was in a position to make a gift of it to his sister Emma of Anjou
Emma (or Emme) of Anjou (c.1140–c.1214) was an illegitimate daughter of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, and half-sister of King Henry II of England. She was married to Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd, a Welsh prince. She is occasionally confuse ...
, who had married Dafydd, the son of Owain Owain () is a name of Welsh origin, variously written in Old Welsh as Ougein, Eugein, Euguen, Iguein, Ou(u)ein, Eug(u)ein, Yuein, and in Middle Welsh as Ewein, Owein, and Ywein. Other variants of the name Owain include Ewein, Iguein, Owein, Ouein, Y ...
, king of Gwynedd
Gwynedd (; ) is a county and preserved county (latter with differing boundaries; includes the Isle of Anglesey) in the north-west of Wales. It shares borders with Powys, Conwy County Borough, Denbighshire, Anglesey over the Menai Strait, and C ...
and Prince of Wales. Emma returned the estate to the Crown in the reign of her nephew Richard I but retained the rental income. The situation was confirmed by King John in 1200. There is no direct evidence that Owen, a son of Emma and Dafydd, ever held the manor but an inquisition in the Hundred Rolls for 1273 states that when John granted the estate to the abbey he had acquired it — "through escheat of someone called Owen." The name of the manor often took the suffix Owen or similar by the mid-13th century.
Earl Roger's action had ensured that Halesowen Abbey, throughout its existence, was in an exclave
An enclave is a territory (or a small territory apart of a larger one) that is entirely surrounded by the territory of one other state or entity. Enclaves may also exist within territorial waters. ''Enclave'' is sometimes used improperly to deno ...
of the historic county of Shropshire enclosed by the boundaries of Staffordshire
Staffordshire (; postal abbreviation Staffs.) is a landlocked county in the West Midlands region of England. It borders Cheshire to the northwest, Derbyshire and Leicestershire to the east, Warwickshire to the southeast, the West Midlands Cou ...
to the north and Worcestershire on the other three sides. The royal administration seems to have been caught between ceremony and practicality in dealing with it, sometimes working through the Sheriff of Staffordshire or other notable royal servants, like Brian de Lisle. If this was confusing in relation to the manor, the residents of the wider parish of Halesowen, who looked to the abbey as their church, could be greatly inconvenienced, as it crossed the boundary of the enclave and included settlements that were undoubtedly in Worcestershire. In 1341 there were complaints that some were in danger of being taxed twice because they had been assessed by officials for both Shropshire and Worcestershire. Also confusingly, the abbey, manor and parish were all within the bounds of the Diocese of Worcester but the abbey itself was not subject to it, as Premonstratensian abbeys were independent of the local ordinary
Ordinary or The Ordinary often refer to:
Music
* ''Ordinary'' (EP) (2015), by South Korean group Beast
* ''Ordinary'' (Every Little Thing album) (2011)
* "Ordinary" (Two Door Cinema Club song) (2016)
* "Ordinary" (Wayne Brady song) (2008)
* ...
. The parish church and the dependent chapels, however, were subject to the bishop.
At some time in the reign of Henry III the abbey obtained a charter to "make a borough" at Hales. Burgages were established at a rent of 12d. The burgess __NOTOC__
Burgess may refer to:
People and fictional characters
* Burgess (surname), a list of people and fictional characters
* Burgess (given name), a list of people
Places
* Burgess, Michigan, an unincorporated community
* Burgess, Missouri, U ...
es were to receive any or all of the customs and privileges enjoyed by the burgesses of Hereford
Hereford () is a cathedral city, civil parish and the county town of Herefordshire, England. It lies on the River Wye, approximately east of the border with Wales, south-west of Worcester and north-west of Gloucester. With a population ...
, subject to their own decision, and to enjoy common pasture throughout the manor of Hales and common in a defined area of woodland. There was a considerable demand for burgages and this included tenants of the manor wishing to exchange their status for that of the free town. However, the borough seems to exercised little real independence and was not represented in the Parliament of England. In practice, the manorial and borough courts were indistinguishable, dealing with the same issues and having the same jurors.
Growing discontent
There is considerable evidence of poor relations and conflict between the abbots of Hales and their manorial tenants. The abbots seem to have exercised a "peculiar jurisdiction" over probate
Probate is the judicial process whereby a will is "proved" in a court of law and accepted as a valid public document that is the true last testament of the deceased, or whereby the estate is settled according to the laws of intestacy in the sta ...
. However, the foci of conflict were generally not related to the abbots' ecclesiastical authority but to their practices as landlord. In 1243, the tenants agreed to render to the abbey merchet
Merchet (also: -ett, -ete, -eit, -eat, -iett, -i(e)te, -iatte, mershet(e), marchet, -eit, market) () was a fine paid on a marriage during the Middle Ages in England. The word derives from the plural form of daughter, ''merched'', in old Welsh. Mer ...
, suit at the mill, except when it was clearly out of use, and various labour dues: six days' ploughing and six day's sowing in Lent, for each virgate of land. The abbot dispensed with marks tallage which they owed, and promised that tallage would be applied at Halesowen only when it was imposed on the king's manors. He also confirmed their common of pasture.
However, the tenants chafed at the authority of the manorial court
The manorial courts were the lowest courts of law in England during the feudal period. They had a civil jurisdiction limited both in subject matter and geography. They dealt with matters over which the lord of the manor had jurisdiction, primarily ...
and complained that its reach was, in some cases, arbitrary and could not be challenged in the king's courts. The eyre of 1255—6 heard that ''Abbas de Hales non permittit homines de Hales placitare vetitum namium in com tatu Immo capet namium eorum et non vult eos deliberare per ballivos domini Regis'' — "The Abbot of Hales does not allow the men of Hales to make a plea of ''vetitum namium'' (prohibited distraint) The Halesowen tenants were concerned that prohibition of such an action logically gave the abbot total control over their property, as there was no external check on unjust appropriation of it. in the county. On the contrary he grabs the distrained items and doesn't want a decision via the officials of the Lord King." The privileges of the "ancient demesne", granted by King John's charter, allowed tenants to go to law against the abbot in his own court. They used the law to frustrate the abbot at every turn and the dependence of proceedings on compurgation or purging of guilt by oath tended to forge a solidarity among them. When an accused called on support in this way, it was said that he ''vadit legem'' - "waged law" or simply "went to law". If this was held to prove their innocence they had ''fect legem'' — made their law.
The abbots' interpretation of their powers as lords of the manor invaded every corner of their tenant's lives. At a court held on 20 June 1274, for example, two men, John of Romsley and Nicholas Sewal, were given until the next court to decide whether or not they would marry the widows assigned to them by the abbey's cellarer
A cellarium (from the Latin ''cella'', "pantry"), also known as an ''undercroft'', was a storehouse or storeroom, usually in a medieval monastery or castle. In English monasteries, it was usually located in or under the buildings on the west range ...
, who managed the proceedings of the manorial court. Immediately afterwards, Roger Ketel of Illey
Illey is a village near Halesowen (where population details as taken at the 2011 census can be found), in the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley
The Metropolitan Borough of Dudley is a metropolitan borough of West Midlands, England. It was cre ...
was fined 4 shillings, a large sum, for retaining the abbot's heriot, a feudal relief or death duty. This was the conclusion to a fairly protracted dispute: at the court of 9 May he had been placed in day-to-day distraint, detention with no fixed limit in the abbey prison, because he refused to part with the payment due on his mother-in-law's death. The same measure had been applied to his guarantors and a man called Richard of Illey, whose part in the affair is unclear. Heriots were a significant source of income for the abbey: at least three were levied between Ketel's appearances, for the deaths of a husband, a sister-in-law and a daughter. Ketel and his family went on to defy the court on several occasions and he emerged as a leading figure in the tenants' resistance. The court of 3 June 1275 heard that he had failed to answer a summons to the previous session. He argued that he was essoin
In old English law, an essoin (, , Old French ''essoignier'', "to excuse") is an excuse for nonappearance in court. Essoining is the seeking of the same. The person sent to deliver the excuse to the court is an essoiner or essoineur.
There were ...
ed (had made a valid excuse) for that session, not only for routine attendance but for a special purpose for which the court had summoned him. He "made his law" by compurgation and escaped punishment. He was fined 5 shillings by the court of 11 March 1277 for giving false evidence in a case involving Thomas Ulf, a man from his own village, and the jury were fined, collectively, twelve shillings for believing him, presumably because they were all suspected of collusion. On 14 March 1278 his son, also Roger, was accused of raising the hue and cry to prevent the abbot's bailiffs taking away a distrained item, perhaps an animal. The issue, though minor, dragged on for some time, with a challenge to the evidence given against the son, and Roger senior repeating the offence.
Legitimacy challenged
During 1278 the tenants challenged the very basis of abbot's lordship over them. The abbot and convent petitioned the king in parliament to obtain help in their dispute with the men of the manor of Halesowen who, on the plea that from of old they had belonged to the royal demesne
A demesne ( ) or domain was all the land retained and managed by a lord of the manor under the feudal system for his own use, occupation, or support. This distinguished it from land sub-enfeoffed by him to others as sub-tenants. The concept or ...
, were refusing to render their feudal customs and services. Towards the end of the year the abbot and some canons were assaulted at Beoley
Beoley is a small village and larger civil parish north of Redditch in the Bromsgrove District of Worcestershire. It adjoins Warwickshire to the east. The 2001 census gave a parish population of 945, mostly at Holt End. The parish includes the ...
. It is unclear how this was related to their dispute with their tenants but Godfrey Giffard, the bishop of Worcester
A bishop is an ordained clergy member who is entrusted with a position of authority and oversight in a religious institution.
In Christianity, bishops are normally responsible for the governance of dioceses. The role or office of bishop is ca ...
, considered it serious enough to instruct the deans of Warwick, Pershore, and Wick to excommunicate those responsible. It seems that a substantial number of tenants boycotted the abbot's court: Ketel's name is on a list of 21 essoin
In old English law, an essoin (, , Old French ''essoignier'', "to excuse") is an excuse for nonappearance in court. Essoining is the seeking of the same. The person sent to deliver the excuse to the court is an essoiner or essoineur.
There were ...
s (excuses for absence) for the 20 November 1279 session that had to be stitched to the side of the record.
Instead of rushing to the aid of the convent, Edward I
Edward I (17/18 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 1272 to 1307. Concurrently, he ruled the duchies of Aquitaine and Gascony as a vassal o ...
had scented an opportunity to recover royal estates and had a writ of quo warranto issued, compelling the abbot to state under what authority he held the manor. The abbot was able to refer to King John's charter and Henry III's confirmation of 1127, settling the case. Ketel then faced a reckoning in the manorial court, where he was fined 100 shillings for his part in denying the abbot's authority in the king's court. He was allowed to pay in biannual installments of ten shillings, on the Nativity of Saint John the Baptist (24 June) and Christmas Day. The abbot portrayed himself as magnanimous in allowing Roger to keep his land, albeit at the lord's discretion, as a copyhold
Copyhold was a form of customary land ownership common from the Late Middle Ages into modern times in England. The name for this type of land tenure is derived from the act of giving a copy of the relevant title deed that is recorded in the man ...
er. Pledges from his neighbours at Illey show that he had support and he may have been bringing a test case.
Conflict continued
Most of manor court's extant records date from the period after this vindication of the abbot's rights and resistance, sometimes apparently organised, sometimes teasing and playful, continued. The mill and the requirement both to use and to pay for it were innovations that the tenants resented: before the manor was granted to the abbey they had ground their own corn. Numerous tenants were presented at the manorial court for either persisting in grinding their own corn or using mills outside the manor. On one occasion in 1280 nine were presented at the same time, suggesting that there was an organised strike or boycott. Naturally, the nine included Roger Ketel and his friend William Ulf, who maintained that they were in the right and "made their law". However, this seems to have been Ketel's last act of defiance. He died within a month of being confined in the stocks
Stocks are feet restraining devices that were used as a form of corporal punishment and public humiliation. The use of stocks is seen as early as Ancient Greece, where they are described as being in use in Solon's law code. The law describing ...
for a day and night by two of the abbey's officials, Robert Beley and William Sherburn. This must have happened between 1 July 1282, when he last attended court, in place of Nicholas Richardson, and 25 September 1282, when the abbot was negotiating with his widow, Matilda. His fine was halved to fifty shillings: up to that point nothing had been paid. Matilda made an installment of 9s. 4d., perhaps pointedly short of the ten shillings demanded, leaving 49s 8d. to pay.
Related to the mills were the streams and pools, which the tenants persisted in treating as their own, poaching in the pools and "ing" or damming the waterways to feed their families on fish, particularly trout. They argued their case stoutly when presented to the manorial court. In 1280, for example, four men were accused by Roger Hall, the abbot's overseer, of obstructing the flow of the stream to facilitate their fishing: they managed to turn the tables in court and Roger himself was fined. When in 1293 Nicholas Fitz William, a child, was accused of fishing in the forbidden sluices of the abbot's new mill, his flight from the scene was used as evidence of his guilt. However, he explained that he had fled because John, the abbot's bailiff had already struck him twice with his bow, breaking the weapon in the process, and he was afraid of a further drubbing. He was able to call on Roger Hall to give evidence and escaped punishment.
The records for 1293 also show children at Romsley cocking a snook at the abbot, even when he was displaying his most dread powers: infangthief
Infangthief and outfangthief were privileges granted to feudal lords (and various corporate bodies such as abbeys and cities) under Anglo-Saxon law by the kings of England. They permitted their bearers to execute summary justice (including capital ...
and gallows, which together allowed him to hang felons from his own manor.
A fine of 2d. for the villagers is recorded with the account of the offence.
Tensions were perhaps eased when, in 1327, the abbot agreed to commute labour services for a fixed rent. However, landlords' nerves were raw in the years after the Peasants' Revolt, even in areas well outside the main zone of activity in the south east of England. On 12 February 1387 a commission of oyer and terminer was issued on the news that "diverse bondmen and bond-tenants of the abbot at Romsley had refused their customs and services for their holdings and confederated by oath to resist the abbot and his ministers." The matter seems to have been treated very seriously, with a considered selection of landed gentry
The landed gentry, or the ''gentry'', is a largely historical British social class of landowners who could live entirely from rental income, or at least had a country estate. While distinct from, and socially below, the British peerage, th ...
to investigate, reflecting the manor's ambiguous position: Robert Burgulon, a Staffordshire justice of the peace
A justice of the peace (JP) is a judicial officer of a lower or ''puisne'' court, elected or appointed by means of a commission ( letters patent) to keep the peace. In past centuries the term commissioner of the peace was often used with the sa ...
, Thomas Lee, a Shropshire lawyer with previous experience of commissions to suppress rebellion, and John Russell, another lawyer and relative of the powerful Worcestershire landowner Sir John Russell
Sir John Wriothesley Russell (22 August 1914 – 3 August 1984) was a British diplomat and ambassador.
He was the only son of Thomas Wentworth Russell, better known as Russell Pasha, who was descended from John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford.
H ...
of Strensham
Strensham is a village in the Wychavon district of Worcestershire. In the 2001 census, the civil parish of Strensham had a population of 314 across 127 households. Since 1991, the population has risen 28.7% from 244 residents.
History
The Chu ...
. It seems, however, that this was the end of major hostilities: there is no evidence that conflict continued into the next century, probably because the improved position of labourers brought about by the Black Death
The Black Death (also known as the Pestilence, the Great Mortality or the Plague) was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Western Eurasia and North Africa from 1346 to 1353. It is the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, causi ...
was now producing concrete improvements.
Small gains
Throughout the 13th century Halesowen Abbey made useful adjustments and small gains, some in outlying areas and some politically significant, to its landholdings.
The abbey had a constructive relationship with the holders of neighbouring Frankley manor almost throughout the century. As early as John's reign, before the abbey's formal foundation date, Simon, lord of Frankley, came to an agreement with the convent about the boundaries of their lands along the River Stour, allowing the abbey to construct a mill pond on the river which extended into its own estates. The position of the respective manors seems to indicate that the agreement relates to lands held by the lords of Frankley within Halesowen manor: it seems that the abbey held lands in Frankley too. The de Frankley family seem to have had other estates in the region, including Trysull in Staffordshire. Later, in Henry III's reign, Simon granted the abbey a rent of four shillings for the souls of Rose, his wife, and Elicia, his mother. Simon's son Philip donated the labour services and other dues, including 12s. rent, of William de Stampes, one of his tenants. The abbey granted to Philip land in Frankley which had previously been held by the chaplain Ralph: Philip sublet this land, by 1257, to John Walerand, a cleric, giving the abbey permission to enter the property and distrain if the rent of 40d. went unpaid. On 6 November 1276 Emma, Lady of Frankley, Philip's niece or granddaughter, confirmed a rent of 2s. from the land held by Hugh de la Rudinge in Frankley for the soul of her late husband, Anger de Talton. Emma died late in 1298, described by the inquisition post mortem An Inquisition post mortem (abbreviated to Inq.p.m. or i.p.m., and formerly known as an escheat) (Latin, meaning "(inquisition) after death") is an English medieval or early modern record of the death, estate and heir of one of the king's tenants-in ...
in Worcestershire as the widow of Nicholas de Wheathampstead, a man who had witnessed the charter of Halesowen borough. Her Worcestershire lands were worth only £8 3s. 9d.
At Halesowen, in the reign of Henry III, Roger, son of Roger the Cleric, gave several plots of land and permission to build a mill pond and mill, on condition he was allowed to fish in the overflow water and have his corn ground free of charge. During the reign of Edward I John Lytelton, with assent of wife Lucy, granted the abbot and convent all the waste (uncultivated land) they were able to appropriate. John was the uncle of Thomas Lyttelton, who later became lord of Frankley, but it is unclear from his deed precisely which land he was offering to the abbey.
The Lenches
On 12 November 1227 Warin Fitz William and his wife Hawise conveyed to Halesowen Abbey 40 acres of land at Ab Lench. William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke quitclaimed to Halesowen Abbey the forty acres as well as common of pasture at Ab Lench for the souls of himself and his wife Eleanor, the king's sister. The abbey was to pay the annual rent of 4s at Inkberrow Castle. Subsequently, William granted the rent back to the abbot and canons. Eleanor, the king's sister, was a child of about twelve at the time of the grant: she was to be a living link between the leadership of the baronial opposition to successive kings, as she later married Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester. Almost immediately the abbey became locked in a conflict with local landowners. The abbot and convent were accused of encroaching on the common pasture by erecting buildings and possibly sowing crops. Roger of Lench, possibly the lord of the manor, and Stephen of Lench, initiated an assize of novel disseisin
In English law, the assize of novel disseisin ("recent dispossession"; ) was an action to recover lands of which the plaintiff had been disseised, or dispossessed. It was one of the so-called "petty (possessory) assizes" established by Henry II i ...
to prevent them, perhaps on behalf of the commoners. However, the abbot protected himself against complete loss by securing from the king on 18 September 1230 a mandate to the sheriff of Worcestershire to prevent his adversaries' demolishing his barns, which were full of seed corn.[Close Rolls, 1227—31, p. 373.]
/ref> He was allowed until the following 2 February to complete the removal of the offending buildings.
The small grant to an abbey on a far edge of the county may have had a political motivation but it was followed by other small donations in the Lenches, close to the Worcestershire/ Warwickshire border. Around 1230 Roger Rokulf, lord of Church Lench, made several grants to Halesowen Abbey: a virgate of land with its messuage; seven perches of meadow on the way to Aceton (possibly Atch Lench to the south east); a man called Luke, with his chattels, messuage, garden and three selion
A selion is a medieval open strip of land or a small Field (agriculture), field used for growing crops, usually owned by or rented to peasants. A selion of land was typically one furlong (660 ft) long and one chain (unit), chain (66 ft) ...
s of land at Church Lench. In 1272–3 the abbot of Halesowen conveyed for life a messuage and 3 carucates of land in Church Lench and a carucate of land in Ab Lench to Ralph de Hengham, who later became chief justice of the Common Pleas.
Harborne and Smethwick
The manor of Harborne was granted to Halesowen Abbey by Margaret de Redvers (later de Breauté), daughter of Warin II fitzGerold
Sir Warin FitzGerold, also known as Sir Warin FitzGerald the Younger c.1167 – c.1218.
Biography
Sir Warin was born in the reign of King Henry II, his father Henry fitzGerold was Chamberlain to the King. Sir Warin served the next monarch, King ...
.[ She also granted the advowson of the church, a gift that led to much greater conflict than that of the manor (see below). The manor of ]Smethwick
Smethwick () is an industrial town in Sandwell, West Midlands, England. It lies west of Birmingham city centre. Historically it was in Staffordshire.
In 2019, the ward of Smethwick had an estimated population of 15,246, while the wider bu ...
went with Harborne and was included in Margaret's grant: both were held under the overlord
An overlord in the English feudal system was a lord of a manor who had subinfeudated a particular manor, estate or fee, to a tenant. The tenant thenceforth owed to the overlord one of a variety of services, usually military service or serje ...
ship of the bishop of Coventry and Lichfield. The date of the grant is not certain but it was probably by 1227, when Osbert de Parmentur, a villein, testified in a land dispute that the ten acres of land he held at Harborne were part of the free tenement of abbot of Halesowen. In May 1229 Abbot Richard of Hales sued Margaret to acquit him of the services he owed to the bishop for Harborne and Smethwick. She did not appear to answer the summons and the case was postponed. In January 1230 her attorney appeared in court to deny that she was the mesne lord, or intermediate holder of the land between the bishop and abbey: a claim which the abbot did not dispute. This was a fictitious claim to establish that the abbot was the lord of the two manors, holding them directly from the bishop: in 1284 the abbot of Halesowen was listed as holding one quarter of a knight's fee
In feudal Anglo-Norman England and Ireland, a knight's fee was a unit measure of land deemed sufficient to support a knight. Of necessity, it would not only provide sustenance for himself, his family, and servants, but also the means to furnish him ...
in Harborne and Smethwick of the bishop, for which he paid one mark, with no mention of a mesne lord.
A collection of charters from the reign of Edward I suggest a lively market in development land around Harborne and Smethwick. Abbots Martin and Nicholas made several grants of land to John, son of Adam de Theshale. Most were in the wasteland between the manors and the rents were generally low. One plot next to the road from Weoley to Birmingham cost only one halfpenny per year. However, one plot cost 40s. and the rent was an additional 12d. annually. However, John seems to have made a success of developing his plots and on 14 April 1305 sold all his holdings in Harborne to Richard of Edgbaston and Emma, his wife, for £55.
Rowley
On Easter Tuesday 1331 John de Hampton granted the manor of Rowley to Halesowen Abbey. For this a canon would offer the full service for the dead daily for his soul and that of his wife Eleanor, his brother Richard, and for all their family, past, present and future. A charter of the same year, known from an ''inspeximus'' and confirmation of 28 May 1391, asserted that Edward III granted the manor of Rowley to the abbot and convent at an annual rent of £10 6s. 8d. The point of the king's charter was not simply to confirm the grant of the estate but to assert and clarify his residual interest in it. The estate was to be held under a fee farm grant
In English and Irish law, a fee farm grant is a hybrid type of land ownership typical in cities and towns. The word ''fee'' is derived from fief or fiefdom, meaning a feudal landholding, and a fee farm grant is similar to a fee simple in the se ...
, not the usual frankalmoin, which meant that the abbey would always have to find the annual rent for it. Equally, on 20 September 1332, the king licensed the abbey to sublet the estate to tenants. The rent paid by the abbot was available for the king to grant to whomever he pleased, and in 1337 he gave it to Alice Plomton, a lady in waiting to his own sister, Eleanor, Countess of Guelders, as an allowance, pending a fuller provision which he promised he would arrange later. On 4 December the king issued a writ ''de intendendo'', a formal notification to the abbot of Halesowen that he owed homage
Homage (Old English) or Hommage (French) may refer to:
History
*Homage (feudal) /ˈhɒmɪdʒ/, the medieval oath of allegiance
*Commendation ceremony, medieval homage ceremony Arts
*Homage (arts) /oʊˈmɑʒ/, an allusion or imitation by one arti ...
to Alice for the manor of Rowley. In 1486 the rent was one of a large number granted by Henry VIII
Henry VIII (28 June 149128 January 1547) was King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry is best known for his six marriages, and for his efforts to have his first marriage (to Catherine of Aragon) annulled. His disa ...
to his wife, Elizabeth of York.
Warley
The manor of Warley was granted to Halesowen Abbey in 1337/8 by Joan Botetourt. The Calendar of the Patent Rolls has two entries for the initial gift, one a brief notice, dated 2 May 1337, of a licence that describes it as a gift in frankalmoin and intended to finance three canons who will celebrate mass daily in the abbey church for the royal family and Joan's own family. The second, dated similarly, refers to the estate being alienated in mortmain
Mortmain () is the perpetual, inalienable ownership of real estate by a corporation or legal institution; the term is usually used in the context of its prohibition. Historically, the land owner usually would be the religious office of a church ...
and gives a little more detail about the conditions of the grant, stipulating six wax candles for Joan's anniversary and alms of 20 shillings to be distributed among the poor. The complexities of subinfeudation
In English law, subinfeudation is the practice by which tenants, holding land under the king or other superior lord, carved out new and distinct tenures in their turn by sub-letting or alienating a part of their lands.
The tenants were termed m ...
meant that, in order to make the grant secure, Joan had to win the assent of other parties.
The overlordship of Warley had long been held by the feudal barons of Dudley. When John de Somery, the last of his line to hold Dudley Castle, died without issue in 1322, his possessions passed to his sisters and co-heirs, Margaret, who had married John de Sutton, and Joan, the widow of Thomas Botetourte. Margaret and John de Sutton took Dudley Castle. It seems that the overlordship of Warley was divided between the two sisters. The terre tenants or lords of the manor at Warley were the Fokerhams. The charter of 1309 by which Richard Fokerham had acquired the entire manor from his father, William, is extant.[ A few days before Joan granted Warley to Halesowen Abbey, Richard Fokerham made a grant to Joan, described as Lady of Weoley. In it Richard refers to the manor of Warley as divided into moieties, one of which he inherited from John de Sutton, Lord of Dudley, and leases to Joan, the other of which he simply grants. In early August 1337 Richard quitclaimed the manor of Warley to the abbot and convent of Halesowen. After the Feast of the Assumption, in mid-August, John de Sutton also quit-claimed Warley to the abbot and convent. For this he was to receive the full benefit of their
prayers, fasts, vigils, alms, psalms and masses and at death was to receive the same benefits as an abbot. The abbot and convent then granted the manor back to Richard Fokerham for life, to hold in full by service of a rose on John the Baptist's Day.
On 23 August Joan obtained an ''inspeximus'' and confirmation that wrote into the public record the terms of her donation to the abbey, which were contained in an ]indenture
An indenture is a legal contract that reflects or covers a debt or purchase obligation. It specifically refers to two types of practices: in historical usage, an indentured servant status, and in modern usage, it is an instrument used for commercia ...
or chirograph
A chirograph is a medieval document, which has been written in duplicate, triplicate or very occasionally quadruplicate (four copies) on a single piece of parchment, with the Latin word ''chirographum'' (occasionally replaced by some other term) ...
.[Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1334—38, p. 495—6.]
/ref> The abbey agreed that Joan and her successors should sponsor three canons, all at least 20 years of age, who would seek ordination as priests
A priest is a religious leader authorized to perform the sacred rituals of a religion, especially as a mediatory agent between humans and one or more deity, deities. They also have the authority or power to administer religious rites; in p ...
and then take up the chantry responsibilities envisaged by Joan. Each day they were to say mass as well as ' and ', vespers and matins for the dead, for Edward III
Edward III (13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377), also known as Edward of Windsor before his accession, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from January 1327 until his death in 1377. He is noted for his military success and for restoring r ...
, and for Joan and her family: she named in particular Thomas Botetourte, her sister Margaret and her nephew John. Substitutes were to be provided while the named canons were unordained or unavailable. Her annual obiit was to be celebrated with all the solemnity previously reserved for the founder of the abbey, Peter des Roches. 20 shillings was to be distributed to the poor in portions of one halfpenny, envisaging an attendance of 480. The canons of the abbey, on the other hand, were to receive a mark (13s. 4d.) each for attending. Six large wax candles, valued at a mark, were to be burned: two each at the altar, at her own tomb and at Margaret's. Joan was also to be mentioned at other commemorations of the dead. In accordance with the king's licence and their indenture, Joan issued a charter to the abbot and convent, granting them the manor of Warley and all that pertained to it, on the Sunday following the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ 1338. She must have died within weeks, as on 4 March the king had her heir, John Botetourt, in wardship and was presenting a parson to the church at Forton, Staffordshire
Forton is a small village and civil parish in Staffordshire, England, situated east of the market town of Newport, Shropshire. The civil Parish population at the 2011 census was 308.
It is situated around Forton Hall and the 14th century All ...
on his behalf.[Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1338—40, p. 24.]
/ref> At some point after he came into his estates, her son varied the terms of Joan's grant to allow the abbot and convent to appoint one of the canons to the family chantry.[Dugdale, W. ''et al'' (eds.) (1846]
Monasticon Anglicanum, Vol. 6.2, p. 928, no. 9.
/ref>
The true donor in the grant of Warley appears to have been Richard Fokerham, who was expected to forgo his estate so that Joan could donate it, with nothing apparently in return. However, the token service of a rose was commonly used to disguise underlying financial transactions, especially when lands were encumbered. Medieval property transactions seldom refer to cash considerations, but it is possible that Richard retained Warley for his own lifetime only after the abbey and Joan offered a way to relieve him of heavy debts. This was common enough in the Midlands. (See the example of Cistercian Buildwas Abbey
Buildwas Abbey was a Cistercian (originally Savigniac) monastery located on the banks of the River Severn, at Buildwas, Shropshire, England - today about two miles (3 km) west of Ironbridge. Founded by the local bishop in 1135, it was spars ...
apparently working through the Jewish community of Hereford to acquire land
Close Rolls, 1231– 4, pp. 430-1.
However, Jews never had a monopoly of rural credit and after the Edict of Expulsion of 1290 they had no share at all. As well as using Jewish lenders, Premonstratensian Dale Abbey employed a cleric, William of Southwell to find encumbered estates for them, sometimes using feoffment for a single rose to conceal money transactions. See: or partial and earlier online edition at
Granges and leases
Like most religious houses, Halesowen Abbey initially managed its demesne
A demesne ( ) or domain was all the land retained and managed by a lord of the manor under the feudal system for his own use, occupation, or support. This distinguished it from land sub-enfeoffed by him to others as sub-tenants. The concept or ...
, through a network of grange
Grange may refer to:
Buildings
* Grange House, Scotland, built in 1564, and demolished in 1906
* Grange Estate, Pennsylvania, built in 1682
* Monastic grange, a farming estate belonging to a monastery
Geography Australia
* Grange, South Austral ...
s. Although they might provide accommodation and administrative functions, granges were primarily storage facilities: the word "" is derived ultimately from Latin ' and, like "granary", basically signifies a grain store. An early abbot's difficulties at Ab Lench.[ resulted from his unlawful attempt to establish a grange on common pasture. The court report of an incident at Romsley in 1271 makes clear that its granges were used to store grain for tenants, as well as for the canons' own consumption and for sale. Coming home on the night of 14 September ''de cervisia'' ("from the beer"), Nicholas was shut out of the house by his mother-in-law, Hawise. He broke in and assaulted Hawise, setting off a brawl in which a neighbour struck Nicholas with a cup and many others became involved. The incident was serious enough for an inventory to be made of the assets of the main culprits. This disclosed that Nicholas had a store of oats unknown quantity in Farley Grange This was just one of the abbey's granges. It was listed with Offmoor, Hamstead and Radewall Granges, Home Grange and New Grange in the ''Taxatio Ecclesiastica'' of 1291. Farley Grange also appears in a lease of 1415, along with Blakeley in Oldbury, Owley in Lapal, Radewall in Ridgacre, and Offmoor.] Helle Grange is mentioned in the grant of the abbey lands to John Dudley.[
The 14th century brought economic challenges that stemmed from the demographic crisis, beginning with the Great Famine of 1315–1317, and greatly intensified from the middle of the century by the ]Black Death
The Black Death (also known as the Pestilence, the Great Mortality or the Plague) was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Western Eurasia and North Africa from 1346 to 1353. It is the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, causi ...
and ensuing outbreaks of plague. Despite the widespread suffering, labour rose in value in comparison with assets, especially land. Halesowen Abbey responded, like other major landowners, by leasing out more and more of its demesne to those who were in a position to cultivate it, and in some cases even selling land, initially in small transactions involving peasants. The Lyttelton charters give glimpses of this process, starting on 25 March (Lady Day) 1335 with the lifetime lease of a tenement at Ridgeacre and two other plots to John Weston of Coventry and his wife for eight shillings per year. At Michaelmas 1369 Abbot Richard de Hampton and the convent leased a plot in the manor of Halesowen to John atte Holt de Hulton for sixty years for a rent of eighteen pence. In January 1378 the abbot and convent of Halesowen granted the reversion of a house and lands to John Broun, Cristina his wife, and their heirs: this was the sale of a small estate, although the price is not stated in the grant. In May 1382 Thomas Wheatcroft of Harborne was allowed to lease various lands in Ridgeacre for six shillings and eightpence. With the new century the length of leases, where specified, increases considerably, although the transactions remain small at first. In April 1404 William Cockes of Halesowen was granted eighty-year lease on a house called Chyltonusplace for four shillings, but a provision was made that he or his heirs could sublet the place for an increase in rent to five shillings. Three years later William Caldewelle acquired three areas of land in Warley and elsewhere on a 99-year lease at a rent of six shillings. Slowly the pattern of tenure was being changed from one of villeins and cottagers to small farmers
A farmer is a person engaged in agriculture, raising living organisms for food or raw materials. The term usually applies to people who do some combination of raising field crops, orchards, vineyards, poultry, or other livestock. A farmer mi ...
, with a corresponding change in the landscape.
With a lease of 1415 the dealing in leases seems to attain an entirely new scale. A group of clerics and laymen, headed by John Porter, vicar of Kidderminster, took on five entire granges for a term of sixty years, but on puzzling terms: the indenture provided for Halesowen Abbey to pay to the vicar and churchwardens of Kidderminster £400 over 20 years following the death of a named individual, Richard Russeby.[ The whole story is not apparent in the lease conditions, not least because Blakeley Grange, one of those apparently handed over to the consortium, was on the market again long before the term elapsed: a six-year lease to John de Walloxhale of Halesowen is extant, dating from February 1443. The date 1415 may be a clue to the purpose of the transaction: the king was about to launch the invasion of France that led to the ]Battle of Agincourt
The Battle of Agincourt ( ; french: Azincourt ) was an English victory in the Hundred Years' War. It took place on 25 October 1415 (Saint Crispin's Day) near Azincourt, in northern France. The unexpected English victory against the numerica ...
and religious houses had every reason to minimise their tax liability and their exposure to the levying of "voluntary" loans. Tables of lay and clerical taxation are given in
However, leases of major assets, and even of crops, to wealthy individuals did become normal during the abbey's final century. In May 1505 Abbot Thomas, Abbot and his house granted a lease to Sir William Lyttelton's steward
Steward may refer to:
Positions or roles
* Steward (office), a representative of a monarch
* Steward (Methodism), a leader in a congregation and/or district
* Steward, a person responsible for supplies of food to a college, club, or other ins ...
, Richard Hawkys, of "the tythe barne of Illey, and all the tythe corne of almaner greynes, and the tythe hey of Melley felde and Melley medowe yn Illey, with all tythe corne and hey belonging to the Township and Elde of Illey." This lease strictly related to the glebe of the parish church, rather than the abbey's own demesne. The Lady Day dealings of 1522 included a 60-year lease to William Green and his wife Joan of Radewall Grange and a pasture. Demesne land was not entirely leased out, as it was by some abbeys: Valor Ecclesiasticus in 1535 reported £30 from the Halesowen demesne land and £7 from Dodford Priory
Dodford Priory in the parish of Bromsgrove in Worcestershire in the current village of Dodford, was a small Augustinian monastery.
History
It was founded in 1184, probably by King Henry II, which held lands around Bromsgrove. In 1327 it is recor ...
. However, most of the revenue sources are specified as either ''redditus'' (something rendered, rent) or ''firma'' (farm, a rented property or right), both indicating a yield from a leasing arrangement.[
]
Controlled churches
In 1478 the convent at Halesowen Abbey stated that the abbey controlled three churches:[ the parish churches of Halesowen, Walsall and Clent. Behind this were tales of all the mistakes, competing claims, royal caprice, avarice and deceit that characterised medieval property transactions and made the apparently simple statement of fact a complex and nuanced interpretation of a chequered history.
]
Halesowen
The abbey had the advowson or patronage, the right to appoint a parish priest, at Halesowen, as it came with the manor. It had always belonged to the lord of the manor, except for a short time, when Dafydd and Emma held it and Dafydd gave it, with Emma's consent, to the abbot of Pershore Abbey. The abbot returned the advowson to King John when he recovered the manor for the Crown. The church was specifically included in John's gift of the manor to Peter des Roches.[ However, the gift did not include the tithes of the church, which went to the ]rector
Rector (Latin for the member of a vessel's crew who steers) may refer to:
Style or title
*Rector (ecclesiastical), a cleric who functions as an administrative leader in some Christian denominations
*Rector (academia), a senior official in an edu ...
. To complete its control of the church the abbey needed to appropriate
Appropriate may refer to
*Appropriate (play), a play by Branden Jacobs-Jenkins
Appropriation may refer to:
*Appropriation (art) the use of pre-existing objects or images with little or no transformation
*Appropriation (law) as a component of gove ...
it, installing a vicar and making an allowance from the tithes to support him. The appropriation did not occur until 1270, when Bishop Godfrey Giffard ordained a vicarage worth ten marks, to be paid in equal installments at Michaelmas and Easter. However five years later Bishop Giffard had to resort to a mandate to compel the abbot and convent actually to set aside an allowance for the vicar. A papal bull of 12 October 1281 from Pope Martin IV regularised the situation, along with that of Walsall church. A letter of 14 October 1283 from the same pope confirmed the presentation by the abbot and convent of one of their own canons, Robert de Croule, as vicar of the church. The Taxatio Ecclesiastica
The ''Taxatio Ecclesiastica'', often referred to as the ''Taxatio Nicholai'' or just the ''Taxatio'', compiled in 1291–92 under the order of Pope Nicholas IV, is a detailed database valuation for ecclesiastical taxation of English, Welsh, an ...
of 1291 set the value Halesowen church at £26. 13s. 4d.
After reviewing all the documentation relating to the abbey's relationship with Halesowen church, starting with Peter de Roches' original grant, Adam Orleton
Adam Orleton (died 1345) was an English churchman and royal administrator.
Life
Orleton was born into a Herefordshire family, possibly in Orleton, possibly in Hereford. The lord of the manor was Roger Mortimer, to whose interests Orleton was loy ...
, Bishop of Worcester, issued an inspeximus and confirmation on 4 January 1331. While the diocese of Worcester had no authority over the abbey itself, Halesowen church preceded the abbey and was subject to the diocese like any other parish church within it. A letter of 1313 from John de Wyke, Prior of the chapter at Worcester Cathedral, to the abbot of Halesowen relates that the prior has recently visited the appropriated parish church and requests that the customary procuration be paid within three days and also that the abbot also send the cope in which he received a benediction at the cathedral. A reference in the Worcester annals relating to 1232 makes clear that a payment of 20 shillings and the gift of the cope were expected from the newly elected abbot, who was presumably blessed in his capacity of patron of Halesowen parish church. The prior had requested his perquisites for eight years without success, as Walter de la Flagge had been abbot since 1305, so it is not surprising that he ended his letter with the implied threat that he wished to avoid discord and litigation.
Frankley church was dependent chapel of Halesowen church, although the advowson was contested by the monks of Dudley Priory
Dudley Priory is a dissolved priory in Dudley, West Midlands (formerly Worcestershire), England. The ruins of the priory are located within Priory Park, alongside the Priory Estate, and is both a scheduled monument and Grade I listed. The ruins ...
until 1297, when they quitclaimed it to Halesowen after an unsuccessful legal challenge. In 1236 Ralph, its chaplain, confessed before a meeting of the convent and the Archdeacon
An archdeacon is a senior clergy position in the Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church, Syriac Orthodox Church, Anglican Communion, St Thomas Christians, Eastern Orthodox churches and some other Christian denominations, above that o ...
of Kidderminster that had breached one of the central rights of the mother church, its monopoly of burials in the parish. He promised that it would not be repeated and passed on the offerings made at the burial to the cellarer of the abbey.
Other churches?
Victoria County History adds that by the dissolution Halesowen Abbey had also acquired the advowsons of the churches of Cradley, Warley Wigorn
upThe Edwardian drinking fountain in Warley Woods Park, in 2013
Warley is a residential area of Oldbury in the Metropolitan Borough of Sandwell in the West Midlands of the United Kingdom. Historically in both Worcestershire and Shropshire, the ...
and Lutley
Lutley is an area of Halesowen in the West Midlands, England. Site of a mill, called the Lutley Mill, also the name of a local Pub. Lutley Mill is situated on Puddings Brook. The Lutley Gutter runs through Lutley.
History
Historically a part of ...
but the details are puzzling. All three churches were within the parish of Halesowen, which suggests they were dependent chapels of Halesowen church. At Cradley, for example, there is a tradition of a chapel at a spot called Chapel Leasow, close to a manor house. A chantry of Brendhall, belonging to the chapel of St. Katherine the Virgin at Warley, is mentioned in a 1309 by which William Fokerham transferred the manor of Warley to his son. A rental of Halesowen Abbey, dated 1499–1500, mentions another chapel at Warley, St Michael's, next to Warley Grange, is mentioned. The three churches or chapels of Cradley, Warley and Lutley are mentioned together not only in the ''Valor Ecclesiasticus'' but also when their advowsons and lands were granted, together with all the estates of Halesowen Abbey, to Sir John Dudley in September 1538. The grant also refers to the vicarages and rectories of the churches, which suggests that they were independent, but the same vocabulary is used for St Kenelm's chapel, which was not: possibly all had been detached from Halesowen for the purposes of the sale. All three rectories faded out of existence after the dissolution of the abbey and the Church of England parish church
A parish church in the Church of England is the church which acts as the religious centre for the people within each Church of England parish (the smallest and most basic Church of England administrative unit; since the 19th century sometimes ca ...
es covering these areas are relatively modern institutions, not directly descended from their medieval precursors.
Walsall and Wednesbury
Walsall church and its chapels were granted to Halesowen Abbey by a charter of William Ruff. William was the lord of the manor of Walsall and the Rous, Ruff or Ruffus family had held the manor since Henry II granted it to William's grandfather in 1159. The witnesses to his charter included: Peter des Roches, Bishop of Winchester; William de Cornhill
William de Cornhill (or William of Cornhill; died 1223) was a medieval Bishop of Coventry.
Some sources say William was the son of Henry de Cornhill, who was sheriff of London from 1187 to 1189 and was a brother to Reginald de Cornhill, one of ...
, Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield
The Bishop of Lichfield is the ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Lichfield in the Province of Canterbury. The diocese covers 4,516 km2 (1,744 sq. mi.) of the counties of Powys, Staffordshire, Shropshire, Warwickshire and West M ...
; and Richard, abbot of Welbeck. The Victoria County History account of the abbey places this around 1227, the time of Henry III's confirmatory charter of the abbey's estates. However, Bishop de Cornhill's date of death is generally given as 1223, and the more recent VCH account of Walsall's churches gives an approximate date of 1220 which seems more plausible. The matter of the grant was much more problematic than it seemed at first. The church had been granted to the Bishops of Coventry by King John in 1200. It was probably seized by John in 1208, during his conflict with the Church, and its restoration may have been overlooked when the conflict was resolved in 1213 because the see of Coventry was then vacant.
In January 1223 William Ruffus was summoned to the Court of Common Pleas to explain why he claimed the advowson of the church of Walsall, where Magister Serlo de Sunning, had been rector since he was installed by King John. Serlo alleged that William had waged a feud against him for some years, seizing his goods and money, harassing his servants, and costing him 200 marks in total. William testified that he did not claim the advowson but only the manor of Walsall: he recognised that the patron of the church was the king. Serlo pointed out that, as a cleric, he had tried to settle the matter with William in a church court
An ecclesiastical court, also called court Christian or court spiritual, is any of certain courts having jurisdiction mainly in spiritual or religious matters. In the Middle Ages, these courts had much wider powers in many areas of Europe than be ...
but this had been prevented by a writ ''prohibe ne procedat''. William offered trial by combat but the court was apparently disposed to favour Serlo, who was given an opportunity to challenge the writ blocking his resort to a church court. The evidence given by William is entirely inconsistent with his charter: if he did not hold the advowson of the church or even claim it, he could not grant it to Halesowen Abbey. The case seems to have petered out but in 1227 the court confirmed Serlo's position and stated bluntly that the church of Walsall was "a gift of the Lord the King."
Accordingly, Henry III's recognition of the grant on 15 June 1233, more than a decade after the event, was ambiguous. Although it acknowledged that Walsall church and its chapels had been given to Halesowen Abbey by William Ruffus, it was phrased as a grant from the king himself, rather than as a confirmation, suggesting that he believed that it was really his to give. Pope Gregory IX's confirmation, issued at Perugia on 16 July 1235 was even-handed, although it introduced a new emphasis: the grant was, he claimed, made by William, bishop of Coventry, with the consent of his chapters, by a gift of Sir William Rufus, with royal assent. Despite both royal and papal confirmations that the advowson of Walsall now belonged to Halesowen Abbey, whatever its previous status and whoever the donor, Henry III presented Osbert of Maidstone to the parish on 3 June 1245. A few weeks later, on 15 July 1245 a further royal charter explicitly made a "gift" of the church to the abbot and canons from the king. The abbot began to prepare a bid to appropriate the church but ended the process when he realised that this was not the king's intention. The king's intention for Walsall became even less clear when he made Master Vincent rector of the church on 21 June 1247. It was clear that the immediate requirements of the royal family took precedence, as Vincent was tutor of the king's half-brother, Aymer, who was newly in England, seeking benefices for himself and his household. The abbot gave his approval to the king's presentation, itself an assertion of his own right to choose the rector, and the king agreed later in the year that the abbot would present in future. The abbots were able to present Premonstratensian canons from Halesowen to the church and the records show that they always did so from about 1309 to the dissolution.
Henry III now initiated the appropriation of the church and it was enacted by Bishop Roger Weseham on 30 December 1248. It provided for a vicarage worth 13 marks, including the net profits of the dependent chapels of Wednesbury and Rushall, and was not to become effective until the death or departure of Master Vincent. A papal confirmation had to wait until 1281, when Martin IV sent it from Orvieto
Orvieto () is a city and ''comune'' in the Province of Terni, southwestern Umbria, Italy, situated on the flat summit of a large butte of volcanic tuff. The city rises dramatically above the almost-vertical faces of tuff cliffs that are compl ...
with that for Halesowen itself.[ A decade later the Taxatio Ecclesiastica valued Walsall church at £12.][Walsall at ''Taxatio''.]
/ref> This was evidently enough for Edward I to initiate a ''quo warranto'' in 1293, challenging the abbot of Halesowen to justify his patronage of the church. The abbot was able to produce the relevant documentation from the reign of Henry III, so the king's officials switched their attention to Wednesbury chapel, which the king denied was part of Walsall church. The jury found that Wednesbury was a mother church, and so not included in the grant with Walsall. The abbey paid ten marks to restore the situation, regaining the advowson of Wednesbury. Letters patent of 5 May 1301 confirmed not just the advowson of Wednesbury but the abbey's right to appropriate it.
Although a vicarage worth 13 marks at Walsall had been provided for in 1248 it seems that it was not actually instituted until 1309,[ and this may be why the unbroken succession of Halesowen canons as vicars of Walsall begins in that year. In 1535, according to the Valor Ecclesiasticus, the last vicar, John Turner, had an income of almost £11 from the church, while the tithes brought in £10 for Halesowen Abbey.][Dugdale, W. ''et al.'' (eds.) (1846]
Monasticon Anglicanum, Vol. 6.2, p. 929, no. 11.
/ref> Although the abbey clearly regarded Wednesbury church as a dependent chapel, the king's commissioners evidently regarded it as a rectory in its own right because of the ''quo warranto'' of 1293, and they valued it separately at £5 6s 8d.
Harborne: a temporary acquisition
Halesowen Abbey was granted the patronage of St Peter's Church, Harborne by Margaret de Redvers or Rivers, daughter of Warin II fitzGerold
Sir Warin FitzGerold, also known as Sir Warin FitzGerald the Younger c.1167 – c.1218.
Biography
Sir Warin was born in the reign of King Henry II, his father Henry fitzGerold was Chamberlain to the King. Sir Warin served the next monarch, King ...
Warin had inherited Harborne manor, and with it the advowson of the church, from his father, Henry fitzGerold
Henry fitzGerold (sometimes Henry Fitz Gerald or Henry Fitzgerald;Vincent "Fitzgerald, Henry (d. 1170x74)" ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' died c. 1174) was a 12th-century Anglo-Norman nobleman and government official.
Early life
Fi ...
, who held the manor of the bishop of Coventry. In 1216 King John had ordered Thomas of Erdington, the sheriff of Staffordshire, to seize Harborne: part of a batch of confiscations into the hands of Thomas as a tactic in the First Barons' War. Warin died in 1218. The seizure of Harborne manor threw into question Maragaret's right to dispose of anything appertaining to it, including the advowson. Although Thomas had held Harborne only as part of his function as sheriff, he laid claim to it and the linked manor of Smethwick
Smethwick () is an industrial town in Sandwell, West Midlands, England. It lies west of Birmingham city centre. Historically it was in Staffordshire.
In 2019, the ward of Smethwick had an estimated population of 15,246, while the wider bu ...
in 1221. In June 1222 the Court of Common Pleas made an investigation into whether Thomas of Erdington, now deceased, had seisin of Harborne on the day of the death, as this materially affected the inheritance of his son, Giles. Margaret attended the assize with her second husband, Fulk de Breauté, and neither objected to it. It seems that her grant of the advowson to Halesowen Abbey came some years later, probably after 1226,[ when Fulk died. It also seems that she gave the manor of Harborne itself to Halesowen Abbey around the same time.]
In January 1238 the abbot of Hales was involved in an assize of darrein presentment (an action to challenge the appointment of a cleric) over Harborne against the bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, Alexander de Stavenby. The case was said to involve the prebend
A prebendary is a member of the Roman Catholic or Anglican clergy, a form of canon with a role in the administration of a cathedral or collegiate church. When attending services, prebendaries sit in particular seats, usually at the back of the ...
of William of Kilkenny
William of Kilkenny (died 21 September 1256) was a Lord Chancellor of England and Bishop of Ely.
Life
William may be the same William of Kilkenny who was elected Bishop of Ossory in 1231, but resigned the office in 1232 before being consecrated. ...
, a royal servant with a living at Lichfield Cathedral, who was then on a mission to the Roman Curia. It was respited to the Trinity term. There is great uncertainty about how the case arose, about William's connection with it, and how the bishop became involved at all, as he was the overlord at Harborne, not the lord of the manor. It is possible that the advowson had been bundled with other lands and rights into a benefice for William, although it is unlikely that he was actually a prebendary. However, the case must have gone against Halesowen, as the abbot was compelled to remit all claim to the advowson on 13 October 1238.
In 1255, when William of Kilkenny gave up the post of Lord Chancellor to take up his duties as Bishop of Ely
The Bishop of Ely is the ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Ely in the Province of Canterbury. The diocese roughly covers the county of Cambridgeshire (with the exception of the Soke of Peterborough), together with a section of nort ...
, Henry III presented his successor Henry Wingham to the church of Harborne. The king claimed to be acting as guardian
Guardian usually refers to:
* Legal guardian, a person with the authority and duty to care for the interests of another
* ''The Guardian'', a British daily newspaper
(The) Guardian(s) may also refer to:
Places
* Guardian, West Virginia, Unite ...
of Baldwin de Redvers, 7th Earl of Devon, Margaret's grandson. The appointment had to be cancelled, as the king discovered that a candidate had already been presented by Bishop Roger Weseham. He then obtained the advowson through an assize of ''darrein presentment'' and mandated Roger de Meyland
Roger de Meyland (died 1295) was a medieval Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, England.
Roger was a cousin of King Henry III of England, although the exact relationship is unclear.Moorman ''Church Life in England'' p. 159 Roger was born c. 1215, ...
, Weseham's successor, to institute Robert of Reading in the church on 28 March 1257. As the advowson had now been reclaimed for the successors of Margaret de Redvers and Warin fitzGerold, it was open to the abbot of Halesowen to argue that Margaret's grant made the abbey the true patron of Harborne church. This he did in October 1260, by a plea that Baldwin should permit him to present a parson at Harborne, only to be told that a further presentation had been made by the bishop, this time with the assent of the Roman Curia. However, the abbot argued that the bishop's candidate, a Roman known as Henry de Ganio, had breached clerical celibacy
Clerical celibacy is the requirement in certain religions that some or all members of the clergy be unmarried. Clerical celibacy also requires abstention from deliberately indulging in sexual thoughts and behavior outside of marriage, because the ...
by taking a wife called Sibilla and so the church was vacant. The bishop was ordered to enquire whether this was so and to report back by 12 November. This seems to have proved the abbot's point, and on 15 May 1261 Baldwin acknowledged the advowson of Harborne to be the right of the abbot and his successors. However, Henry did not simply disappear but continued to argue his case, with papal support, in the chapter of Lichfield Cathedral until 1279. This was accompanied by further wrangling between the abbey and the diocese, which led the abbot of Halesowen to give up all claims to the advowson in favour of the Dean of Lichfield and his chapter in 1278.
Clent
After Edward I's Statutes of Mortmain
The Statutes of Mortmain were two enactments, in 1279 and 1290, passed in the reign of Edward I of England, aimed at preserving the kingdom's revenues by preventing land from passing into the possession of the Church. Possession of property by a ...
it became more difficult and expensive to make donations to religious houses and licences had to be secured in advance for a particular grant. On 24 March 1340 Edward III
Edward III (13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377), also known as Edward of Windsor before his accession, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from January 1327 until his death in 1377. He is noted for his military success and for restoring r ...
issued a licence for John Botetourte, lord of Weoley (also called Northfield Northfield may refer to:
Places United Kingdom
* Northfield, Aberdeen, Scotland
* Northfield, Edinburgh, Scotland
* Northfield, Birmingham, England
* Northfield (Kettering BC Ward), Northamptonshire, England
United States
* Northfield, Connec ...
), to alienate
Alienation may refer to:
* Alienation (property law), the legal transfer of title of ownership to another party
* Alienation (video game), ''Alienation'' (video game), a 2016 PlayStation 4 video game
* Alienation (speech), "Alienation" (speech), a ...
in mortmain
Mortmain () is the perpetual, inalienable ownership of real estate by a corporation or legal institution; the term is usually used in the context of its prohibition. Historically, the land owner usually would be the religious office of a church ...
the advowson of the parish church of Clent and Rowley Rowley may refer to:
Places Canada
* Rowley, Alberta
* Rowley Island, Nunavut
United Kingdom
* Rowley, County Durham, a hamlet
* Rowley, East Riding of Yorkshire, England
* Rowley, Shropshire, a location in Shropshire, England
* Rowley Regis, ...
and its chapels to Halesowen Abbey, along with two acre
The acre is a unit of land area used in the imperial
Imperial is that which relates to an empire, emperor, or imperialism.
Imperial or The Imperial may also refer to:
Places
United States
* Imperial, California
* Imperial, Missouri
* Imp ...
s of land at Clent. John had only just come of age and taken over his manors, including Weoley and Clent, which he inherited from Joan Botetourte. Victoria County History identifies John as Joan's son. Joan's grant of Warley to Halesowen Abbey in return for the establishment of chantries[ mentions ]John Sutton II
Sir John de Sutton II (1310 – 21 November 1359) was the first Baron Sutton of Dudley, who was summoned to the Parliament of England in 1342. He was the son of John de Sutton who inherited Dudley Castle by marriage to Margaret, daughter of Roger ...
who was the son of Margaret, her sister, but never mentions her own son by name, although he must have been about 19 years old at the time.
Like Halesowen, Clent had been a royal demesne and its rents had gone to Emma of Anjou in the reign of Richard I, but John had granted it to Ralph de Somery, Baron of Dudley, in 1204, at a rent of £4 13s. 4d. The rent was paid ''via'' the sheriff of Staffordshire: Clent was at that time in Staffordshire, one of a small number of Staffordshire parishes assigned to the diocese of Worcester instead of Lichfield. Joan had presented John Honeworth to the church of Clent and the chapel of Rowley as recently as 1332, and was wise enough to get her action ratified by the king, "notwithstanding any rights of the king therein, by reason of the lands of the said Joan or her ancestors having been at any time in the hands of him or his progenitors, or otherwise." So John's right to use or dispose of the advowson was fairly well established. His charter to Halesowen Abbey was issued at Weoley after the king's licence, and he prefaced it by stating that it was "for the health of my own soul, and the souls of my ancestors and descendants". The abbot and convent of Halesowen paid the trivial sum of half a mark (6s. 8d.) for a confirmation of the grant by Richard II
Richard II (6 January 1367 – ), also known as Richard of Bordeaux, was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399. He was the son of Edward the Black Prince, Prince of Wales, and Joan, Countess of Kent. Richard's father died ...
in 1393.
The abbey moved quickly and appropriated Clent church in 1343. As justification, the abbot pointed to the high cost of hospitality, as Halesowen was on a main road, and the recent losses of income: there had been a major fire in the borough of Hales and a decline in veneration of the head of St Barbara
Saint Barbara ( grc, Ἁγία Βαρβάρα; cop, Ϯⲁⲅⲓⲁ Ⲃⲁⲣⲃⲁⲣⲁ; ; ), known in the Eastern Orthodox Church as the Great Martyr Barbara, was an early Christian Lebanese and Greek saint and martyr. Accounts place her in ...
one of the abbey's most important relic
In religion, a relic is an object or article of religious significance from the past. It usually consists of the physical remains of a saint or the personal effects of the saint or venerated person preserved for purposes of veneration as a tangi ...
s. John Botetourte confirmed the abbey's appropriation subsequently.[ The church had been worth £18. 13s. 4d. at the Taxatio of 1291—2: after the allowance for the vicar, the abbey was making £5 6s 8d. in 1535.][
In 1467 the abbey was licensed by ]Edward IV
Edward IV (28 April 1442 – 9 April 1483) was King of England from 4 March 1461 to 3 October 1470, then again from 11 April 1471 until his death in 1483. He was a central figure in the Wars of the Roses, a series of civil wars in England ...
to acquire property worth £10 a year to support a chaplain
A chaplain is, traditionally, a cleric (such as a Minister (Christianity), minister, priest, pastor, rabbi, purohit, or imam), or a laity, lay representative of a religious tradition, attached to a secularity, secular institution (such as a hosp ...
and maintain the building at the chapel of St Kenelm
Saint Kenelm (or Cynehelm) was an Anglo-Saxon saint, venerated throughout medieval England, and mentioned in the ''Canterbury Tales'' (The Nun's Priest's Tale, lines 290–301, in which the cockerel Chauntecleer tries to demonstrate the reality o ...
which seems to have been partly in Clent parish and partly in Romsley: the grant of the abbey lands to John Dudley refers to the church as "St. Kenelm in Kelmestowe and Ramesley" as well as to "St. Kenelm, Salop"[ The annual fair of St Kenelm, beginning on 17 July, was held in the chapel yard, and it is this that seems to have been in Romsley and thus Shropshire. The king's licence specified that the chapel was to be a chantry for the souls of the king and ]Elizabeth Woodville
Elizabeth Woodville (also spelt Wydville, Wydeville, or Widvile;Although spelling of the family name is usually modernised to "Woodville", it was spelt "Wydeville" in contemporary publications by Caxton, but her tomb at St. George's Chapel, Wind ...
, the queen. It cost the abbey the very large sum of £40.
Dissolution and after
Suppression of the abbey
The Valor Ecclesiasticus of 1535 found that the net income of Halesowen Abbey was about £280, the fourth highest among Premonstatensian houses in England and surpassed only by Torre, Croxton and Cockersand. This placed it well above the threshold of £200, which would have brought dissolution as a lesser monastery in 1536. It seems, however, that Thomas Cromwell extracted from the abbey £4 on 11 January 1536 and the same sum on 26 March 1537. The surrender of the abbey was signed and sealed in its chapter house by William Taylor, the last abbot, on 9 June 1538. It was handed over to Thomas Legh, who wrote a covering letter, confirming the dissolution, to Cromwell three days later, when he despatched the surrender to him.
Some time that year or early in 1539 the moveable property, plate, lead, bells, and buildings of the abbey were sold and the receipts entered at the Court of Augmentations under the name of the "late commissioner", John Freman. Some items were acquired for Halesowen church. £2 13s. 4. was spent on the organ and a further £2 on its repair and installation. A cross and an image of St kenelm were also purchases and 6d. was spent on transporting three cartloads of "stuff" from the abbey - possibly unsold material.
Disposal and dispersal of estates
The abbey's lands were granted Sir John Dudley on 1 September 1538 at a very favourable rent of £28 0s. 15d.[ He granted the "mansion of the manor", probably the remains of the abbey, to his servant George Tuckey. Already a successful and wealthy royal servant, Dudley went on the become the most powerful man in the England under Edward VI, acquiring the titles of Earl of Warwick and Duke of Northumberland. However, his estates were confiscated on his fall and execution at the accession of Mary and the abbey estates had divergent histories from that point, with the smaller estates tending to become dispersed through the operations of the market in land.
]
Manor of Halesowen
With the fall and execution of Dudley in 1553 the manor of Haleswen was one of the estates which his wife, Jane
Jane may refer to:
* Jane (given name), a feminine given name
* Jane (surname), related to the given name
Film and television
* ''Jane'' (1915 film), a silent comedy film directed by Frank Lloyd
* ''Jane'' (2016 film), a South Korean drama fil ...
managed to retain. When she died in 1555 she left it to her sons, who were attainted
In English criminal law, attainder or attinctura was the metaphorical "stain" or "corruption of blood" which arose from being condemned for a serious capital crime (felony or treason). It entailed losing not only one's life, property and hereditary ...
for treason, the greater share, with the house and land to the value of 100 marks, going to Ambrose Dudley
Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick, KG (c. 1530 – 21 February 1590) was an English nobleman and general, and an elder brother of Queen Elizabeth I's favourite, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester. Their father was John Dudley, Duk ...
. Ambrose and Henry gave their shares to their younger brother Robert, with the king and queen apparently confirming a third of the manor at this point. Robert seems to have settled the manor on his wife, Amy
Amy is a female given name, sometimes short for Amanda, Amelia, Amélie, or Amita. In French, the name is spelled ''"Aimée"''.
People A–E
* Amy Acker (born 1976), American actress
* Amy Vera Ackman, also known as Mother Giovanni (1886– ...
, and the pair sold it in March 1558. The estate was first transferred for the sum of £3000 to George Tuckey and Thomas Blount, who worked as an agent for Robert Dudley. Anthony Forster, another servant of the Dudley family, who sometimes accommodated Amy at Cumnor Place
Cumnor is a village and civil parish 3½ miles (5.6 km) west of the centre of Oxford, England. The village is about 2 miles (3.2 km) south-west of Botley and its centre is west of the A420 road
The A420 is a road between Brist ...
, also signed away any interest in Halesowen and Warley. On 3 November 1558, only two weeks before Queen Mary's death, Blount and Tuckey bought a licence for £16 13s. 4d. to transfer the bulk of Halesowen manor to Sir John Lyttelton. There were two major exclusions: some lands around Oldbury retained by Amy Dudley and some lands previously left by Jane Dudley to Lord Hastings and his wife Katherine.
Sir John Lyttelton was a Protestant, although always loyal to the state. He lived to the age of 80 and asked to be buried without pomp in Halesowen parish church. His son Gilbert Gilbert may refer to:
People and fictional characters
* Gilbert (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters
*Gilbert (surname), including a list of people
Places Australia
* Gilbert River (Queensland)
* Gilbert River (South ...
refused to make provision for his family and his sons, headed by John, at one point imprisoned him in his own house to extort a proper settlement of his estates. However, his wife Meriel, daughter of Thomas Bromley
Sir Thomas Bromley (153011 April 1587) was a 16th-century lawyer, judge and politician who established himself in the mid-Tudor period and rose to prominence during the reign of Elizabeth I of England, Elizabeth I. He was successively Solicito ...
, a former Lord Chancellor, managed to have the estates returned by James I on 17 June 1603, shortly after his accession. The disaster had left the family burdened by debt but Meriel patiently rebuilt its fortunes. As part of her retrenchment campaign, she had the weekly market and annual fair reinstated by a proclamation of the Borough of Halesowen on 13 June 1608. She claimed that the people of Halesowen had resorted to Sunday trading because the market and fair had lapsed. In May 1609 she was able to justify this by obtaining an exemplification of the various royal grants to Halesowen, including a grant by Edward I to the abbey of licence to hold a market every Monday, as well as a fair on St. Barnabas Day (11 June) and three following days. The manor and borough of Halesowen thus recovered some of the privileges formerly held by the abbey and the Lytteltons continued as the dominant landowners locally for more than three centuries.
Other estates
John Dudley was one of those who had profited from the improvidence of his second cousin, John Sutton, 3rd Baron Dudley
John Sutton, 3rd Baron Dudley ( –1553), commonly known as Lord Quondam, was an English nobleman.
Early life
John Sutton was born in 1494, at Dudley Castle, Worcestershire, the eldest son and heir of Sir Edward Sutton, 2nd Baron Dudley and his w ...
. In 1537 he had acquired from him a package of estates and lordships around Dudley, including Dudley Castle itself. Although Dudley had paid £4000, there was some sympathy for his relative, who became known as "Lord Quondam." The unfortunate baron died in September 1553, shortly after the Duke of Northumberland's execution, and was succeeded by his son, Edward Sutton, 4th Baron Dudley
Edward Sutton, 4th Baron Dudley (circa 1515 – 12 July 1586). The oldest son and heir of John Sutton, 3rd Baron Dudley. He was an English nobleman and soldier. Contemporary sources also refer to him as ''Sir Edward Dudley''.
Life
He served in Ir ...
. As she regarded him as one of her valued supporters, Queen May restored Dudley Castle to him, although she had earlier granted it to John Lyttelton, and rewarded him further with estates confiscated from John Dudley. Among these were Harborne, Rowley and Smethwick, all formerly important estates of Halesowen Abbey. Edward Sutton, 5th Baron Dudley
Edward Sutton, 5th Baron Dudley (baptised 17 September 1567 – 23 June 1643) was a major landowner, mainly in Staffordshire and Worcestershire, and briefly a Member of the House of Commons of England. Through his intemperate behaviour he won wi ...
, who succeeded to the title in 1586, was soon in deep financial difficulties and was pursued by the Privy Council
A privy council is a body that advises the head of state of a state, typically, but not always, in the context of a monarchic government. The word "privy" means "private" or "secret"; thus, a privy council was originally a committee of the mon ...
for failure to maintain his family, as well as facing the Star Chamber
The Star Chamber (Latin: ''Camera stellata'') was an English court that sat at the royal Palace of Westminster, from the late to the mid-17th century (c. 1641), and was composed of Privy Counsellors and common-law judges, to supplement the judic ...
over his violent feud with the Lytteltons. In 1604 he conveyed Harborne and Smethwick by fine of lands
A fine of lands, also called a final concord, or simply a fine, was a species of property conveyance which existed in England (and later in Wales) from at least the 12th century until its abolition in 1833 by the Fines and Recoveries Act.
...
to Charles Cornwallis for £400. The manor was described as containing 100 messuages, 10 cottages, 10 tofts, 100 gardens, 400 acres of land, 100 of meadow, 400 of pasture and 60 of woods. Cornwallis had a colourful political and diplomatic career as a member of the Blessed Parliament
The 1st Parliament of King James I was summoned by King James I on 31 January 1604 and assembled on 19 March. It was known as the Blessed Parliament and took place in five sessions, interrupted by Holy Days and the Gunpowder Plot. The spea ...
and ambassador to Spain, and spent a year in the Tower of London when his anti-Scottish views upset James I. Although a Suffolk man and a Norfolk landowner, he spent time at Harborne in his later years and died there in 1629. His eldest son, the essayist William Cornwallis, predeceased him so the manor of Harborne and Smethwick passed to his grandson Charles, who sold it to Thomas Foley in 1661. Thereafter the manor and its lands were sold on at intervals. By the early 20th century the lord of the manor was the Marquess of Anglesey and Lord Calthorpe
Baron Calthorpe, of Calthorpe in the County of Norfolk, was a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. It was created in 1796 for Sir Henry Gough, 2nd Baronet, who had previously represented Bramber in Parliament. Born Henry Gough, he had assum ...
a major landowner.
John Dudley seems to have sold to William Scudamore the former Halesowen Abbey lands in Church Lench and possibly Ab Lench. William died in 1560 but his young son John Scudamore only came into his lands in 1563, after a wardship: he also inherited large estates from his grandfather in 1571. He and his son James
James is a common English language surname and given name:
*James (name), the typically masculine first name James
* James (surname), various people with the last name James
James or James City may also refer to:
People
* King James (disambiguat ...
were initially Catholic sympathisers but changed their allegiance and prospered as courtiers, representing Herefordshire in the Parliament of England over more than three decades, and becoming important patrons of the arts and science. However James predeceased his father and was succeeded as heir by his son John, who became a baronet in 1620 and in 1628 the first Viscount Scudamore. He sold the manor of Church Lench to William Keyt in 1627 and it remained with the Keyt baronets until the death of Sir William Keyt at his own hand, in a fire at his estate in Gloucestershire. Thereafter, the manor and lands were dispersed more rapidly through repeated sales.
Notes
References
Further reading
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* At Hathi Trust.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* At Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Digitale Bibliothek.
* At Google Books.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
External links
*
*
Page at English Heritage
Photograph of North wall of Presbytery
Historical etching of ruins
{{Authority control
Premonstratensian monasteries in England
Monasteries dissolved under the English Reformation
English Heritage sites in the West Midlands (county)
Ruins in the West Midlands (county)
Monasteries in Shropshire
Monasteries in the West Midlands (county)
Buildings and structures in the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley
Religious organizations established in the 1210s
Grade I listed buildings in the West Midlands (county)
Christian monasteries established in the 13th century
Halesowen
1215 establishments in England
Grade I listed monasteries
Grade I listed ruins