''Haaniella'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...

of the Phasmatodea

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Heteropterygidae The Heteropterygidae is a family of stick insects belonging to the suborder Euphasmatodea. Species can be found in Australasia, East and Southeast Asia. More than 130 valid species have been described (at the end of 2020). Characteristics ...

from

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical south-eastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of mainlan ...

Characteristics

The species of the genus ''Haaniella'' reach a body length of 4.5 to 16.5 cm in the female sex. The males, which are 2.5 to 9.8 cm in length, are always smaller and have a slimmer

abdomen The abdomen (colloquially called the belly, tummy, midriff, tucky or stomach) is the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. The abdomen is the front part of the abdominal segment of the to ...

than the females, whose abdomen, especially in the middle, is wider than the rest of the body. In females, as in all members of the subfamily

Heteropteryginae Heteropterygini is the only tribe within the subfamily of the Heteropteryginae (family Heteropterygidae; order Phasmatodea). With 19 representatives described, this subfamily includes the fewest species of the three subfamilies, but includes th ...

, the abdomen ends in a secondary ovipositor, which surrounds the actual ovipositor. The fore wings (

tegmina A tegmen (plural: ''tegmina'') designates the modified leathery front wing on an insect particularly in the orders Dermaptera ( earwigs), Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets and similar families), Mantodea (praying mantis), Phasmatodea (stick an ...

) of the adult females only just reach the abdomen. They also end at this height in the males of most species. Only the wings of males of '' Haaniella aculeata'', ''

Haaniella glaber ''Haaniella'' is a genus of the Phasmatodea family Heteropterygidae from Southeast Asia. Characteristics The species of the genus ''Haaniella'' reach a body length of 4.5 to 16.5 cm in the female sex. The males, which are 2.5 to 9.8&nbs ...

'' and '' Haaniella mecheli'' are significantly longer and have a similar wing construction as those of ''

Heteropteryx dilatata ''Heteropteryx'' is a monotypic genus of stick insects containing ''Heteropteryx dilatata'' as the only described species. and gives its name to the family of the Heteropterygidae. Their only species may be known as jungle nymph, Malaysian sti ...

''. Their narrow fore wings cover half or part of almost the entire abdomen. The hind wings below are usually even longer. In the short-winged representatives, the also very short hind wings are completely covered by the forewings and are converted into stridulation organs, which are used for defense stridulation. Characteristic of the species living on

Borneo Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and ea ...

, ie ''

Haaniella dehaanii ''Haaniella dehaanii'' is a stick insect species. It is a typical representative of the subfamily Heteropteryginae. The occasionally used common name De Haan's haaniella refers to the species name. Description Both sexes, like all species o ...

'', ''

Haaniella echinata ''Haaniella'' is a genus of the Phasmatodea family Heteropterygidae from Southeast Asia. Characteristics The species of the genus ''Haaniella'' reach a body length of 4.5 to 16.5 cm in the female sex. The males, which are 2.5 to 9.8&nbs ...

'', ''

Haaniella grayii ''Haaniella grayii'' is a stick insect species native to Borneo. It is a typical representative of the subfamily Heteropteryginae and the largest species of the genus '' Haaniella''. The occasionally used common name Gray's Haaniella refers to ...

'', ''

Haaniella saussurei ''Haaniella saussurei'' is a species of stick insect native to Borneo and a typical representative of the subfamily Heteropteryginae. The occasionally used common name Saussure's Haaniella refers to the species name. Description As is typic ...

'' and ''

Haaniella scabra ''Haaniella scabra'' is a species of stick insect native to Borneo and a typical representative of the subfamily Heteropteryginae. The occasionally used common name Small Haaniella refers to the size of this. Description ''Haaniella scabra'' ...

'' are the strongly colored intermediate membranes in the area of the hind and middle coxae and in some cases the membranes between the abdominal sternites, especially in the youth stages. These are usually colored in a species-specific manner. Many ''Haaniella'' species can be distinguished from each other in particular by the arrangement of their spines (acanthotaxy).

Distribution area

The main distribution areas of the previously known species are Sumatra, where ten species are

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found else ...

and Borneo with five endemic species. Further representatives can be found on the Malay Peninsula, in

Singapore Singapore (), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude () north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bor ...

and the island

Simeulue Simeulue is an island of Indonesia, off the west coast of Sumatra. It covers an area of 1754 square kilometres (677 square miles), including minor offshore islands. It had a population of 80,674 at the 2010 census and 92,865 at the 2020 census ...

. With South

Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making i ...

the distribution area of '' Haaniella gorochovi'' is a specialty.
Most of the species inhabit

tropical rainforests Tropical rainforests are rainforests that occur in areas of tropical rainforest climate in which there is no dry season – all months have an average precipitation of at least 60 mm – and may also be referred to as ''lowland equa ...

from the plains up to an altitude of 800 m. ''Haaniella scabra'', on the other hand, is a mountain species and is native to cooler altitudes between 1000 and 1800 m. The location of '' Haaniella gintingi'' is also relatively high. The species was discovered by Jimmy Gideon Ginting in November 2010 in northern Sumatra near Mount Sibayak at an altitude of 1400 to 1600 m.

Way of life and reproduction

The females lay their relatively large eggs several centimeters deep in the ground using the ovipositor. With a length of up to 12 mm and a weight of almost 0.3 g, ''Haaniella echinata'' produces the largest known phasmid eggs. The eggs have a diagonal cross-shaped micropylar plate. In the lower angle of which the

micropyle Micropyle may refer to: * Micropyle (botany) In seed plants, the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells. It consists of three parts: the ''integument'', forming its outer layer, the ''nucellus'' (o ...

is located. In many species, the surface of the eggs is rough and bristled. The eggs of other species, on the other hand, are rather smooth and hairless. The

nymphs A nymph ( grc, νύμφη, nýmphē, el, script=Latn, nímfi, label=Modern Greek; , ) in ancient Greek folklore is a minor female nature deity. Different from Greek goddesses, nymphs are generally regarded as personifications of nature, are ...

hatch after 6 to 18 months, depending on the species and environmental conditions. Growing up to

imago In biology, the imago (Latin for "image") is the last stage an insect attains during its metamorphosis, its process of growth and development; it is also called the imaginal stage, the stage in which the insect attains maturity. It follows the f ...

also takes 6 to 18 months, with some representatives like ''

Haaniella erringtoniae ''Haaniella erringtoniae'' is a stick insect species. It is a typical representative of the subfamily Heteropteryginae. The occasionally used common name Errington's Haaniella refers to the species name. Description Both sexes are armed wit ...

'' being the species with the shortest known development time with six months to hatching and a further six months to imago. Many other ''Haaniella'' species not only take longer to develop, but also reach a significantly older age. Oskar V. Conle was able to document an age of more than five years in a female wild caught by ''Haaniella scabra''.

Taxonomy

Type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specime ...

of the genus is '' Haaniella muelleri'', more precisely its basionym ''Phasma muelleri''. The genus was founded in 1904 by

William Forsell Kirby William Forsell Kirby (14 January 1844 – 20 November 1912) was an English entomologist and folklorist. Life He was born in Leicester. He was the eldest son of Samuel Kirby, who was a banker. He was educated privately, and became interested ...

in honor of the

Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...

zoologist Zoology ()The pronunciation of zoology as is usually regarded as nonstandard, though it is not uncommon. is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and d ...

Wilhem de Haan Wilhem de Haan (7 February 1801 in Amsterdam – 15 April 1855 in Leiden) was a Dutch zoologist. He specialised in the study of insects and crustaceans, and was the first keeper of invertebrates at the Rijksmuseum in Leiden, now Naturalis. He was ...

who had described the type species. Kirby transferred a number of already described species from the genus '' Heteropteryx'' into this genus, which became monotypical.
For many decades ''Haaniella erringtoniae'', ''Haaniella glaber'', ''Haaniella mecheli'' and '' Haaniella rosenbergii'' have been used as synonyms considered to ''Haaniella muelleri''. This synonymization was canceled through an extensive publication by

Frank H. Hennemann Frank H. Hennemann (born 1 July 1978 in Ludwigshafen) is a German entomologist and taxonomist who works in the field of biodiversity research on the systematics and biogeography of stick insects ( Phasmatodea). Biography Hennemann grew up ...

et al from 2016, in which five more species were newly described. In addition, ''

Haaniella parva ''Haaniella parva'' is a species of stick insect from the subfamily Heteropteryginae and belongs to the representatives of the genus '' Haaniella'' native to Sumatra. It is their smallest representative. Description ''Haaniella parva'' is t ...

'' transferred to the genus ''Miniopteryx'' in 2004 was transferred back to ''Haaniella'', whereby ''Miniopteryx'' became a synonym for ''Haaniella''. A classification into three species groups has been proposed for the genus. To the ''Echinata'' species group were assigned ''Haaniella echinata'', ''Haaniella saussurei'' and ''Haaniella scabra'' from Borneo, to the ''Grayii'' species group ''Haaniella grayii'' and ''Haaniella dehaanii'', as well as ''Haaniella gorochovi'' and ''Haaniella parva'' that do not occur in Borneo. All other species, all of which do not come from Borneo, were assigned to the ''Muelleri'' species group.
This classification could not be confirmed by a paper by

Sarah Bank Sarah (born Sarai) is a biblical matriarch and prophetess, a major figure in Abrahamic religions. While different Abrahamic faiths portray her differently, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam all depict her character similarly, as that of a pi ...

et al published in 2021. To clarify the

phylogeny A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological spe ...

of the

four mitochondrial genes and three

gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a b ...

s from the cell nucleus were examined. The result showed that the representatives of the Heteropterygini form a common clade, but the genus ''Heteropteryx'' is phylogenetically placed in the middle of several lines of species currently listed in ''Haaniella''. Following this, either ''Haaniella'' would have to be split up into several genera or withdrawn in favor of the previously described genus ''Heteropteryx''.
In 2018,

Francis Seow-Choen Francis may refer to: People *Pope Francis, the head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State and Bishop of Rome * Francis (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters *Francis (surname) Places * Rural ...

described ''Haaniella parva muiengae'', another subspecies to the nominate subspecies of ''Haaniella parva''. In the same work he described with '' Haaniella azlini'', a species that is very similar to ''Haaniella gintingi''. Further subspecies described and revalidated Seow-Choen in 2020. The following species and subspecies are counted under ''Haaniella'': * '' Haaniella aculeata'' Hennemann, Conle, Brock & Seow-Choen, 2016 ** ''Haaniella aculeata aculeata'' Hennemann, Conle, Brock & Seow-Choen, 2016 ** ''Haaniella aculeata longipennis'' Seow-Choen, 2020 * '' Haaniella azlini'' Seow-Choen, 2018 * ''

'' ( Westwood, 1859)
( syn. = ''Heteropteryx dipsacus'' Redtenbacher, 1906) * ''

'' (Redtenbacher, 1906) * ''

'' (Redtenbacher, 1906) * '' Haaniella gintingi'' Hennemann, Conle, Brock & Seow-Choen, 2016 * ''

'' (Redtenbacher, 1906)
(syn. = ''Haaniella muelleri simplex'' Günther, 1944) * '' Haaniella gorochovi'' Hennemann, Conle, Brock & Seow-Choen, 2016 * ''

'' (Westwood, 1859)
(syn. = ''Heteropteryx australe''

Kirby Kirby may refer to: Buildings * Kirby Building, a skyscraper in Dallas, Texas, United States * Kirby Hall, an Elizabethan country house near Corby, Northamptonshire, England * Kirby House (disambiguation), various houses in England and the Unit ...

, 1896) * '' Haaniella jacobsoni'' Günther, 1944 * '' Haaniella kerincia'' Hennemann, Conle, Brock, Seow-Choen & Gorochov, 2016 * '' Haaniella mecheli'' (Redtenbacher, 1906) ** ''Haaniella mecheli mecheli'' (Redtenbacher, 1906) ** ''Haaniella mecheli macroptera'' Hennemann, Conle, Brock & Seow-Choen, 2016 * '' Haaniella muelleri'' ( de Haan, 1842) * ''

'' Günther, 1944 ** ''Haaniella parva parva'' Günther, 1944 ** ''Haaniella parva muiengae'' Seow-Choen, 2020 * '' Haaniella rosenbergii'' ( Kaup, 1871) ** ''Haaniella rosenbergii rosenbergii'' (Kaup, 1871) ** ''Haaniella rosenbergii novaeguineae'' Günther, 1930 ** ''Haaniella rosenbergii subulussalama'' Seow-Choen, 2020 * ''

'' Kirby, 1904
(syn. = ''Haaniella echidna'' Rehn, J.W.H., 1938)
(syn. = ''Heteropteryx grayi'' Saussure, 1869)
(syn. = ''Heteropteryx saussurei'' Redtenbacher, 1906) * ''

'' (Redtenbacher, 1906)

Human use

Some

indigenous peoples Indigenous peoples are culturally distinct ethnic groups whose members are directly descended from the earliest known inhabitants of a particular geographic region and, to some extent, maintain the language and culture of those original people ...

are known to eat the very large eggs of some ''Haaniella'' species. These are not only valued for their high

protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, res ...

content, but are also said to help against diarrhea when cooked. From the genus ''Haaniella'' there are some species in breeding by the phasmid enthusiasts. The Phasmid Study Group has seven species in its culture list, the

Belgian Belgian may refer to: * Something of, or related to, Belgium * Belgians, people from Belgium or of Belgian descent * Languages of Belgium, languages spoken in Belgium, such as Dutch, French, and German *Ancient Belgian language, an extinct languag ...

Phasma workgroup eight species, some of them in several origin stocks. After ''Haaniella echinata'' (PSG number 26) was introduced as the first one in 1979, the other species native to Borneo followed. So in 1984 came ''Haaniella scabra'' (PSG number 70), in 1990 ''Haaniella grayii'' (PSG number 125) and ''Haaniella dehaanii'' (PSG number 126) and finally in 1994 ''Haaniella saussurei'' (PSG number 177) in the terrariums of European terrarieaner. Also in the early 1990s, ''Haaniella erringtoniae'' was introduced from the Malay Peninsula, first called ''Haaniella muelleri''. Also ''Haaniella gintingi'', which before it was described being called as ''Haaniella'' sp. 'Sibayak' was introduced in 2011 and was successfully bred by

Bruno Kneubühler Bruno Kneubühler (born 3 December 1946) is a Swiss people, Swiss former professional Grand Prix motorcycle racing, Grand Prix motorcycle road racing, road racer. He competed in the Grand Prix motorcycle racing world championships from 1972 to 198 ...

. In 2014 ''Haaniella gorochovi'', first known as ''Haaniella'' sp. ' Bidoup Nui Ba' from Vietnam as the eighth species introduced to Europe and in breeding under PSG number 404. The breeding of ''Haaniella'' species is generally considered to be a bit tricky due to its slow development. Although the insects accept most forage plants without any problems, they tend to have diarrhea in spring and early summer when feeding on leaves that are too fresh, which can lead to the total loss of entire breeding stocks. In addition, the long development time of the brittle and sometimes shock-sensitive eggs often leads to low hatching rates, since constant or optimal conditions for incubation must be guaranteed over a long period of time.

Gallery

Haaniella dehaanii female.JPG, ''

'', fresh adult female Stick Insects (Haaniella echinata) mating (23171676042).jpg, ''

'', pair Haaniella sp Sibayak pair.jpg, '' Haaniella gintingi'' '

Sibayak Mount Sibayak ( id, Gunung Sibayak) is a stratovolcano overlooking the town of Berastagi in northern Sumatra, Indonesia. Although its last eruption was more than a century ago, geothermal activity in the form of steam vents and hot springs re ...

', pair Haaniella gorochovi mating.JPG, '' Haaniella gorochovi'' ' Bidoup Nui Ba', pair Haaniella grayii Pärchen 2.jpg, ''

'', pair Haaniella sp? (36877193371).jpg, ''

'', male Haaniella saussurei Männchen.jpg, ''

'', male Haaniella scabra - pair.JPG, ''

'', pair

References

Robertson, J. A.; Bradler, S. & Whiting, M. F. (2018)
Evolution of Oviposition Techniques in Stick and Leaf Insects (Phasmatodea)
', ''Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution'' Bank, S.; Buckley, T. R.; Büscher, T. H.; Bresseel, J.; Constant, J.; de Haan, M.; Dittmar, D.; Dräger, H.; Kahar, R. S.; Kang, A.; Kneubühler, B.; Langton-Myers, S. & Bradler, S. (2021)
Reconstructing the nonadaptive radiation of an ancient lineage of ground-dwelling stick insects (Phasmatodea: Heteropterygidae)
''Systematic Entomology'', DOI: 10.1111/syen.12472 Brock, P. D.; Büscher, T. H. & Baker, E. W.
Phasmida Species File Online
Version 5.0./5.0 (accessdate 20 June 2021) Dräger, H. (Dec 2011). Gespenstschrecken der Familie Heteropterygidae Kirby, 1896 (Phasmatodea) – ein Überblick über bisher gehaltene Arten, Teil 1: Die Unterfamilie Heteropteryginae Kirby, 1896, ''ZAG Phoenix'', Nr. 4 Jahrgang 2(2), pp. 38–61, Seiler, C; Bradler, S. & Koch, R. (2000). Phasmiden – Pflege und Zucht von Gespenstschrecken, Stabschrecken und Wandelnden Blättern im Terrarium. bede, Ruhmannsfelden, Zompro, O. (2000). Gespenstschrecken der Familie Heteropterygidae im Terrarium, ''Reptilia - Terraristik Fachmagazin'', Nr. 24, August/September 2000, Natur und Tier - Verlag, Münster Seow-Choen, F. (2018). A Taxonomic Guide to the Stick Insects of Sumatra Vol. 1, Natural History Publikations (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, pp. 603–650, Bragg, P. E. (2001).Phasmids of Borneo, Natural History Publikations (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, Dräger, H. & Kneubühler, B. (2013). Nachzucht einer neuen Gespenstschrecke aus Sumatra: Haaniella sp. "Sibayak", ''Bugs - Das Wirbellosenmagazin'', Nr. 2, June/July/August 2013, Natur und Tier Verlag, Münster, pp. 50–53 Kneubühler, B. au
Phasmatodea.com
about ''Haaniella gintingi'' 'Sibayak' Bruins, E. (2006). Illustrierte Terrarien Enzyklopädie, Dörfler Verlag, Eggolsheim, pp. 75–77, Phasmatodea.com
von Oskar V. Conle Frank H. Hennemann, Bruno Kneubühler & Pablo Valero Kirby, W. F. (1904)
A synonymic catalogue of Orthoptera. 1. Orthoptera Euplexoptera, Cursoria et Gressoria. (Forficulidae, Hemimeridae, Blattidae, Mantidae, Phasmidae)
pp. 396–400 Seow-Choen, F. (2020). A Taxonomic Guide to the Stick Insects of Sumatra Vol. 2, Natural History Publikations (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, pp. 321–380, Hennemann, F. H.; Conle, O. V.; Brock, P. D. & Seow-Choen, F. (2016). Revision of the Oriental subfamiliy Heteropteryginae Kirby, 1896, with a re-arrangement of the family Heteropterygidae and the descriptions of five new species of Haaniella Kirby, 1904. (Phasmatodea: Areolatae: Heteropterygidae), ''Zootaxa'' 4159 (1), Magnolia Press, Auckland, New Zealand, Culture List
on the Phasmid Study Group website

External links

* * {{Taxonbar, from=Q291449 Phasmatodea Phasmatodea genera Phasmatodea of Asia