HMS Ulysses (novel)

''HMS Ulysses'' was the debut novel by Scottish author Alistair MacLean. Originally published in 1955, it was also released by Fontana Books in 1960. MacLean's experiences in the Royal Navy during World War II provided the background and the Arctic convoys to Murmansk provided the basis for the story, which was written at a publisher's request after he'd won a short-story competition the previous year.

Some editions carry a prefatory note disavowing any connection between the fictional cruiser HMS ''Ulysses'' and the of the same name.

Plot

The novel features HMS ''Ulysses'', a light cruiser that is well armed and among the fastest ships in the world. Her crew is pushed well beyond the limits of endurance and the book starts in the aftermath of a mutiny. ''Ulysses'' puts to sea again to escort FR-77, a vital convoy heading for Murmansk. They are beset by numerous challenges: an unusually fierce Arctic storm, German ships and U-boats, as well as air attacks. All slowly reduce the convoy from 32 ships to only five. ''Ulysses'' is sunk in a failed attempt to ram a German cruiser after all her other weapons had been destroyed. This echoes events in which British G-class destroyer and , an armed merchant cruiser, sacrificed themselves by engaging larger opponents.

The book uses a set of events to paint moving portrayals of the crew and the human aspects of the war. Maclean's heroes are not especially motivated by ideals, they rarely excel at more than one task and they are overcome by a respectable enemy. It is their resilience that pushes these seamen to acts of heroism. The realism of the descriptions, the believable motivations of the characters and the simplicity of the line of events make the story all the more credible, though the number of coincidental accidents that plague the crew is startling.

Ships featured in ''HMS Ulysses''

HMS ''Ulysses'' is similar to the real cruisers. MacLean had served in of that class.

HMS ''Stirling'' is an obsolete World War I-era of the ''Ceres'' sub-group (referred to as ''Cardiff Class'' in the novel). ''Stirling'' is virtually untouched during most of the novel, until the final act where ''Stirling'' is repeatedly attacked by dive bombers .

Aircraft carriers ''Defender'', ''Invader'', ''Wrestler'' and ''Blue Ranger'', are American-built escort carriers. Accidents and enemy attacks conspire to remove all the aircraft carriers from service before the convoy is even halfway to Russia. ''Defender'' in particular is rendered inoperable due to a freak accident: the flight deck is partially torn off during a heavy storm.

Smaller escorts included HMS ''Sirrus'', an S-class destroyer, the most newly built warship in the escort group. HMS ''Vectra'' and HMS ''Viking'', World War I-vintage s. HMS ''Portpatrick'', a , another obsolete World War I design. HMS ''Baliol'', a Type 1 described as "diminutive" and completely unseaworthy for the harsh weather of the North Atlantic.

Furthermore, there is HMS ''Nairn'', a , HMS Eager, a Fleet Minesweeper, and HMS ''Gannet'', a sloop, nicknamed ''Huntley and Palmer'' due to her boxy superstructure resembling a biscuit tin.

Background

Alistair Maclean had written a short story, which was published to acclaim. A literary agent asked him to write a novel and Maclean originally refused, believing there was no future in it. However his boat business failed so he decided to write a novel. The book was based on real life convoys Maclean had participated in when a sailor aboard HMS ''Royalist''.

Maclean later described his writing process:

I drew a cross square, lines down representing the characters, lines across representing chapters 1-15. Most of the characters died, in fact only one survived the book, but when I came to the end the graph looked somewhat lopsided, there were too many people dying in the first, fifth and tenth chapters so I had to rewrite it, giving an even dying space throughout. I suppose it sounds cold blooded and calculated, but that's the way I did it.

Reception

The book sold a quarter of a million copies in hardback in England in the first six months of publication. It went on to sell millions more.

Literary significance and criticism

The novel received good critical notices, with a number of reviewers putting it in the same class as two other 1950s classic tales of World War II at sea, Herman Wouk's ''The Caine Mutiny'' and Nicholas Monsarrat's '' The Cruel Sea''.

Allusions/references from other works

The same background of the World War II Murmansk convoys, with the combination of extreme belligerent action and inhospitable nature pushing protagonists to the edge of endurance and beyond, appears in Dutch novelist Jan de Hartog's ''The Captain'' (1967). Comparisons may also be drawn with Wolfgang Ott's 1957 novel '' Sharks and Little Fish'', written from the viewpoint of a sailor who serves on surface ships and submarines of the World War II German navy, the ''Kriegsmarine''.

The use of ship names derived from classical mythology is a well-established practice of the Royal Navy. However, commentator Bill Baley suggests that the choice of ''Ulysses'' might have been less than accidental. "Unlike in Joyce's famous book, there are here no specific scenes clearly reminiscent of specific ones in Homer's ''Odyssey''; but overall, it was Homer's Ulysses who gave Western culture the enduring template of a long and harrowing sea voyage where peril waits at every moment and of which few of the crew would survive to see the end."

References to ''HMS Ulysses'' in other works

Valentin Pikul chose a quotation from the novel as an epigraph to his '' Requiem for Convoy PQ-17''.

Film, TV and theatrical adaptations

Abandoned film projects

Film rights were bought by Robert Clark of Associated British Picture Corporation in the 1950s for £30,000. He arranged for a script to be written by R. C. Sheriff, who had just adapted '' The Dambusters'' for Associated British; because of the amount of naval detail included, it proved troublesome for Sherriff. However, ABPC never made the film. Another proposed film version was announced by the Rank Organisation at the Cannes Film Festival in 1980 but then was abandoned when Rank pulled out of filmmaking.

''HMS Ulysses'' has never been filmed but it was adapted by Nick McCarty for a BBC Radio 4 play of the same name which was first aired on 14 June 1997 in the '' Classic Play'' series. It starred Sir Derek Jacobi as Captain Vallery and Sir Donald Sinden as Admiral Starr.

Comic adaptation

Japanese Manga

''HMS Ulysses'' was serialized in Weekly Shōnen Sunday as Japanese Manga arranged by Kai Takizawa and illustrated by Taiyou Noguchi in 1970. But the Manga has never been published as the Tankōbon.

See also

* Arctic convoys of World War II
* Convoy PQ 17, an Arctic convoy almost destroyed by the Germans in 1942
* JW 58, the convoy MacLean sailed with on Operation Tungsten
* The Captain (novel) with the same background

References

External links

Book review at AlistairMacLean.com

{{Alistair MacLean

Novels by Alistair MacLean
1955 British novels
Novels set during World War II
Novels set in the Arctic
William Collins, Sons books
Ulysses, HMS
1955 debut novels