HMS Detroit (1813)

HMS ''Detroit'' was a 20-gun sloop of the Royal Navy, launched in July 1813 and serving on Lake Erie during the War of 1812. She was the most powerful British ship in the Lake Erie squadron until the Americans captured her during the Battle of Lake Erie on 10 September 1813. ''Detroit'' was commissioned into the United States Navy as its first USS ''Detroit''. However, she was so damaged that the sloop took no further part in the war. Postwar, ''Detroit'' was sunk for preservation at Misery Bay off Presque Isle until 1833, when she was refloated and converted for commercial service. In 1841, ''Detroit'' was reduced to a hulk at Buffalo, New York, where she was purchased with the intent of sending her over Niagara Falls. The plan went awry and ''Detroit'' ran aground on a shoal before the falls and broke up.

Design and description

In November 1812, the British learned of the American plan to gain mastery over the upper Great Lakes. In response, the British ordered the construction of a new vessel at Amherstburg Royal Naval Dockyard in Amherstburg, Upper Canada. The design of the vessel was a repeat of , which itself was based on the ocean-going sloops. The design was modified by Master Shipwright William Bell for service on the Great Lakes.

The ship measured 305 tons burthen ( bm) and was long between perpendiculars with a beam of , a depth of hold of and a draught of . After capture by the Americans in 1813, the dimensions of ''Detroit'' were reported as long with a beam of and a draught of 12 ft, but this has been discredited as an attempt by Jesse Elliott to claim larger ships to receive larger payouts from the prize courts as it produced disproportionate measurements. The Americans give the displacement of the vessel as .

No design drawings remain, though from contemporary art, ''Detroit'' was seen to have a flush, corvette-style upper deck, pierced for 20 guns. The ship was designed to be armed with four long guns and sixteen carronades. However, due to the inability of the British to resupply Amherstburg during the War of 1812, the sloop of was armed with a mix of guns taken from other ships in the Lake Erie squadron and from Fort Malden. The hodgepodge armament was composed of one 24-pounder carronade, one carronade, two 24-pounder long guns, one 18-pounder long gun on a pivot, six long guns and eight long guns. At the Battle of Lake Erie, the ship had a company of 150.

Construction and career

Construction of ''Detroit'' began in January 1813, however delays began almost immediately as William Bell complained that he did not have enough shipwrights. The construction placed further burdens on British supply lines, with the vessel requiring of oak timber, 200 oak knees and over of pine timber and boards. Furthermore, there was shortages of fabric for sails, bolts, sheaves and deadeyes. Reinforced by shipwrights sent from Kingston, Upper Canada, planking of the sloop began in April. However, this was soon interrupted when Brigadier General Henry Procter ordered the shipwrights to concentrate their efforts on the construction of gunboats for the army.

On 27 April 1813, the guns meant for ''Detroit'' were captured at the battle of York. Commander Robert Barclay of the Royal Navy arrived in June to take command of the Lake Erie squadron. In June and July, Barclay and the Lake Erie squadron made several voyages to Long Point to await reinforcements and stores meant for ''Detroit''. Barclay's American counterpart, Oliver Hazard Perry was also constructing newer, more powerful ships at Put-in-Bay and these were completed before ''Detroit'' became operational. Barclay was forced to retreat to Amherstburg to await ''Detroit''s completion. In the meantime, the Perry blockaded Long Point, preventing further supplies from reaching Amherstburg.

As the situation at Amherstburg became untenable, Procter and Barclay agreed that Barclay would have to challenge Perry's American squadron. ''Detroit'' launched in mid-July and was commissioned into the Royal Navy in August as Barclay's flagship. Without the guns that were captured at York, Barclay was forced to arm ''Detroit'' with a mix of guns pulled from other vessels in the squadron and Fort Malden. The guns themselves were not in optimal condition, as they lacked flintlocks and required alternative and less dependable means for firing them. For sails, a spare set from ''Queen Charlotte'' was used. Furthermore, there was a lack of sailors in the squadron, with crews being filled out with soldiers from Procter's army.

Battle of Lake Erie

Barclay and his squadron set sail from Amherstburg on 9 September 1813 intending to bring the American squadron to battle. The two forces met on 10 September, and ''Detroit'' which was second in Barclay's line of battle, squared up with Perry's flagship . ''Detroit'' began that battle with a single shot from its 24-pounder long gun directed at ''Lawrence''. It missed, but ''Detroit''s second shot hit. ''Lawrence'' and the schooners and engaged ''Detroit'', with ''Lawrence'' exchanging broadsides with ''Detroit''. ''Queen Charlotte'' moved up the battle line and added her guns to ''Detroit''s in battering ''Lawrence'', eventually knocking the American ship out of the battle. This forced Perry to shift his command to .

By this point Barclay had been injured and command of ''Detroit'' had passed to Lieutenant George Inglis. After Perry had shifted to ''Niagara'', he moved the vessel up the American battle line, and closer to ''Detroit'' in order to engage the British flagship. ''Detroit'' began firing at ''Niagara'', but by this point was heavily damaged and the crew tired, unlike ''Niagara'' which had to this point, barely taken part in the battle. ''Niagara'' moved to pass in front of ''Detroit''s bow in order to rake the British ship. ''Queen Charlotte'', to this point unable to engage ''Niagara'', attempted to get into a position to attack the American vessel. However, in doing so, became entangled in ''Detroit''s yardarms, locking the two vessels together and immobilising them. ''Niagara'' continued to fire on the two British ships while they tried to disentangle themselves, causing considerable damage. After untangling, ''Queen Charlotte'' struck her colours, followed by ''Detroit'' and the rest of the British squadron.

American service

The British prizes were taken to Put-in-Bay and laid up to prevent the ship from sinking. The Americans used their prizes ''Detroit'' and ''Queen Charlotte'' as hospital ships. A gale swept the lake on 13 September and dismasted both, further damaging the already battered ships. Once the wounded had been ferried to Erie, Pennsylvania, the two British ships were effectively reduced to hulks. In May 1814 assisted in fitting out prizes ''Detroit'' and ''Queen Charlotte'' at Put-in Bay, and convoyed them to Erie in November. There the vessels were used as receiving ships for the rest of the war.

Following ratification of the Treaty of Ghent in 1815, the Americans submerged ''Detroit'' at Misery Bay off Presque Isle Bay in order to preserve the ship. In 1816 the Rush-Bagot Treaty, which demilitarized the Great Lakes, came into effect; the treaty limited each nation to two warships on the upper Great Lakes. On 8 August 1825 the US government closed the Lake Erie station and sold the submerged ''Detroit'' and other vessels to the merchant Benjamin H. Brown of Rochester, New York. He did nothing with them until 20 June 1836 when he sold them to George Miles of Erie. Miles raised ''Detroit'' and fitted the vessel out as a trading barque. She worked on the Great Lakes until 1841, when she was laid up at Buffalo, New York, as a hulk.

Fate

A group of merchants purchased the hulk in September 1841, intending to create a spectacle at Niagara Falls. They had her re-rigged to sail and set her loose atop Niagara Falls hoping that she would go over the falls to smash at their base. However, ''Detroit'' ran aground on a shoal before reaching the falls. ''Detroit'' eventually broke up on site.

Citations

References

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Detroit (1813)
1813 ships
War of 1812 ships of the United Kingdom
Great Lakes ships
War of 1812 ships of Canada
Ships built in Ontario
Corvettes of the United States Navy
War of 1812 ships of the United States
Vessels captured by the United States Navy
Scuttled vessels
Provincial Marine
Amherstburg, Ontario