HMS Boreas (1757)

HMS ''Boreas'' was a 28-gun sixth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy. Built by Israel Pownoll at Woolwich Dockyard and launched in 1757, she was one of five frigates of the class built of fir rather than oak. ''Boreas'' saw service during the Seven Years' War and took part in two actions at sea. She assisted in the capture of the 36-gun French frigate ''Diane'' in April 1758, and her most famous engagement was the capture of the French frigate ''Sirène'' in October 1760. She was sold out of the service in 1770.

Construction and commissioning

''Boreas'' was ordered on 18 April 1757 and laid down on 21 April that year at the Admiralty yards at Woolwich Dockyard. She was launched on 29 July 1757 and completed by 6 September 1757. She initially cost £6,314.9.10d, this rising to £9,193.18.3d when the cost of fitting her out was included. She was one of five frigates of the class built of fir rather than oak. Fir was cheaper and more abundant than oak and permitted noticeably faster construction, but at a cost of a reduced lifespan; the fir-built ''Coventry''-class vessels lasted an average of eight years, three times less than their oak-built equivalents. The fir-built ships also required greater maintenance after periods at sea, averaging £1,573 in repairs for each year of service compared with £1,261 for comparable vessels built from oak.

The frigate was named after Boreas, the Greek god of the north wind and bringer of winter. The naming followed a trend initiated in 1748 by John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, in his capacity as First Lord of the Admiralty, of using figures from classical antiquity as descriptors for naval vessels. A total of six ''Coventry''-class vessels were named in this manner; a further ten were named after geographic features including regions, English or Irish rivers, or towns.Winfield 2007, pp. 227–231

In sailing qualities ''Boreas'' was broadly comparable with French frigates of equivalent size, but with a shorter and sturdier hull and greater weight in her broadside guns. She was also comparatively broad-beamed with ample space for provisions and the ship's mess, and incorporating a large magazine for powder and round shot. Taken together, these characteristics would enable ''Boreas'' to remain at sea for long periods without resupply.Gardiner 1992, pp. 107108 She was also built with broad and heavy masts, which balanced the weight of her hull, improved stability in rough weather and made her capable of carrying a greater quantity of sail. The disadvantages of this comparatively heavy design were a decline in manoeuvrability and slower speed when sailing in light winds.Gardiner 1992, pp. 111112

Her designated complement was 200, comprising two commissioned officers a captain and a lieutenant overseeing 40 warrant and petty officers, 91 naval ratings, 38 Marines and 29 servants and other ranks.Rodger 1986, pp. 348351 Among these other ranks were four positions reserved for widow's men fictitious crew members whose pay was intended to be reallocated to the families of sailors who died at sea.

Career

''Boreas'' was commissioned for the first time in August 1757 under Captain Robert Boyle, who was to command her for the next two years. Her rigging and fitout were completed by September and she was sailed to Portsmouth to take on her guns. Flaws in her design were apparent even at this early stage; in December 1757 Captain Boyle advised Admiralty that the fir planks adjacent to the hatchways were already badly worn, as were the strakes along the hull. Boyle unsuccessfully recommended that the hatchway timbers and the hull be re-covered with elm. He also observed that the aft hatchway had been constructed directly above the entrance to the magazine, which "may be of fatal consequence in time of action." Further, the sides of the vessel above the level of the deck were too low, leaving the crew exposed to enemy fire should ''Boreas'' run alongside an opposing ship.

Boyle's concerns went unheeded, and ''Boreas'' was put to sea in early 1758. In April she assisted in the capture of the 36-gun French frigate ''Diane''. Boyle then sailed her to America on 21 June 1758 and she was subsequently involved in the operations off Louisbourg that year. ''Boreas'' shared in the proceeds of the capture of the merchantman ''Foudroyant'' and the schooner ''Two Brothers'', captured off Louisbourg. She also shared in the proceeds of the taking of the ''Bienfaisant'' and ''Echo'', and the proceeds from the burning, sinking, or destroying the French warships ''Prudent'', ''Entreprennante'', ''Celebre'', ''Capricieux'', ''Apollon'', and ''Fidelie'' in the harbour of Louisbourg, as well as the sundry naval stores, the recapture of the snow ''Muscliff'', the sloop ''Dolphin'', and the prize sloop ''Sellerie''. In November 1762 ''Boreas'' was paid head money for the privateers ''Bayonese'' and ''Leon'', captured while she was under Boyle's command.

A period of service in the English Channel with Admiral George Rodney's squadron followed in 1759. On 28 March ''Boreas'' captured the ''Demoiselle'', which was coming from San Domingo. Later, ''Boreas'' took part in the bombardment of Le Havre on 3 July that year. At some point ''Boreas'' also recaptured ''Hazards Bounty''.

She came under the command of Captain Samuel Uvedale in February 1760, and he sailed her to Jamaica on 26 March. On 30 August that year he chased the privateer ''St Michel'' ashore near Cape St Nicholas Mole and burnt her. While under Uvedale's command, ''Boreas'' captured the privateer ships ''Intrepid'' and ''Dragon''.

Another action occurred on 18 October when Admiral Charles Holmes in (50 guns) took ''Boreas'' and (20 guns) to intercept a French convoy in the Windward Passage. After sighting the five French vessels on the morning of 17 October, the British gave chase. Light winds slowed the chase so it was evening before ''Boreas'' could engage the 32-gun frigate ''Sirène''. French fire disabled ''Boreas'' aloft with the result that ''Boreas'' could not engage ''Sirène'' again until the following afternoon. ''Boreas'' emerged victorious from the engagement, capturing ''Sirène'', which suffered about 80 men killed and wounded, most of whom died later; ''Boreas'' lost only one man killed and one wounded. The French 20-gun corvette ''Valeur'', struck to ''Lively''. ''Hampshire'' chased the merchant frigate ''Prince Edward'' on shore where her crew set fire to her, leading her to blow up. , ''Boreas'', , and , shared by agreement in the prize money for ''Sirene'', ''Valeur'', the snow '' Maria'', the sloop ''Elizabeth'', and the sloop ''Pursue''.

On 19 October, ''Hampshire'', with ''Lively'' and ''Valeur'', cornered the King's frigate ''Fleur de Lis'' in Freshwater Bay, a little to leeward of Port-de-Paix; her crew too set her on fire. The merchant frigate ''Duc de Choiseul'', of 32 guns and 180 men under the command of Captain Bellevan, escaped into Port-de-Paix.

In late 1760, boats under the command of Lieutenant Millar, first lieutenant of and Lieutenant Stuart, first lieutenant of ''Boreas'', cut out the privateers ''Vainquer'' and ''Mackau'' from Cumberland Harbour, Cuba. The French were forced to burn another, ''Guespe'', to prevent her capture. ''Trent'' lost three men killed and one man wounded and one man missing, and ''Boreas'' lost one man killed and five men wounded; French casualties are unknown. All the casualties occurred in taking ''Vainquer'' as ''Mackau'' did not resist. ''Boreas'' also lost her barge, sunk in the boarding. ''Vainquer'' was armed with 10 guns, 16 swivels, and 90 men; ''Mackau'' had 6 swivels and 15 men; ''Guespe'' had 8 guns and 86 men. In April, ''Boreas'' was paid for the capture of the ''Vrouw Jacoba'', and the brigantine ''Leon''.

''Boreas'' then returned to Jamaica to undergo repairs, which lasted into 1761. ''Boreas'' went on to capture the privateer ''Belle-Madeleine'' on 18 December 1761. Then from 6 June until 13 August 1762, she took part in the capture of Havana. After this, she returned to Britain as a convoy escort along with and , and was surveyed at Woolwich.

A small repair followed, lasting until May 1763. Captain Richard Hughes took over command in April 1763, serving off North Foreland until 1766. Captain Constantine Phipps succeed him in 1767, and was himself replaced by Captain Digby Dent the following year. Both commanded ''Boreas'' in the Channel.

Fate

''Boreas'' was surveyed for a final time on 23 May 1770. She was sold a month later on 29 June for the sum of £280.

Notes

References

Bibliography

* Charnock, John (1794–98) ''Biographia navalis; or, Impartial memoirs of the lives and characters of officers of the navy of Great Britain, from the year 1660 to the present time; drawn from the most authentic sources, and disposed in a chronological arrangement.'' (London: R. Faulder).
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* Clowes, Sir William Laird, Sir Clements R. Markham, A T Mahan, Herbert Wrigley Wilson, Theodore Roosevelt, L G Carr Laughton (1897–1903) ''The Royal Navy: a history from the earliest times to the present''. (Boston: Little, Brown and Co.)
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External links

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Boreas (1757)
Frigates of the Royal Navy
Ships built in Woolwich
1757 ships