HMAS Otama

HMAS ''Otama'' (SS 62/SSG 62) is an , formerly of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). Built in Scotland, the submarine was the last of the class to enter service when commissioned into the RAN in 1978. ''Otama'' was a specialist, one of two "Mystery Boats", fitted with additional surveillance and intelligence-gathering equipment. ''Otama'' was routinely deployed on classified operations to obtain intelligence on Soviet Pacific Fleet vessels and Chinese Navy vessels, and conducted associated coastal surveillance, throughout Asia.

The submarine was part of the RAN's largest flag-showing cruise in the Indian Ocean during 1980. From 1983 to 1985, she underwent an extensive upgrade. In August 1987, two submariners died when ''Otama'' submerged while they were still working in the fin. ''Otama'' remained in service until late 2000; a delay from her original planned decommissioning date to help attenuate the problems with the replacement s.

''Otama'' was sold to the Western Port Oberon Association in 2001, which planned to preserve her as a museum vessel as part of the proposed Victorian Maritime Centre. Submissions to build the maritime museum at various locations on the Mornington Peninsula were repeatedly rebuffed. In late 2008, the submarine was listed for sale on eBay, but despite several expressions of interest, ''Otama'' was not sold. In-principle approval to build the Victorian Maritime Centre on reclaimed land adjacent to the Western Port Marina at Hastings was granted in 2013 but planning permits were not issued

In September 2022 ''Otama'' arrived in Western Australia for scrapping after all attempts to keep her as a museum failed.

Design and construction

The ''Oberon'' class was based heavily on the preceding ''Porpoise'' class of submarines, with changes made to improve the vessels' hull integrity, sensor systems, and stealth capabilities.Chant, ''A Compedium of Armaments and Military Hardware'', pp. 167–8 Eight submarines were ordered by the RAN, in two batches of four.Cooper, in Stevens, ''The Royal Australian Navy'', p. 188 The first batch was approved in 1963, and the second batch (including ''Otama'') was approved during the late 1960s, although two of these were cancelled before construction started in 1969, with the funding redirected to the Fleet Air Arm.Cooper, in Stevens, ''The Royal Australian Navy'', p. 194 This was the fourth time the RAN had attempted to establish a submarine branch.Dennis et al., ''The Oxford Companion to Australian Military history'', p. 399

The submarine was long, with a beam of , and a draught of when surfaced. At full load displacement, she displaced 2,030 tons when surfaced, and 2,410 tons when submerged. The two propeller shafts were each driven by an English Electric motor providing and ; the electricity for these was generated by two Admiralty Standard Range supercharged V16 diesel generators.Shaw, ''HMAS Onslow'', p. 15 The submarine could travel at up to on the surface, and up to when submerged, had a maximum range of at , and a test depth of below sea level. When launched, the boat had a company of eight officers and 56 sailors, but by the time she decommissioned, the number of sailors had increased to 60. In addition, up to 16 trainees could be carried.

The main armament of the ''Oberon''s consisted of six torpedo tubes. The British Mark 8 torpedo was initially carried by the submarine; this was later replaced by the wire-guided Mark 23.Shaw, ''HMAS Onslow'', p. 21 After a multi-year refit was completed in 1985 by Cockatoo Docks & Engineering Company, ''Otama'' was upgraded to carry United States Navy Mark 48 torpedoes and UGM-84 Sub Harpoon anti-ship missiles; the last Australian ''Oberon'' to undergo the Submarine Weapon Update Program.Owen, in Mitchell, ''Australian Maritime Issues 2010'', p. 32 As of 1996, the standard payload of an Australian ''Oberon'' was a mix of 20 Mark 48 Mod 4 torpedoes and Sub Harpoon missiles. Some or all of the torpedo payload could be replaced by Mark 5 Stonefish sea mines, which were deployed through the torpedo tubes.Sharpe (ed.), ''Jane's Fighting Ships, 1996–1997'', p. 23 On entering service, two stern-mounted, short-length torpedo tubes for Mark 20 anti-submarine torpedoes. However, the development of steerable wire-guided torpedoes made the less-capable aft-firing torpedoes redundant; they were closed off, and later removed during a refit.Shaw, ''HMAS Onslow'', p. 19

''Otama'' was laid down by Scotts Shipbuilding & Engineering Company at Greenock, Scotland on 25 May 1973, launched on 3 December 1975, and commissioned into the RAN on 27 April 1978.Sharped (ed.), ''Jane's Fighting Ships 1992–93'', p. 22 The submarine was due to enter service in 1976, but faulty high-power electrical cabling had been installed in ''Otama'' and sister boat ; stripping out and replacing the cabling delayed each submarine's construction by two years.Owen, in Mitchell, ''Australian Maritime Issues 2010'', p. 31 The delay meant that the two boats could be fitted with Micropuffs rangefinding sonar during construction that the earlier built boats were due to receive as an upgrade.Owen, in Mitchell, ''Australian Maritime Issues 2010'', pp. 32–3

''Otama'' was the sixth and final ''Oberon''-class submarine to enter service with the RAN. The boat's name comes from a North Queensland Aboriginal word meaning dolphin; this was a break in RAN tradition, which had used the names of explorers and pioneers for previous submarines. ''Otama'' was assigned the pennant number 62. The high standard of internal fittings compared to the rest of the class led to the "Gucci Boat" nickname.Seal & Blake, ''Century of Silent Service'', p. 83

''Otama'' received a special electronic surveillance fit after ''Orion'' had been fitted with this during construction.Barker, ''The Mystery Boats''

Operational history

After a delivery voyage via ports in Denmark, Florida, and Mexico, ''Otama'' arrived at in Sydney on 15 December 1978.

During the Cold War, ''Otama'' and ''Orion'' regularly deployed on surveillance and spying operations using their specialist intelligence-gathering equipment, earning them the nickname "Mystery Boats".''Cat and Mouse'', Reveille – The Voice of New South Wales Serving and Ex-Service Men and WomenBarker, ''Cold War exploits of Australia's secret submarines''Owens, in ''Centenary of Australian Submarines'', pp. 103-5 These activities starting in 1978 were part of the broader Western nations' intelligence-gathering apparatus, and included surveillance off the coasts of Vietnam, China, India and Indonesia. Obtaining intelligence on Soviet and Chinese made vessels in operations in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea. Observation off the Soviet base at Vladivostok. These activities continued until 1992 after an incident with ''Orion'', and most of ''Otama''s activities and deployments during this period remain classified.

In April 1980, ''Otama'' and the destroyer were sent to Fiji as part of Australia's response to Tropical Cyclone Wally. On 8 September 1980, ''Otama'' joined five other RAN vessels to form the Australia Squadron.Lind, ''The Royal Australian Navy'', p. 297 The Squadron, which included HMA Ships , , , , and spent two months in the Indian Ocean as part of a flag-showing cruise; the largest RAN deployment since World War II.

In July 1983, ''Otama'' was docked for modernisation by the Cockatoo Docks & Engineering Company.Gillett, ''Australian and New Zealand Warships since 1946'', p. 76 The Submarine Weapon Update Program refit lasted until 1985.

On 3 August 1987, two sailors were killed aboard ''Otama''. At 09:00, the submarine left HMAS ''Platypus'' to test a new towed hydrophone array.Waller, ''Suddenly Dead'', p. 6 Extreme weather forced the cancellation of the test, and two sailors were sent into the fin at around 10:20 to retrieve and stow the array. At 10:35, the submarine was prepared for diving, and she submerged four minutes later, with the two men still in the fin. The submariners, on noticing their vessel diving underneath them, climbed up the fin to the bridge and opened the voicepipe in an unsuccessful attempt to contact the control room before being washed overboard. Their absence was not noticed until around 11:00, despite post-dive checks and a rotation of duty stations in the interim, and was not confirmed for at least another half-hour. A search for the submariners was conducted, and one of the bodies was spotted, but could not be recovered.Waller, ''Suddenly Dead'', p. 7 Estimated survival time in the prevailing conditions was only five minutes, and the submariners were not required to wear lifebelts. A naval board of inquiry recommended that action be taken against two officers, although the Navy Office did not take action, as there were multiple factors leading into the incident, and court martialing the two officers could find one or both held solely responsible for the deaths.Waller, ''Suddenly Dead'', pp. 3–4 In addition to the rejection of the board's findings, several officers involved in the incident (including the two singled out by the inquiry), were promoted.Waller, ''Suddenly Dead'', p. 10 A coronial inquiry followed (one of the first heard by the new office of the State Coroner of New South Wales), to which there was some opposition by the RAN, including advising personnel not to cooperate with the task force gathering evidence for the inquiry, and attempting to fend off a request by the coroner for a trip on the submarine replicating the events of the day. Following two separate weeks of hearings in October and November 1988, the state coroner concluded that the incident was the sum of multiple moderate-to-minor breaches of operating procedure and careless negligence (including that notices indicating personnel were outside the submarine were not posted, and key personnel were not informed) aboard a submarine operating in non-standard conditions (such as the testing of new equipment, along with observers and trainees aboard, and a high rotation of personnel between stations in a short period of time). The coroner singled out ''Otama''s commanding officer for allowing so many rules and procedures to be ignored under his command, but did not find sufficient cause to recommend charges against any individual. Several changes were made to casing operational procedures at sea, including making lifebelts compulsory and requiring the senior petty officer on duty to sign out and sign back in personnel working outside. The fatalities aboard ''Otama'' were two of the only three deaths aboard Australian ''Oberon''s.

From 1996, ''Otama'' was given approval to conduct coastal surveillance operations using its specialist intelligence-gathering equipment on Indonesia in particular to obtain information on East Timor.

At the end of March 1999, ''Otama'' was reassigned to in Western Australia, where the s were operating.Owens, in ''Centenary of Australian Submarines'', pp. 103-4''Subs leave harbour behind'', Daily Telegraph, p. 4 Within days of leaving Sydney, sister boat was paid off, leaving ''Otama'' the only one of her class in service, and the submarine base at HMAS ''Platypus'' was cleared for closure.

Decommissioning and fate

''Otama'' paid off on 15 December 2000: problems with the introduction of the ''Collins''-class submarines kept ''Otama'' and sister boat HMAS ''Onslow'' in service for several years beyond their planned decommissioning date. In the year leading up to her paying off, the pending decommissioning combined with the findings of the McIntosh-Prescott Report to cause the "Fast Track" program, A$1 billion of modifications to make and fit for service by the end of the year.Yule & Woolner, ''The Collins Class Submarine Story'', pp. 288–9 ''Otama'' was the last Australian ''Oberon'' to leave service.

The submarine was sold in 2001 to the Western Port Oberon Association, a community group intending to preserve her as a museum vessel and building the Victorian Maritime Centre in Hastings, Victoria.Stewart, ''ASIO eyes mystery group after attempt to buy sub''Cogdon, ''Submarine for sale on internet auction website eBay'' The association beat 32 other tenders for the disposal of ''Otama'', and received a $500,000 "Centenary of Federation" grant from the federal government to fund the purchase and relocation.Nelson, ''Australian Submarine History Lands at Hastings with $500 000 Centenary of Federation Grant'' (press release)Silkstone, ''Sub group fights battle of Hastings'' The grant included the $50,000 purchase price of the submarine, plus $300,000 to tow ''Otama'' from Fremantle to Western Port Bay, with the balance to be used in bringing the boat ashore once a suitable venue was built. ''Otama'' arrived in Western Port in 2002, where she was moored while waiting for the approval and development of the museum.

By late 2008, plans for three separate locations for the Victorian Maritime Centre – Hastings, Crib Point, and Stony Point – had all been rejected by the Department of Sustainability and Environment. As the Western Port Oberon Association could no longer afford to maintain the submarine while waiting for a favourable decision, ''Otama'' was listed on eBay for sale in November 2008.Seal & Blake, ''Century of Silent Service'', p. 84Clifton-Evans, ''Is eBay the answer?'' Although no bids were placed by the time the online auction closed in late December, the association received several expressions of interest: including from the St Kilda Marina, Frankston City Council, and one purporting to be a tourism operator but believed by the Western Port Oberon Association to be wanting to restore the submarine for drug smuggling (which was referred to the Australian Federal Police and the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation).Stewart, ''Submarine for sale as group's dream sinks in a sea of red tape'' No sale was made, and the submarine remained in the possession of the association.

In early 2010, ''Otama''s interior was used to represent a Russian submarine for the short film '' Deeper Than Yesterday''. The 20-minute film won awards at the 2010 Australian Film Institute Awards, the 2010 Leeds International Film Festival, and the 2011 Sundance Film Festival.Bodey, ''Red carpet unrolls, but Cannes gives local filmmakers short shrift''Tourtellotte, ''Sundance's unheralded short film and grant winners''

In-principle approval to build the Victorian Maritime Centre was given by Victorian environmental minister Ryan Smith in March 2013.Hast, ''Sub ashore in 18 months'' The association submitted plans in June for a site on the seawall of the Western Port Marina at Hastings, to be built on reclaimed land. The proposed site is on the outer edge of the existing seawall, with ''Otama'' enclosed in a semi-recessed concrete pit designed to support the main internal deck at ground level, located between the seawall and the planned site of the maritime centre. As of February 2015, design work has been completed, but the association was awaiting the approval of a planning permit.

In January 2016 it was announced that new mooring cables worth $50,000 were needed if the vessel was to withstand winter storms. By May 2016 difficulties in raising the funds led to the Western Port Oberon Association looking into selling the submarine for scrap if necessary. Pledges of more than $10,000 were received by the end of May. The following month the moorings were repaired by Patrick Ports Hastings after being contracted by Parks Victoria. In June 2021, the ship listed and was in danger of capsizing.Otama listing, at ‘imminent’ risk of capsizing or sinking
''Mornington Peninsula News'' 24 June 2021

In September 2022 the decision was made to scrap the Otama, with Parks Victoria moving to remove the vessel and scrap it, despite the previous efforts to preserve the vessel, and its heritage value.

On 13 September 2022 the semi-submersible vessel, ''Rolldock Sun'' hired by the Department of Defence arrived in Western Port Bay to uplift ''Otama'' for transfer to Henderson, WA and breaking up. Passage to WA commenced on 19 September 2022.

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External links

Website of the Victorian Maritime Centre

{{DEFAULTSORT:Otama
Oberon-class submarines of the Royal Australian Navy
Ships built on the River Clyde
1975 ships
Museum ships in Australia