genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of about 18 species of
ascomycete
Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 species. The defi ...
fungi. They are a false morel - a frequently toxic mushroom that can be mistaken for edible mushrooms of the genus ''
Morchella
''Morchella'', the true morels, is a genus of edible ascomycota, sac fungi closely related to anatomically simpler Cup fungus, cup fungi in the order Pezizales (division (mycology), division Ascomycota). These distinctive fungi have a honeycomb ...
'' (morels).
Taxonomy
The name ''Gyromitra'' comes from ''gyro'' meaning ''convoluted'' and ''mitra'' meaning ''turban''.
Analysis of the
ribosomal DNA
Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) is a DNA sequence that codes for ribosomal RNA. These sequences regulate transcription initiation and amplification, and contain both transcribed and non-transcribed spacer segments.
In the human genome there are 5 chromos ...
of many of the Pezizales showed the genus ''Gyromitra'' to be most closely related to the genus ''
Discina
DisCina was a French film production and distribution company established in 1938 by Michel Safra and André Paulvé. It reached its peak during the 1940s and early 1950s, remaining active during the Occupation of France.
It also operated a dis ...
Helvella
''Helvella'' is a genus of ascomycete fungus of the family Helvellaceae. The mushrooms, commonly known as elfin saddles, are identified by their irregularly shaped caps, fluted stems, and fuzzy undersurfaces. They are found in North America and i ...
''. Thus the four genera are now included in the family
Discinaceae
The Discinaceae are a family of ascomycete fungi, the best known members of which are the false morels of the genus ''Gyromitra''. Originally erected by Erich Heinz Benedix in 1961, it was found to be a discrete clade in a molecular study of rib ...
.
Species
The genus consists of the following species:
* ''
Gyromitra ambigua
''Gyromitra ambigua'' is an ascomycete fungus species of the genus ''Gyromitra'', and related to the false morel '' G. esculenta''. It belongs to the Pezizales order. The species is found in North America, where it produces fruit bodies (mu ...
Gyromitra bubakii
''Gyromitra'' () is a genus of about 18 species of ascomycete fungi. They are a false morel - a frequently toxic mushroom that can be mistaken for edible mushrooms of the genus ''Morchella'' (morels).
Taxonomy
The name ''Gyromitra'' comes from ...
''
* ''
Gyromitra californica
''Gyromitra californica'' is a species of fungus in the family Discinaceae. It was described as ''Helvella californica'' by W. Phillips in 1879. It is considered probably poisonous
Poison is a chemical substance that has a detrimental effec ...
''
* ''
Gyromitra caroliniana
''Gyromitra caroliniana'', known commonly as the Carolina false morel or big red, is an ascomycete fungus of the genus ''Gyromitra'', within the Pezizales group of fungi. It is found in hardwood forests of the southeastern United States, where ...
'' (North America)
* ''
Gyromitra esculenta
''Gyromitra esculenta'' is an ascomycete fungus from the genus ''Gyromitra'', widely distributed across Europe and North America. It normally fruits in sandy soils under coniferous trees in spring and early summer. The fruiting body, or mush ...
'' (
Pers.
Christiaan Hendrik Persoon (1 February 1761 – 16 November 1836) was a German mycologist who made additions to Linnaeus' mushroom taxonomy.
Early life
Persoon was born in South Africa at the Cape of Good Hope, the third child of an immi ...
Gyromitra fastigiata
''Gyromitra fastigiata'' is a species of fungus in the family Discinaceae. It is related to species containing the toxin monomethylhydrazine
Monomethylhydrazine (mono-methyl hydrazine, MMH) is a highly toxic, volatile hydrazine derivative with ...
''
* ''
Gyromitra gigas
''Gyromitra gigas'', commonly known as the giants false morel, snow morel, snow false morel, calf brain, or bull nose, is a fungus and a member of the Ascomycota. ''G. gigas'' is found in Europe. It is referred to as one of the false mor ...
'' – snow morel
** ''
Gyromitra korfii
''Gyromitra gigas'', commonly known as the giants false morel, snow morel, snow false morel, calf brain, or bull nose, is a fungus and a member of the Ascomycota. ''G. gigas'' is found in Europe. It is referred to as one of the false mor ...
'' – possibly a synonym of ''G. gigas''
** ''
Gyromitra montana
''Gyromitra gigas'', commonly known as the giants false morel, snow morel, snow false morel, calf brain, or bull nose, is a fungus and a member of the Ascomycota. ''G. gigas'' is found in Europe. It is referred to as one of the false mor ...
'' – North American snow morel, possibly a synonym of ''G. gigas''
* ''
Gyromitra infula
''Gyromitra infula'', commonly known as the hooded false morel or the elfin saddle, is a fungus in the family Helvellaceae. The dark reddish-brown caps of the fruit bodies develop a characteristic saddle-shape in maturity, and the ends of bo ...
'' – elfin saddle
* ''
Gyromitra leucoxantha
''Gyromitra'' () is a genus of about 18 species of ascomycete fungi. They are a false morel - a frequently toxic mushroom that can be mistaken for edible mushrooms of the genus ''Morchella'' (morels).
Taxonomy
The name ''Gyromitra'' comes from ...
''
* ''
Gyromitra perlata
''Gyromitra'' () is a genus of about 18 species of ascomycete fungi. They are a false morel - a frequently toxic mushroom that can be mistaken for edible mushrooms of the genus ''Morchella'' (morels).
Taxonomy
The name ''Gyromitra'' comes from ...
''
* ''
Gyromitra tasmanica
''Gyromitra'' () is a genus of about 18 species of ascomycete fungi. They are a false morel - a frequently toxic mushroom that can be mistaken for edible mushrooms of the genus ''Morchella'' (morels).
Taxonomy
The name ''Gyromitra'' comes from ...
''
Toxicity
Some types of ''Gyromitra'' are highly poisonous when raw due to the presence of
gyromitrin
Gyromitrin is a toxin and carcinogen present in several members of the fungal genus ''Gyromitra'', like '' G. esculenta''. Its formula is . It is unstable and is easily hydrolyzed to the toxic compound monomethylhydrazine . Monomethylhydrazin ...
, although some species are edible when cooked and ''Gyromitra'' are sought after in Scandinavian countries. Widespread
hemolysis
Hemolysis or haemolysis (), also known by several other names, is the rupturing (lysis) of red blood cells (erythrocytes) and the release of their contents (cytoplasm) into surrounding fluid (e.g. blood plasma). Hemolysis may occur in vivo o ...
has been reported from ingestion which can result in
kidney failure
Kidney failure, also known as end-stage kidney disease, is a medical condition in which the kidneys can no longer adequately filter waste products from the blood, functioning at less than 15% of normal levels. Kidney failure is classified as eit ...
.
Methemoglobinemia
Methemoglobinemia, or methaemoglobinaemia, is a condition of elevated methemoglobin in the blood. Symptoms may include headache, dizziness, shortness of breath, nausea, poor muscle coordination, and blue-colored skin (cyanosis). Complications m ...
has also been seen, although it is typically responsive to treatment with
methylene blue
Methylthioninium chloride, commonly called methylene blue, is a salt used as a dye and as a medication. Methylene blue is a thiazine dye. As a medication, it is mainly used to treat methemoglobinemia by converting the ferric iron in hemoglobin ...
.
Seizure
An epileptic seizure, informally known as a seizure, is a period of symptoms due to abnormally excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. Outward effects vary from uncontrolled shaking movements involving much of the body with los ...
s can also develop via inhibition of the neurotransmitter GABA.Brozen, R. "Mushroom Toxicity - Gyromitra Toxin." Emedicine.com, Last updated: 2/29/08.