The Portuguese guitar or Portuguese guitarra ( pt, guitarra portuguesa, ) is a plucked string instrument with twelve steel strings, strung in six
courses of two strings. It is one of the few musical instruments that still uses watch-key or
Preston tuners
Preston tuners or machines (also known as peacock, fan, or watchkey tuners) is a type of machine head tuning system for string instruments, named for English cittern ( English guitar) maker John Preston and developed in the 18th century. -- ''the ...
. It is iconically associated with the musical genre known as
Fado
Fado (; "destiny, fate") is a music genre that can be traced to the 1820s in Lisbon, Portugal, but probably has much earlier origins. Fado historian and scholar Rui Vieira Nery states that "the only reliable information on the history of fado was ...
, and is now an icon for anything Portuguese.
History
![Port-guitar-silva-1796](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Port-guitar-silva-1796.jpg)
The Portuguese guitar now known has undergone considerable technical modification in the last century (dimensions, mechanical tuning system, etc.) although it has kept the same number of courses, the string tuning and the finger technique characteristic of this type of instrument.
It is a descendant of the
Medieval
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the Post-classical, post-classical period of World history (field), global history. It began with t ...
citole
The citole was a string musical instrument, closely associated with the medieval fiddles (viol, vielle, gigue) and commonly used from 1200–1350."CITOLE, also spelled Systole, Cythole, Gytolle, &c. (probably a Fr. diminutive form of cithara ...
, based on evidence of its use in Portugal since the thirteenth century (then known as 'cítole' in Portuguese) amongst
troubadour
A troubadour (, ; oc, trobador ) was a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100–1350). Since the word ''troubadour'' is etymologically masculine, a female troubadour is usually called a ''trobairit ...
and minstrel circles and in the
Renaissance
The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass ideas ...
period, although initially it was restricted to noblemen in court circles. Later it became popular and references have been found to
citterns
The cittern or cithren ( Fr. ''cistre'', It. ''cetra'', Ger. ''Cister,'' Sp. ''cistro, cedra, cítola'') is a stringed instrument dating from the Renaissance. Modern scholars debate its exact history, but it is generally accepted that it is d ...
being played in the theater, in taverns and barbershops in the seventeenth and eighteenth century in particular.
In 1582,
Friar Phillipe de Caverell visited Lisbon and described its customs; he mentions the Portuguese people’s love for the
cittern
The cittern or cithren ( Fr. ''cistre'', It. ''cetra'', Ger. ''Cister,'' Sp. ''cistro, cedra, cítola'') is a stringed instrument dating from the Renaissance. Modern scholars debate its exact history, but it is generally accepted that it is d ...
and other musical instruments. In 1649 was published the catalogue of the Royal Music Library of
King John IV of Portugal
John IV ( pt, João, ; 19 March 1604 – 6 November 1656), nicknamed John the Restorer ( pt, João, o Restaurador), was the King of Portugal whose reign, lasting from 1640 until his death, began the Portuguese restoration of independence from ...
containing the best-known books of cittern music from foreign composers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, in which the complexity and technical difficulty of the pieces allow us to believe that there had been highly skilled players in Portugal.
![Jose malhoa fado](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Jose_malhoa_fado.jpg)
The angel playing the cittern (c.1680), a sculpture of large dimensions in the
Alcobaça Monastery
The Alcobaça Monastery ( pt, Mosteiro de Alcobaça, ''Mosteiro de Santa Maria de Alcobaça'') is a Catholic monastic complex located in the town of Alcobaça, Portugal, Alcobaça, in central Portugal, some 120 km north of Lisbon. The monaste ...
, depicts in detail the direct ancestor of the Portuguese guitar. In the first half of the eighteenth century,
Ribeiro Sanches (1699–1783) had cittern lessons in the town of
Guarda, Portugal
Guarda () is a city and a municipality in the District of Guarda and the capital of the Beiras e Serra da Estrela sub-region in Centro Region, central Portugal. The population in 2021 was 40,126, in an area of with 31,224 inhabitants in the city ...
, as he mentions in a letter from
St. Petersburg
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
in 1735.
In the same period, there is other evidence to the use of the cittern alluding to a repertoire of sonatas, minuets, etc. shared with other instruments such as the harpsichord or the guitar. Later in the century (c. 1750) a new type of cittern, the so-called
English guittar made its appearance in Portugal. By 1786 those made by Simpson, an English luthier, became highly popular, and it was noted that he could also provide reliable nickel-silver strings. There was a type of cittern locally modified by German, English, Scottish and Dutch makers and enthusiastically greeted by the new mercantile bourgeoisie of the city of
Porto
Porto or Oporto () is the second-largest city in Portugal, the capital of the Porto District, and one of the Iberian Peninsula's major urban areas. Porto city proper, which is the entire municipality of Porto, is small compared to its metropol ...
who used it in the domestic context of
Hausmusik
A house concert or home concert is a musical concert or performance art that is presented in someone's home or apartment, or a nearby small private space such as a barn, apartment rec room, lawn, or backyard."VIDEO: House concert in Royal Oak," '' ...
practice. This consisted of the "languid Modinhas", the "lingering Minuets" and the "risqué Lunduns", as they were then called. The English guitar disappeared as a separate instrument by the mid 19th century in Portugal as elsewhere, but its influence on the subsequent Portuguese guitar can be seen in terms of the watch-key tuning system, size, stringing with 6 strings and tuning - see description of the ''afinação natural'' (natural tuning) under Tuning below. Especially from the middle of the 19th century, the Portuguese guitar as a separate instrument developed from the various earlier types of citterns came into fashion by its association with the Lisbon song (''fado'') accompaniment.
The last detailed reference to the cítara appeared in 1858 in
J.F. Fètis' book ''
The Music Made Easy
''The'' () is a grammatical article in English, denoting persons or things already mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The'' is the m ...
''. The Portuguese translation includes a glossary describing the various characteristics (tunings, social status, repertoire, etc.) of both cittern and "English" guitar of the time.
Gradually the Simpson design was transformed by Portuguese luthiers, with a wider body, longer scale length, and a wider fingerboard, made more manageable by using a large radius, rather than a flat fingerboard.
The Portuguese guitar is used for solo music (''guitarradas'') as well as the accompaniment, which it shares with a steel strung classical guitar (''viola de fado'') and occasional double bass or guitar-bass, and its wide repertoire is often presented in concert halls and in the context of classical and world music festivals all around the world.
Models
There are two distinct Portuguese guitar models: the
Lisboa
Lisbon (; pt, Lisboa ) is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 544,851 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km2. Lisbon's urban area extends beyond the city's administrative limits w ...
and the
Coimbra
Coimbra (, also , , or ) is a city and a municipality in Portugal. The population of the municipality at the 2011 census was 143,397, in an area of .
The fourth-largest urban area in Portugal after Lisbon, Porto Metropolitan Area, Porto, and Bra ...
.
The differences between the two models are the scale length (445 mm of free string length in Lisboa guitars and 470 mm in Coimbra guitars), body measurements, and other finer construction details. Overall, the Coimbra model is of simpler construction than the Lisboa model. Visually and most distinctively, the Lisboa model can easily be differentiated from the Coimbra model by its larger soundboard and the scroll ornament (''caracois -'' snail) that usually adorns the tuning machine, in place of Coimbra's teardrop-shaped (''lagrima'') motif. Lisboa guitars usually employ a narrower neck profile as well. Both models have a very distinct timbre, the Lisboa model having a more bright and resonant sound, and the choice between the both of them falls upon each player's preferences.
As early as 1905
luthiers
A luthier ( ; AmE also ) is a craftsperson who builds or repairs string instruments that have a neck and a sound box. The word "luthier" is originally French and comes from the French word for lute. The term was originally used for makers of ...
were building larger Portuguese guitars (called ''guitarrão'', the plural being ''guitarrões''), seemingly in very small numbers and with limited success. Recently, the famed luthier Gilberto Grácio has built a ''guitarrão'', which he named a ''
guitolão
The Guitolão is a chordophone exclusively designed by one of the masters of Portuguese guitars making, the luthier Gilberto Grácio. He started to develop the prototype instrument, originally built for Carlos Paredes in 2001, and only 3 types ...
'' instead; this instrument which allows for a wider timbric range, on the low and the high end, than a regular Portuguese guitar.
Technique
The techniques employed to play the Portuguese guitar are what are historically called ''figueta'' and ''dedilho''. ''Figueta'' technique comprises playing solely with the thumb and the index fingers and it was inspired by the technique used to play
Viola da Terra
Viola da terra is a stringed musical instrument from the islands of the Azores, closely associated with the '' saudade'' genre of Portuguese music. Its 12 or 15 metal strings are arranged in either five or six courses.
Construction
The viola ...
. ''Dedilho'' technique concentrates on up and down strokes of the index finger to play complex passages. On the Portuguese guitar the strings are picked with the corner of the fingernails, avoiding contact of the flesh with the strings. The unused fingers of the picking hand rest below the strings, on the ''guarda-unhas'' on the soundboard. Most players use various materials in place of natural fingernails; these fingerpicks (''unhas'') were traditionally made of tortoiseshell, but today are usually nylon or plastic. While Lisboa ''unhas'' are commonly rectangular shaped for a clearer attack, Coimbra ''unhas'' tend to follow the natural curve of the fingernail.
Technique basics are the ''fado maior, fado menor'' and ''fado Mouraria''. Then one masters the ''trinado'' (a triplet ornament), slides, picking individual strings (instead of both in a course), and intense characteristic vibrato to embellish the melody. Finally, in addition to the ''fados'', there are traditional virtuosic pieces—the ''fado Lopes'', and ''Variaçoes'' em ''Re Menor'', ''La Menor'', ''Mi Menor'' and ''Si Menor.''
A good ''guitarrista'' should know at least a hundred of the over two hundred standard ''fados'' in any key requested by the ''fadista''.
Lisboa
The Lisboa style of playing traditionally utilizes the Guitarra de Lisboa, but today it is increasingly common to see musicians with Guitarra de Coimbra tuned tighter to accommodate the Lisboa tuning.
In accompanying Lisbon Fado the ''guitarrista'' plays the introduction, traditionally based on the second half of the vocal melody, then alternates between the techniques described above and short expressive phrases answering the ''fadista's'' phrases in a musical call-and-response. In faster ''fados'' the ''guitarra'' often improvises virtuosically throughout, including soloing over the ''fadista's'' singing.
Coimbra
The Coimbra style of playing, popularized by
Artur
Artur is a cognate to the common male given name Arthur, meaning "bear-like," which is believed to possibly be descended from the Roman surname Artorius or the Celtic bear-goddess Artio or more probably from the Celtic word ''artos'' ("bear"). Ot ...
and
Carlos Paredes
Carlos Paredes ComSE (; 16 February 1925 – 23 July 2004) was a virtuoso Portuguese guitar player and composer. He is regarded as one of the greatest players of Portuguese guitar of all-time.
Born in Coimbra, Portugal, in a family with a l ...
, originates with the university students from the historic
Universidade de Coimbra
The University of Coimbra (UC; pt, Universidade de Coimbra, ) is a public research university in Coimbra, Portugal. First established in Lisbon in 1290, it went through a number of relocations until moving permanently to Coimbra in 1537. The u ...
. The male students and graduates would traditionally play a
Coimbra Fado
Coimbra Fado (Portuguese: ''Fado de Coimbra'') is a genre of fado originating in the city of Coimbra, Portugal. While adopted by students at the University of Coimbra, and sometimes known as Student Fado (''Fado de Estudante''), it is usually ...
at night or ''serenata'' (serenade) for a woman to be courted.
Instead of bridging the gap between a singer's phrases, in Coimbra Fado, the ''guitarra'' plays the chordal accompaniment alongside the Acoustic guitar. As opposed to the rapid, more technically challenging Lisbon Fado, the ''guitarrista'' plays a downstroke with the thumb followed by a rolled chord across all the strings which ends with the index finger crossed in front of the thumb. This pattern is easily modified to fit the time signature of the specific Coimbra Fado being played.
Notable artists
Armandinho, born in 1891, became one of the most influential guitar players in Lisbon, leaving a vast repertoire of variations and ''fados'' behind. He is credited with popularizing the second soloist approach to ''guitarra'' playing in ''fado'' accompaniment over the usage of simple plucked chords. Following in Armandinho's footsteps came other guitarists, such as Jaime Santos, Raul Nery, José Nunes, Carlos Gonçalves and
Fontes Rocha.
Artur Paredes
Artur Paredes (10 May 1899 – 20 December 1980) was a Portuguese guitar player in the city of Coimbra. He was the natural son of Gonçalo Rodrigues Paredes and Maria do Céu."Artur Paredes."Museu Do Fado March 2009. Accessed October 18, 2018.
...
, born in 1899, was an equally important player in the city of Coimbra. Many of today's Coimbra guitar features can be traced back to his contact with local luthiers. His son
Carlos Paredes
Carlos Paredes ComSE (; 16 February 1925 – 23 July 2004) was a virtuoso Portuguese guitar player and composer. He is regarded as one of the greatest players of Portuguese guitar of all-time.
Born in Coimbra, Portugal, in a family with a l ...
was a virtuoso and attained great popularity, becoming the most internationally known Portuguese guitar player. His compositions on the Portuguese guitar go beyond the traditional use of the instrument in ''fado'' musicianship giving him (and the instrument) a status above folk or regional music. This soloistic tradition has been followed till today by several outstanding musicians such as Pedro Caldeira Cabral, Antonio Chainho, Ricardo Rocha, Paulo Soares, and several other virtuoso guitarists of the younger generation. The first concerto for Portuguese guitar and orchestra was composed by Fernando Lapa and premiered by Paulo Soares in 2003 at the Gil Vicente theatre in Coimbra with the Coimbra Orchestra. Pedro Henriques da Silva also composed his concerto for Portuguese guitar and orchestra, and premiered it on December 5, 2017 with the Orchestra of the Swan at Stratford ArtsHouse in Stratford-upon-Avon.
Many leading ''guitarristas'' in Lisboa—Mario Pacheco, Luis Guerreiro, Jose Manuel Neto, Henrique Leitão, Bruno Chaveiro, Paulo de Castro, Ricardo Martins and Custodio Castelo - now use Oscar Cardoso ''guitarras'', which feature the extraordinary innovation of a cutaway in the back of the ''guitarra'', and a Coimbra string length but with Lisboa tuning. The virtuosity of these artists has changed the sound of ''fado'' radically, and their speed is extraordinary. Rocha has composed highly avant-garde pieces, and the original ''guitarradas'' of Pacheco, Castelo and Martins have become common repertoire in Lisboa, as those of Soares have become in Coimbra. Most advanced players will learn some of Carlos Paredes' difficult works. Marta Pereira Da Costa has achieved prominence as the first female virtuoso ''guitarrista.''
Outside Portuguese music
The Portuguese guitar played a small role in Celtic and western folk music following the folk revival. In the 1970s,
Andy Irvine of the band
Planxty
Planxty were an Irish folk music band formed in January 1972, consisting initially of Christy Moore (vocals, acoustic guitar, bodhrán), Andy Irvine (vocals, mandolin, mandola, bouzouki, hurdy-gurdy, harmonica), Dónal Lunny (bouzouki, guitars ...
played a modified Portuguese guitar. British luthier Stefan Sobell based his early 1970s creation of the
modern cittern on a Portuguese guitar he'd bought at a used shop in Leeds some years previously.
Several jazz musicians have also recorded with the Portuguese guitar, including
Brad Shepik.
The Portuguese guitar features prominently on
Sun Kil Moon
Sun Kil Moon is an American folk rock act from San Francisco, California, founded in 2002. Initially a continuation of the defunct indie rock band Red House Painters, Sun Kil Moon is now the primary recording moniker of vocalist and guitarist M ...
's debut album ''
Ghosts Of The Great Highway
''Ghosts of the Great Highway'' is the debut studio album by San Francisco quartet Sun Kil Moon, led by Red House Painters' founder Mark Kozelek, who composed all of the lyrics and music on this album. The other members are Anthony Koutsos (forme ...
''.
British guitarist
Steve Howe
Stephen James Howe (born 8 April 1947) is an English musician, best known as the guitarist in the progressive rock band Yes across three stints since 1970. Born in Holloway, North London, Howe developed an interest in the guitar and began to l ...
of the band
Yes
Yes or YES may refer to:
* An affirmative particle in the English language; see yes and no
Education
* YES Prep Public Schools, Houston, Texas, US
* YES (Your Extraordinary Saturday), a learning program from the Minnesota Institute for Talente ...
plays a Portuguese guitar on the songs "
I've Seen All Good People
"I've Seen All Good People" is a song by the English progressive rock band Yes, written by frontman Jon Anderson and bassist Chris Squire and recorded on their third studio album, ''The Yes Album'' (1971). The almost 7-minute song is in two par ...
" from ''
The Yes Album
''The Yes Album'' is the third studio album by English progressive rock band Yes, released on 19 February 1971 by Atlantic Records. It was the band's first album to feature guitarist Steve Howe, who replaced Peter Banks in 1970, as well as t ...
'' (1971), "
Wonderous Stories
"Wonderous Stories" is a song by the English progressive rock band Yes, released in September 1977 as the first single from their eighth studio album, ''Going for the One''. It was written by lead vocalist Jon Anderson, who gained inspiration for ...
" from ''
Going for the One
''Going for the One'' is the eighth studio album by English progressive rock band Yes, released on 15 July 1977 by Atlantic Records. After taking a break in activity in 1975 for each member to release a solo album, and their 1976 tour of the Un ...
'' (1977), "Nine Voices (Longwalker)" from ''
The Ladder
A ladder is a runged climbing aid.
Ladder, The Ladder, or Ladders may also refer to:
Art, entertainment and media Film and television
* "Ladders" (''Community''), the first episode of the sixth season of the sitcom ''Community''
* ''Ladders'', a ...
'' (1999), "Hour of Need" from ''
Fly from Here
''Fly from Here'' is the twentieth studio album by the English progressive rock band Yes. It was released on 22 June 2011 by Frontiers Records, and is their only album featuring lead vocalist Benoît David and keyboardist Oliver Wakeman. Yes ...
'' (2011), "To Ascend" from ''
Heaven and Earth'' (2014), and "Sister Sleeping Soul" from ''
The Quest'' (2021).
British musician Chris Hirst plays fado on the Portuguese guitar, and also uses it for contemporary music with his group Quatrapuntal. This takes influences from fado and the Portuguese group
Madredeus
Madredeus () are a Portuguese musical ensemble formed in 1985, in Lisbon. Their music combines traditional Portuguese music, fado and folk music.
Madredeus are one of the most successful music groups from Portugal, having sold over 3 million alb ...
, but mixes it with classical music and other elements.
Portuguese guitar makers
There are many Portuguese guitar makers still building guitars, according to traditional craftsmanship. Many families have passed on their knowledge for generations.
Amongst the most notable , or guitar makers, are the
Grácio family, Álvaro Ferreira, the Tavares family (now living in Toronto Canada), the Cardoso family—particularly Oscar Cardoso (whose guitarras are the subject of a recent book), António Guerra, Domingos Machado, Fernando Meireles, Antonio Monteiro and Domingos Cerqueira. The Grácio family and Álvaro Ferreira's instruments are usually considered as the pinnacle in terms of quality, although these instruments are very hard to find and can be quite expensive.
Antonio Pinto de Carvalho's APC luthiery is one of the largest in Europe, and produces thousands of traditional Portuguese stringed instruments.
Tuning
![NaturalTuning](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/NaturalTuning.png)
The tuning chiefly employed on the Portuguese guitar was historically called ''afinação do fado'' or ''afinação do fado corrido''. It was probably developed in the early 19th century, as it was already largely adopted by Lisbon's ''fadistas'' by the mid-century. With the diminishing use of the natural tuning (see below) by players, this tuning came to simply be called either ''afinação de Lisboa'', when tuned high, in D, or ''afinação de Coimbra'', when tuned low, in C; this stems from the fact that while most Lisbon Fado players tuned their guitars in D, in Coimbra the students came to tune theirs in C as standard practice, mainly through the influence of Artur Paredes. It is important to note, however, that regardless of the difference in pitch between the two variations of the tuning, in practice, the latter still makes use of the former's aural conventions, as such a ''do/''C is called ''re/''D, a D is called ''mi/''E, etc., by the players (essentially making a Coimbra-tuned Portuguese guitar a
transposing instrument
A transposing instrument is a musical instrument for which music notation is not written at concert pitch (concert pitch is the pitch on a non-transposing instrument such as the piano). For example, playing a written middle C on a transposing i ...
similar to a B-flat trumpet in that a given note is referred to by the note name a whole step higher than the note name that
concert-pitch conventions would use).
The natural tuning, inherited from the
English guitar
The English guitar or guittar (also citra), is a stringed instrument – a type of cittern – popular in many places in Europe from around 1750–1850. It is unknown when the identifier "English" became connected to the instrument: at the time of ...
of the 18th century, was also very frequently employed up to the first half of the 20th century, being preferred to the former by some late-19th-century players; it was frequently tuned in E instead of C, as this simplified the change between the ''fado'' tuning for players who used both. Some variations of this tuning were also adopted, such as the ''afinação natural com 4ª'', also known as ''afinação da Mouraria'', or the ''afinação de João de Deus'', also known as ''afinação natural menor''. The natural tuning and its variations have been for the most part, out of practice for several decades.
Notation
The Portuguese guitar can use Portuguese guitar tablature, sheet music in treble, or a combination of both. The ''dedilho'' technique is notated with up and down arrows over multiple notes corresponding to a downstroke or upstroke of the index finger. An "i" is used to indicate a stroke with the index finger, or ''indicador'', and a "p" is used for the thumb, or ''polegar''. The middle finger is rarely used but notated with an "m" for ''médio''.
While one can find many virtuosic Coimbra pieces written out as sheet music, ''fados'' are generally improvised and require no music for a good ''guitarrista'' to play. The chord progression to each specific ''fado'' should be understood by the good ''guitarrista''. While this skill has traditionally been acquired by younger players playing alongside a more advanced ''guitarrista'' in an ensemble, it was only in the early 2000s that the first ''fado'' school had been established to formally teach the improvisational style alongside the written version.
Further reading
* — THE PORTUGUESE GUITAR
* — A comprehensive chord dictionary for the Portuguese Lisboa Guitar
* — Basic techniques for the Portuguese Coimbra Guitar
* — Chord building
* — Basic techniques for the Portuguese Coimbra Guitar
See also
*
Bandolim
A mandolin ( it, mandolino ; literally "small mandola") is a stringed musical instrument in the lute family and is generally plucked with a pick. It most commonly has four courses of doubled strings tuned in unison, thus giving a total of ...
*
Viola braguesa
Viola braguesa is a stringed instrument from Braga, north-western Portugal. It has 10 strings in 5 courses. The strings are made of steel. It is tuned C4/C3–G4/G3–A4/A3–D4/D4–G4/G4. The scale length is about .
Requinta
Many , such as the ...
*
Rabeca
The rabeca or rabeca chuleira is a fiddle originating in Portugal, commonly used in Portugal, Northeastern Brazil, where it is most commonly used in Brazilian forró music, and Cape Verde. It is descended from the medieval rebec.
History
The rab ...
*
Gaita transmontana
The gaita transmontana or gaita de foles mirandesa is a type of bagpipe native to the Trás-os-Montes region of Portugal.
History
The most ancient records of this instrument date from the 18th century, mostly written. Its culture has been pas ...
*
Cavaquinho
The cavaquinho (pronounced in Portuguese) is a small Portuguese string instrument in the European guitar family, with four wires or gut strings.
More broadly, ''cavaquinho'' is the name of a four-stringed subdivision of the lute family of instr ...
References
External links
A video describing and demonstrating the Portuguese guitar, in EnglishAcoustic analysis of Portuguese guitars(Retrieved on 24-09-2013)
Portuguese Guitar for Android
{{DEFAULTSORT:Portuguese Guitar
Fado
Guitars
Portuguese musical instruments
Necked box lutes