Grimmia dissimulata habit dry 2009-01-29

''Grimmia'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

moss Mosses are small, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta (, ) '' sensu stricto''. Bryophyta (''sensu lato'', Schimp. 1879) may also refer to the parent group bryophytes, which comprise liverworts, mosses, and hor ...

es (Bryophyta), originally named by

Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart (4 November 1742, Holderbank, Aargau – 26 June 1795) was a German botanist, a pupil of Carl Linnaeus at Uppsala University, and later director of the Botanical Garden of Hannover, where he produced several major botanical ...

in honour of

Johann Friedrich Carl Grimm Johann, typically a male given name, is the German form of ''Iohannes'', which is the Latin form of the Greek name ''Iōánnēs'' (), itself derived from Hebrew name ''Yochanan'' () in turn from its extended form (), meaning "Yahweh is Gracious" ...

, a

physician A physician (American English), medical practitioner (Commonwealth English), medical doctor, or simply doctor, is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through th ...

and

botanist Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek wo ...

from

Gotha Gotha () is the fifth-largest city in Thuringia, Germany, west of Erfurt and east of Eisenach with a population of 44,000. The city is the capital of the district of Gotha and was also a residence of the Ernestine Wettins from 1640 until the ...

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

Geographic distribution

Although predominantly occurring in the moderate zones, representatives of the

cosmopolitan Cosmopolitan may refer to: Food and drink * Cosmopolitan (cocktail), also known as a "Cosmo" History * Rootless cosmopolitan, a Soviet derogatory epithet during Joseph Stalin's anti-Semitic campaign of 1949–1953 Hotels and resorts * Cosmopoli ...

''Grimmia'' may be found in all parts of the world, from

Alaska Alaska ( ; russian: Аляска, Alyaska; ale, Alax̂sxax̂; ; ems, Alas'kaaq; Yup'ik: ''Alaskaq''; tli, Anáaski) is a state located in the Western United States on the northwest extremity of North America. A semi-exclave of the U.S., ...

to the most southern point of

Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east a ...

, and from

Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...

South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countri ...

, though in tropic regions, e.g.

Hawaii Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only stat ...

and

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...

, ''Grimmia'' species only occur high up in the mountains.

Identification

''Grimmia'' is a notoriously difficult genus in terms of

identification Identification or identify may refer to: *Identity document, any document used to verify a person's identity Arts, entertainment and media * ''Identify'' (album) by Got7, 2014 * "Identify" (song), by Natalie Imbruglia, 1999 * Identification ( ...

, and in the majority of

herbaria A herbarium (plural: herbaria) is a collection of preserved plant specimens and associated data used for scientific study. The specimens may be whole plants or plant parts; these will usually be in dried form mounted on a sheet of paper (called ...

a considerable number of species was found misidentified. The

American American(s) may refer to: * American, something of, from, or related to the United States of America, commonly known as the "United States" or "America" ** Americans, citizens and nationals of the United States of America ** American ancestry, pe ...

bryologist Geneva Sayre (1911–1992), who worked for many years on a

monograph A monograph is a specialist work of writing (in contrast to reference works) or exhibition on a single subject or an aspect of a subject, often by a single author or artist, and usually on a scholarly subject. In library cataloging, ''monograph ...

of the North American ''Grimmias'', indicated in an original way these difficulties, as she said: "it contains an ambigua, a varia, a decipiens, a controversa, a revisa and at least two anomalas".

Publications

In the '' Index Muscorum'', the genus ''Grimmia'' is represented with 800 names of

published Publishing is the activity of making information, literature, music, software and other content available to the public for sale or for free. Traditionally, the term refers to the creation and distribution of printed works, such as books, newsp ...

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

. As since

Loeske Leopold Loeske (24 October 1865, Hohensalza – 29 March 1935, Bad Harzburg) was a German watchmaker and amateur bryologist. A skilled watchmaker, he was self-taught as a bryologist, collecting moss specimens in Germany, Switzerland and the ...

(1930), no revision of the

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...

an species had been carried out. The

Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...

bryologist H. C. Greven started in 1990 with ''Grimmia''

fieldwork Field research, field studies, or fieldwork is the collection of raw data outside a laboratory, library, or workplace setting. The approaches and methods used in field research vary across disciplines. For example, biologists who conduct fie ...

and a revision of the ''Grimmia'' collections from important European herbaria. The results were published in "''Grimmia'' Hedw. (Grimmiaceae, Musci) in Europe". After examining the ''Grimmia'' collections from herbaria in North- and

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the southe ...

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...

and

New Zealand New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island count ...

, and about 50 ''Grimmia'' collecting trips in all

continents A continent is any of several large landmasses. Generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria, up to seven geographical regions are commonly regarded as continents. Ordered from largest in area to smallest, these seven ...

, ''Grimmias of the World'' was published. An important contribution was the revision of ''Grimmia'' in North America. In the past decades, some more bryologists became interested in the genus ''Grimmia''. Jesús Muñoz published a herbaria revision of ''Grimmia'' in Latin America, and Maier studied herbarium specimens of ''Grimmia'' from the

Himalaya The Himalayas, or Himalaya (; ; ), is a mountain range in Asia, separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has some of the planet's highest peaks, including the very highest, Mount Everest. Over 100 ...

Classification

The genus ''Grimmia'' contains the following species: *'' Grimmia abyssinica'' *'' Grimmia acuta'' *'' Grimmia afroincurva'' *'' Grimmia ahmadiana'' *'' Grimmia albida'' *'' Grimmia alpestris'' *'' Grimmia alpestris'' *'' Grimmia ambigua'' *'' Grimmia amblyophylla'' *'' Grimmia americana'' *'' Grimmia andina'' *'' Grimmia angustissima'' *'' Grimmia anodon'' *'' Grimmia anomala'' *'' Grimmia antipodum'' *'' Grimmia aquatica'' *'' Grimmia arctica'' *'' Grimmia arcuata'' *'' Grimmia arenaria'' *'' Grimmia argyrotricha'' *'' Grimmia arizonae'' *'' Grimmia atrata'' *'' Grimmia attenuata'' *'' Grimmia australis'' *'' Grimmia austrofunalis'' *'' Grimmia austroleucophaea'' *'' Grimmia basaltica'' *'' Grimmia bicolor'' *'' Grimmia boliviana'' *'' Grimmia boschbergiana'' *'' Grimmia brachydictyon'' *'' Grimmia brachypus'' *'' Grimmia breviseta'' *'' Grimmia brittoniae'' *'' Grimmia browniana'' *'' Grimmia brownii'' *'' Grimmia caespiticia'' *'' Grimmia caffra'' *'' Grimmia calcarea'' *'' Grimmia calycina'' *'' Grimmia camonia'' *'' Grimmia campylotricha'' *'' Grimmia canariensis'' *'' Grimmia capillata'' *'' Grimmia chocayae'' *'' Grimmia chrysoneura'' *'' Grimmia chubutensis'' *'' Grimmia churchilliana'' *'' Grimmia cirrata'' *'' Grimmia coarctata'' *'' Grimmia compactula'' *'' Grimmia controversa'' *'' Grimmia crassifolia'' *'' Grimmia crassinervia'' *'' Grimmia cratericola'' *'' Grimmia crinita'' *'' Grimmia crinitoleucophaea'' *'' Grimmia crispata'' *'' Grimmia crispipila'' *'' Grimmia crispula'' *'' Grimmia cucullata'' *'' Grimmia cucullatifolia'' *'' Grimmia cupularis'' *'' Grimmia curviseta'' *'' Grimmia cyathocarpa'' *'' Grimmia cylindropyxis'' *'' Grimmia daviesii'' *'' Grimmia decipiens'' *'' Grimmia defoliata'' *'' Grimmia depilis'' *'' Grimmia dissimulata'' *'' Grimmia donniana'' *'' Grimmia elatior'' *'' Grimmia elongata'' *'' Grimmia erythraea'' *'' Grimmia exquisita'' *'' Grimmia falcata'' *'' Grimmia fallax'' *'' Grimmia fascicularis'' *'' Grimmia filiformis'' *'' Grimmia fontana'' *'' Grimmia fontinaloides'' *'' Grimmia forsteri'' *'' Grimmia fulgens'' *'' Grimmia funalis'' *'' Grimmia fusca'' *'' Grimmia fuscescens'' *'' Grimmia fuscolutea'' *'' Grimmia gebhardii'' *'' Grimmia gigantea'' *'' Grimmia gracilis'' *'' Grimmia hamulosa'' *'' Grimmia handelii'' *'' Grimmia hartmanii'' *'' Grimmia herzogii'' *'' Grimmia heteromalla'' *'' Grimmia homomalla'' *'' Grimmia horrida'' *'' Grimmia humilis'' *'' Grimmia immergens'' *'' Grimmia immersoleucophaea'' *'' Grimmia inclinata'' *'' Grimmia incrassicapsulis'' *'' Grimmia incurva'' *'' Grimmia indica'' *'' Grimmia involucrata'' *'' Grimmia jan-mayensis'' *'' Grimmia japonica'' *'' Grimmia julacea'' *'' Grimmia kansuana'' *'' Grimmia khasiana'' *'' Grimmia kidderi'' *'' Grimmia laevidens'' *'' Grimmia laevigata'' *'' Grimmia lamprocarpa'' *'' Grimmia lanceolata'' *'' Grimmia lanuginosa'' *'' Grimmia lawiana'' *'' Grimmia leibergii'' *'' Grimmia lesherae'' *'' Grimmia limbatula'' *'' Grimmia linearis'' *'' Grimmia lisae'' *'' Grimmia longicaulis'' *'' Grimmia longirostris'' *'' Grimmia macroperichaetialis'' *'' Grimmia macrotheca'' *'' Grimmia macrotyla'' *'' Grimmia madagassa'' *'' Grimmia mairei'' *'' Grimmia malacophylla'' *'' Grimmia mammosa'' *'' Grimmia mariniana'' *'' Grimmia mauiensis'' *'' Grimmia maunakeaensis'' *'' Grimmia meridionalis'' *'' Grimmia mexicana'' *'' Grimmia microcarpa'' *'' Grimmia microglobosa'' *'' Grimmia microodonta'' *'' Grimmia milleri'' *'' Grimmia minuta'' *'' Grimmia mixta'' *'' Grimmia molesta'' *'' Grimmia mollis'' *'' Grimmia montana'' *'' Grimmia moxleyi'' *'' Grimmia muehlenbeckii'' *'' Grimmia muelleri'' *'' Grimmia mutica'' *'' Grimmia navicularis'' *'' Grimmia neilgiriensis'' *'' Grimmia nepalensis'' *'' Grimmia nevadensis'' *'' Grimmia nigrescens'' *'' Grimmia nigrita'' *'' Grimmia nivalis'' *'' Grimmia novae-zeelandiae'' *'' Grimmia nuda'' *'' Grimmia nutans'' *'' Grimmia obtusata'' *'' Grimmia obtusolinealis'' *'' Grimmia ochracea'' *'' Grimmia ochyriana'' *'' Grimmia olivacea'' *'' Grimmia olneyi'' *'' Grimmia oranica'' *'' Grimmia orbicularis'' *'' Grimmia orthotrichacea'' *'' Grimmia ovalis'' *'' Grimmia pachyloma'' *'' Grimmia pachyphylla'' *'' Grimmia paramattensis'' *'' Grimmia patagonica'' *'' Grimmia percarinata'' *'' Grimmia perichaetialis'' *'' Grimmia pflanzii'' *'' Grimmia pilifera'' *'' Grimmia pilosissima'' *'' Grimmia pitardii'' *'' Grimmia plagiopodia'' *'' Grimmia pomiformis'' *'' Grimmia praemorsa'' *'' Grimmia procumbens'' *'' Grimmia protensum'' *'' Grimmia pseudoanodon'' *'' Grimmia pseudopatens'' *'' Grimmia pulla'' *''

Grimmia pulvinata ''Grimmia pulvinata'', otherwise known as grey-cushioned grimmia or pulvinate dry rock moss, is a bryophyte moss common in temperate climates worldwide. Characteristics ''Grimmia pulvinata'' grows in small cushion-like shaped, around 1-2 cent ...

'' *'' Grimmia pulvinatula'' *'' Grimmia pusilla'' *'' Grimmia pycnotricha'' *'' Grimmia pygmaea'' *'' Grimmia ramondii'' *'' Grimmia ramulosa'' *'' Grimmia readeri'' *'' Grimmia recurvirostris'' *'' Grimmia reflexidens'' *'' Grimmia retracta'' *'' Grimmia richardii'' *'' Grimmia rigidissima'' *'' Grimmia robustifolia'' *'' Grimmia rupestris'' *'' Grimmia rupincola'' *'' Grimmia saxatilis'' *'' Grimmia saxicola'' *'' Grimmia scabripes'' *'' Grimmia schleicheri'' *'' Grimmia sciuroides'' *'' Grimmia scouleri'' *'' Grimmia serrana'' *'' Grimmia serratomucronata'' *'' Grimmia sessitana'' *'' Grimmia shastai'' *'' Grimmia squamatula'' *'' Grimmia starckeana'' *'' Grimmia stenobasis'' *'' Grimmia stenophylla'' *'' Grimmia stirlingii'' *'' Grimmia stolonifera'' *'' Grimmia streptophylla'' *'' Grimmia subcallosa'' *'' Grimmia subconferta'' *'' Grimmia subleucophaea'' *'' Grimmia subpraemorsa'' *'' Grimmia subsecunda'' *'' Grimmia subtergestina'' *'' Grimmia sulcipila'' *'' Grimmia sundaica'' *'' Grimmia syntrichiacea'' *'' Grimmia tasmanica'' *'' Grimmia teretinervis'' *'' Grimmia tergestina'' *'' Grimmia tergestina'' *'' Grimmia texicana'' *'' Grimmia torenii'' *'' Grimmia torquata'' *'' Grimmia torreyana'' *'' Grimmia tortuosa'' *'' Grimmia trichodes'' *'' Grimmia trichophylla'' *'' Grimmia triformis'' *'' Grimmia trinervis'' *'' Grimmia tristicha'' *'' Grimmia tristichoides'' *'' Grimmia truncatoapocarpa'' *'' Grimmia tunariensis'' *'' Grimmia ungeri'' *'' Grimmia unicolor'' *'' Grimmia urceolaris'' *'' Grimmia urnulacea'' *'' Grimmia vaginulata'' *'' Grimmia verticillata'' *'' Grimmia verticillatula'' *'' Grimmia vulcanica'' *'' Grimmia williamsii'' *'' Grimmia wilsonii'' *'' Grimmia wrightii'' *'' Grimmia yaulensis''

Latest discovered species

In the past 15 years (1996 to 2010), the following ''Grimmia''

have been discovered and described: # '' Grimmia maido'' (Greven 1996) # '' Grimmia macroperichaetialis'' (Greven 1998) # '' Grimmia ochyriana'' (Muñoz 1998) # '' Grimmia wilsonii'' (Greven 1998) # '' Grimmia mexicana'' (Greven 1999) # ''G rimmia molesta'' (Muñoz 1999) # '' Grimmia indica'' (Goffinet & Greven 2000) # '' Grimmia dissimulata'' (Maier 2002b) # '' Grimmia nevadensis'' (Greven 2002) # '' Grimmia serrana'' (Muñoz, Shevock & Toren 2002) # '' Grimmia lesherae'' (Greven 2003) # '' Grimmia mauiensis'' (Greven 2003) # '' Grimmia maunakeaensis'' (Greven 2003) # '' Grimmia shastae'' (Greven 2003) # '' Grimmia milleri'' (Hastings & Greven 2007) # '' Grimmia torenii'' (Hastings 2008) # '' Grimmia texicana'' (Greven 2010)

References

Maier, E. 2009). Grimmia in Europa. Ein Bestimmungsschlüssel. Herzogia 22: 229-302. Maier, E. (2010). The Genus Grimmia Hedw. (Grimmiaceae, Bryophyta): A Morphological-anatomical Study. Boissiera 63: 3-377

External links

Grimmias of the World
Online reference guide, including more than 2000

macro- Macro (or MACRO) may refer to: Science and technology * Macroscopic, subjects visible to the eye * Macro photography, a type of close-up photography * Image macro, a picture with text superimposed * Monopole, Astrophysics and Cosmic Ray Observ ...

and

microscopic The microscopic scale () is the scale of objects and events smaller than those that can easily be seen by the naked eye, requiring a lens (optics), lens or microscope to see them clearly. In physics, the microscopic scale is sometimes regarded a ...

photos of all 96 recognised ''Grimmia'' species. Additionally, the website includes a Worldchecklist, table of World distribution, European checklist and major

ecological Ecology () is the study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment. Ecology considers organisms at the individual, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere level. Ecology overlaps wi ...

and morphological characters of the ''Grimmia'' species. {{Taxonbar, from=Q150298 Moss genera Grimmiales Taxa named by Johann Hedwig