Grimmia Controversa

''Grimmia'' is a genus of mosses (Bryophyta), originally named by Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart in honour of Johann Friedrich Carl Grimm, a physician and botanist from Gotha, Germany.

Geographic distribution

Although predominantly occurring in the moderate zones, representatives of the cosmopolitan genus ''Grimmia'' may be found in all parts of the world, from Alaska to the most southern point of Chile, and from Siberia to South Africa, though in tropic regions, e.g. Hawaii and Indonesia, ''Grimmia'' species only occur high up in the mountains.

Identification

''Grimmia'' is a notoriously difficult genus in terms of identification, and in the majority of herbaria a considerable number of species was found misidentified. The American bryologist Geneva Sayre (1911–1992), who worked for many years on a monograph of the North American ''Grimmias'', indicated in an original way these difficulties, as she said: "it contains an ambigua, a varia, a decipiens, a controversa, a revisa and at least two anomalas".

Publications

In the ''Index Muscorum'', the genus ''Grimmia'' is represented with 800 names of published species. As since Loeske (1930), no revision of the European species had been carried out.

The Dutch bryologist H. C. Greven started in 1990 with ''Grimmia'' fieldwork and a revision of the ''Grimmia'' collections from important European herbaria. The results were published in "''Grimmia'' Hedw. (Grimmiaceae, Musci) in Europe".

After examining the ''Grimmia'' collections from herbaria in North- and South America, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand, and about 50 ''Grimmia'' collecting trips in all continents, ''Grimmias of the World'' was published.
An important contribution was the revision of ''Grimmia'' in North America.

In the past decades, some more bryologists became interested in the genus ''Grimmia''. Jesús Muñoz published a herbaria revision of ''Grimmia'' in Latin America, and Maier studied herbarium specimens of ''Grimmia'' from the Himalaya.

Classification

The genus ''Grimmia'' contains the following species:

*'' Grimmia abyssinica''
*''Grimmia acuta''
*''Grimmia afroincurva''
*''Grimmia ahmadiana''
*''Grimmia albida''
*''Grimmia alpestris''
*''Grimmia alpestris''
*''Grimmia ambigua''
*'' Grimmia amblyophylla''
*''Grimmia americana''
*''Grimmia andina''
*''Grimmia angustissima''
*''Grimmia anodon''
*''Grimmia anomala''
*'' Grimmia antipodum''
*''Grimmia aquatica''
*''Grimmia arctica''
*''Grimmia arcuata''
*''Grimmia arenaria''
*''Grimmia argyrotricha''
*''Grimmia arizonae''
*''Grimmia atrata''
*''Grimmia attenuata''
*''Grimmia australis''
*'' Grimmia austrofunalis''
*'' Grimmia austroleucophaea''
*''Grimmia basaltica''
*'' Grimmia bicolor''
*'' Grimmia boliviana''
*''Grimmia boschbergiana''
*''Grimmia brachydictyon''
*''Grimmia brachypus''
*'' Grimmia breviseta''
*''Grimmia brittoniae''
*''Grimmia browniana''
*''Grimmia brownii''
*''Grimmia caespiticia''
*''Grimmia caffra''
*'' Grimmia calcarea''
*''Grimmia calycina''
*'' Grimmia camonia''
*''Grimmia campylotricha''
*''Grimmia canariensis''
*''Grimmia capillata''
*''Grimmia chocayae''
*''Grimmia chrysoneura''
*''Grimmia chubutensis''
*''Grimmia churchilliana''
*''Grimmia cirrata''
*''Grimmia coarctata''
*''Grimmia compactula''
*'' Grimmia controversa''
*''Grimmia crassifolia''
*''Grimmia crassinervia''
*''Grimmia cratericola''
*''Grimmia crinita''
*''Grimmia crinitoleucophaea''
*''Grimmia crispata''
*'' Grimmia crispipila''
*''Grimmia crispula''
*''Grimmia cucullata''
*''Grimmia cucullatifolia''
*''Grimmia cupularis''
*''Grimmia curviseta''
*''Grimmia cyathocarpa''
*''Grimmia cylindropyxis''
*'' Grimmia daviesii''
*''Grimmia decipiens''
*''Grimmia defoliata''
*''Grimmia depilis''
*''Grimmia dissimulata''
*''Grimmia donniana''
*''Grimmia elatior''
*''Grimmia elongata''
*''Grimmia erythraea''
*'' Grimmia exquisita''
*'' Grimmia falcata''
*'' Grimmia fallax''
*'' Grimmia fascicularis''
*''Grimmia filiformis''
*''Grimmia fontana''
*''Grimmia fontinaloides''
*''Grimmia forsteri''
*''Grimmia fulgens''
*'' Grimmia funalis''
*''Grimmia fusca''
*'' Grimmia fuscescens''
*''Grimmia fuscolutea''
*''Grimmia gebhardii''
*''Grimmia gigantea''
*''Grimmia gracilis''
*''Grimmia hamulosa''
*''Grimmia handelii''
*''Grimmia hartmanii''
*''Grimmia herzogii''
*''Grimmia heteromalla''
*''Grimmia homomalla''
*''Grimmia horrida''
*''Grimmia humilis''
*'' Grimmia immergens''
*'' Grimmia immersoleucophaea''
*''Grimmia inclinata''
*'' Grimmia incrassicapsulis''
*''Grimmia incurva''
*''Grimmia indica''
*''Grimmia involucrata''
*'' Grimmia jan-mayensis''
*''Grimmia japonica''
*''Grimmia julacea''
*''Grimmia kansuana''
*'' Grimmia khasiana''
*''Grimmia kidderi''
*''Grimmia laevidens''
*''Grimmia laevigata''
*'' Grimmia lamprocarpa''
*''Grimmia lanceolata''
*'' Grimmia lanuginosa''
*''Grimmia lawiana''
*''Grimmia leibergii''
*''Grimmia lesherae''
*''Grimmia limbatula''
*''Grimmia linearis''
*''Grimmia lisae''
*''Grimmia longicaulis''
*''Grimmia longirostris''
*'' Grimmia macroperichaetialis''
*''Grimmia macrotheca''
*''Grimmia macrotyla''
*''Grimmia madagassa''
*'' Grimmia mairei''
*''Grimmia malacophylla''
*''Grimmia mammosa''
*''Grimmia mariniana''
*''Grimmia mauiensis''
*''Grimmia maunakeaensis''
*'' Grimmia meridionalis''
*''Grimmia mexicana''
*''Grimmia microcarpa''
*''Grimmia microglobosa''
*''Grimmia microodonta''
*'' Grimmia milleri''
*''Grimmia minuta''
*''Grimmia mixta''
*''Grimmia molesta''
*''Grimmia mollis''
*''Grimmia montana''
*''Grimmia moxleyi''
*''Grimmia muehlenbeckii''
*''Grimmia muelleri''
*''Grimmia mutica''
*''Grimmia navicularis''
*''Grimmia neilgiriensis''
*''Grimmia nepalensis''
*''Grimmia nevadensis''
*''Grimmia nigrescens''
*''Grimmia nigrita''
*''Grimmia nivalis''
*''Grimmia novae-zeelandiae''
*''Grimmia nuda''
*''Grimmia nutans''
*'' Grimmia obtusata''
*''Grimmia obtusolinealis''
*'' Grimmia ochracea''
*''Grimmia ochyriana''
*''Grimmia olivacea''
*''Grimmia olneyi''
*''Grimmia oranica''
*''Grimmia orbicularis''
*''Grimmia orthotrichacea''
*'' Grimmia ovalis''
*''Grimmia pachyloma''
*''Grimmia pachyphylla''
*''Grimmia paramattensis''
*''Grimmia patagonica''
*''Grimmia percarinata''
*''Grimmia perichaetialis''
*''Grimmia pflanzii''
*''Grimmia pilifera''
*''Grimmia pilosissima''
*''Grimmia pitardii''
*''Grimmia plagiopodia''
*''Grimmia pomiformis''
*''Grimmia praemorsa''
*''Grimmia procumbens''
*''Grimmia protensum''
*''Grimmia pseudoanodon''
*''Grimmia pseudopatens''
*''Grimmia pulla''
*''Grimmia pulvinata''
*''Grimmia pulvinatula''
*''Grimmia pusilla''
*''Grimmia pycnotricha''
*'' Grimmia pygmaea''
*''Grimmia ramondii''
*''Grimmia ramulosa''
*''Grimmia readeri''
*''Grimmia recurvirostris''
*''Grimmia reflexidens''
*''Grimmia retracta''
*''Grimmia richardii''
*''Grimmia rigidissima''
*''Grimmia robustifolia''
*''Grimmia rupestris''
*''Grimmia rupincola''
*''Grimmia saxatilis''
*''Grimmia saxicola''
*''Grimmia scabripes''
*''Grimmia schleicheri''
*''Grimmia sciuroides''
*''Grimmia scouleri''
*''Grimmia serrana''
*''Grimmia serratomucronata''
*''Grimmia sessitana''
*''Grimmia shastai''
*''Grimmia squamatula''
*''Grimmia starckeana''
*''Grimmia stenobasis''
*''Grimmia stenophylla''
*''Grimmia stirlingii''
*''Grimmia stolonifera''
*''Grimmia streptophylla''
*''Grimmia subcallosa''
*''Grimmia subconferta''
*''Grimmia subleucophaea''
*''Grimmia subpraemorsa''
*''Grimmia subsecunda''
*''Grimmia subtergestina''
*''Grimmia sulcipila''
*''Grimmia sundaica''
*''Grimmia syntrichiacea''
*''Grimmia tasmanica''
*''Grimmia teretinervis''
*''Grimmia tergestina''
*''Grimmia tergestina''
*''Grimmia texicana''
*''Grimmia torenii''
*''Grimmia torquata''
*''Grimmia torreyana''
*''Grimmia tortuosa''
*''Grimmia trichodes''
*''Grimmia trichophylla''
*''Grimmia triformis''
*''Grimmia trinervis''
*''Grimmia tristicha''
*''Grimmia tristichoides''
*''Grimmia truncatoapocarpa''
*''Grimmia tunariensis''
*''Grimmia ungeri''
*''Grimmia unicolor''
*''Grimmia urceolaris''
*''Grimmia urnulacea''
*''Grimmia vaginulata''
*''Grimmia verticillata''
*''Grimmia verticillatula''
*''Grimmia vulcanica''
*''Grimmia williamsii''
*'' Grimmia wilsonii''
*''Grimmia wrightii''
*''Grimmia yaulensis''

Latest discovered species

In the past 15 years (1996 to 2010), the following ''Grimmia'' species have been discovered and described:

# ''Grimmia maido'' (Greven 1996)
# '' Grimmia macroperichaetialis'' (Greven 1998)
# ''Grimmia ochyriana'' (Muñoz 1998)
# '' Grimmia wilsonii'' (Greven 1998)
# ''Grimmia mexicana'' (Greven 1999)
# ''G rimmia molesta'' (Muñoz 1999)
# ''Grimmia indica'' (Goffinet & Greven 2000)
# ''Grimmia dissimulata'' (Maier 2002b)
# ''Grimmia nevadensis'' (Greven 2002)
# ''Grimmia serrana'' (Muñoz, Shevock & Toren 2002)
# ''Grimmia lesherae'' (Greven 2003)
# ''Grimmia mauiensis'' (Greven 2003)
# ''Grimmia maunakeaensis'' (Greven 2003)
# ''Grimmia shastae'' (Greven 2003)
# '' Grimmia milleri'' (Hastings & Greven 2007)
# ''Grimmia torenii'' (Hastings 2008)
# ''Grimmia texicana'' (Greven 2010)

References

Maier, E. 2009). Grimmia in Europa. Ein Bestimmungsschlüssel. Herzogia 22: 229-302.
Maier, E. (2010). The Genus Grimmia Hedw. (Grimmiaceae, Bryophyta): A Morphological-anatomical Study. Boissiera 63: 3-377

External links

Grimmias of the World
Online reference guide, including more than 2000 macro- and microscopic photos of all 96 recognised ''Grimmia'' species. Additionally, the website includes a Worldchecklist, table of World distribution, European checklist and major ecological and morphological characters of the ''Grimmia'' species.

{{Taxonbar, from=Q150298

Moss genera
Grimmiales
Taxa named by Johann Hedwig