Low German : : : : : (70,000) (30,000) (8,000) , familycolor = Indo-European , fam2 = Germanic , fam3 = West Germanic , fam4 = North Sea Germanic , ancestor = Old Saxon , ancestor2 = Middle L ...

Stralsund Stralsund (; Swedish: ''Strålsund''), officially the Hanseatic City of Stralsund (German: ''Hansestadt Stralsund''), is the fifth-largest city in the northeastern German federal state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania after Rostock, Schwerin, Neub ...

Bay of Greifswald The Bay of GreifswaldBay of Pomerania (''Pommersche Bucht'') of the Baltic Sea. It is the seat of the district of Western Pomerania-Greifswald, and is located roughly in the middle between the two largest Pomeranian islands of Rugia (''Rügen'') and Usedom. The closest larger cities are

Stralsund Stralsund (; Swedish: ''Strålsund''), officially the Hanseatic City of Stralsund (German: ''Hansestadt Stralsund''), is the fifth-largest city in the northeastern German federal state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania after Rostock, Schwerin, Neub ...

, Rostock,

Szczecin Szczecin (, , german: Stettin ; sv, Stettin ; Latin: ''Sedinum'' or ''Stetinum'') is the capital and largest city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland. Located near the Baltic Sea and the German border, it is a major s ...

and Schwerin. It lies west of the River Zarow, the historical cultural and linguistic boundary between West (west of the river) and Central Pomerania (east of the river). The city derives its name from the dukes of Pomerania, the House of Griffin (''Greifenherzöge''), and thus ultimately from the Pomeranian

Griffin The griffin, griffon, or gryphon (Ancient Greek: , ''gryps''; Classical Latin: ''grȳps'' or ''grȳpus''; Late Latin, Late and Medieval Latin: ''gryphes'', ''grypho'' etc.; Old French: ''griffon'') is a legendary creature with the body, tail ...

(''Pommerscher Greif''), and its name hence translates as "Griffin's Forest". The University of Greifswald, which was founded in 1456, is the second-oldest university in the

Baltic Region The terms Baltic Sea Region, Baltic Rim countries (or simply the Baltic Rim), and the Baltic Sea countries/states refer to slightly different combinations of countries in the general area surrounding the Baltic Sea, mainly in Northern Europe. ...

after the University of Rostock. The city is well-known for the ruins of

Eldena Abbey Eldena Abbey (german: Kloster Eldena), originally Hilda Abbey (german: Kloster Hilda) is a former Cistercian monastery near the present town of Greifswald in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Only ruins survive, which are well known as a frequent ...

(formerly ''Hilda Abbey''), a frequent subject of

Caspar David Friedrich Caspar David Friedrich (5 September 1774 – 7 May 1840) was a 19th-century German Romantic landscape painter, generally considered the most important German artist of his generation. He is best known for his mid-period allegorical landscape ...

's paintings, who was born in the city when it was part of Swedish Pomerania. Greifswald is the seat of the

Pomeranian State Museum The Pomeranian State Museum (german: Pommersches Landesmuseum) in Greifswald, Western Pomerania, is a public museum primarily dedicated to Pomeranian history and arts. The largest exhibitions show archeological findings and artefacts from the ...

(''Pommersches Landesmuseum''). The recently built Ryck Barrier (''Rycksperrwerk'') protects the city from exceptionally high tides and storm surges moving up from the Baltic. The city's population was listed at 59,332 in 2021, including many of the 12,500 students and 5,000 employees of the University of Greifswald. Greifswald draws international attention due to the university, its surrounding

BioCon Valley Biocon Limited is an Indian biopharmaceutical company based in Bangalore. It was founded by Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw in 1978. The company manufactures generic active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) that are sold in approximately 120 countries, in ...

, the

Nord Stream 1 Nord Stream (German-English mixed expression; german: Nord and en, Stream, literally 'North Stream'; russian: Северный поток, ''Severny potok'') is a pair of offshore natural gas pipelines in Europe that run under the Baltic Sea ...

gas pipeline which ends at nearby Lubmin, and the Wendelstein 7-X nuclear fusion projects.

Geography

Greifswald is located in the northeast of Germany, approximately equidistant from Germany's two largest islands, Rügen and Usedom. The city is situated at the south end of the

Bay of Greifswald The Bay of GreifswaldRyck that crosses the city. The area around Greifswald is mainly flat, and hardly reaches more than 20 m

above sea level Height above mean sea level is a measure of the vertical distance (height, elevation or altitude) of a location in reference to a historic mean sea level taken as a vertical datum. In geodesy, it is formalized as ''orthometric heights''. The comb ...

. Two islands,

Koos Koos may refer to: * Koos (name), a masculine given name and a surname * Koos (fashion label), a former haute couture fashion label * Koos (island), in the Bay of Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany * Koos Group, a Taiwan-based pan-Asian ...

and

Riems Riems is an island in the southwestern part of the Bay of Greifswald, a broad, shallow embayment of the Baltic Sea between the German mainland and the island of Rügen. Riems belongs administratively to the urban district of Greifswald, but i ...

, are also part of Greifswald. Three of Germany's fourteen national parks can be reached by car in one hour or less from Greifswald. Greifswald is also roughly equidistant from Germany's two largest cities, Berlin () and Hamburg (). The nearest larger cities are

Stralsund Stralsund (; Swedish: ''Strålsund''), officially the Hanseatic City of Stralsund (German: ''Hansestadt Stralsund''), is the fifth-largest city in the northeastern German federal state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania after Rostock, Schwerin, Neub ...

and Rostock. The coastal part of Greifswald at the mouth of the Ryck, named Greifswald-Wieck, evolved from a fishing village. Today it provides a small beach, a marina and the main port for Greifswald.

Climate

History

Early history

Greifswald was founded in 1199 when

Cistercian monks The Cistercians, () officially the Order of Cistercians ( la, (Sacer) Ordo Cisterciensis, abbreviated as OCist or SOCist), are a Catholic religious order of monks and nuns that branched off from the Benedictines and follow the Rule of Saint B ...

founded the

Eldena Abbey Eldena Abbey (german: Kloster Eldena), originally Hilda Abbey (german: Kloster Hilda) is a former Cistercian monastery near the present town of Greifswald in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Only ruins survive, which are well known as a frequent ...

. In 1250, Wartislaw III, Duke of Pomerania, granted town privileges to Greifswald according to the Lübeck law.

Middle Ages and Reformation

Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald 044

In medieval times, the site of Greifswald was an unsettled woodland which marked the border between the

Danish Danish may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to the country of Denmark People * A national or citizen of Denmark, also called a "Dane," see Demographics of Denmark * Culture of Denmark * Danish people or Danes, people with a Danish ance ...

Principality of Rügen and the Pomeranian County of Gützkow, which at that time was also under Danish control. In 1199, the Rugian Prince Jaromar I allowed Danish

Cistercian The Cistercians, () officially the Order of Cistercians ( la, (Sacer) Ordo Cisterciensis, abbreviated as OCist or SOCist), are a Catholic religious order of monks and nuns that branched off from the Benedictines and follow the Rule of Saint ...

monks to build Hilda Abbey, now Eldena Abbey, at the mouth of the River Ryck. Among the lands granted the monks was a natural salt evaporation pond a short way up the river, a site also crossed by an important south–north '' via regia'' trade route. This site was named ''Gryp(he)swold(e)'', which is the

Low German : : : : : (70,000) (30,000) (8,000) , familycolor = Indo-European , fam2 = Germanic , fam3 = West Germanic , fam4 = North Sea Germanic , ancestor = Old Saxon , ancestor2 = Middle L ...

precursor of the city's modern name – which means "

Griffin The griffin, griffon, or gryphon (Ancient Greek: , ''gryps''; Classical Latin: ''grȳps'' or ''grȳpus''; Late Latin, Late and Medieval Latin: ''gryphes'', ''grypho'' etc.; Old French: ''griffon'') is a legendary creature with the body, tail ...

's Forest." Legend says the monks were shown the best site for settlement by a mighty griffin living in a tree that supposedly grew on what became Greifswald's oldest street, the ''Schuhagen''. The town's construction followed a scheme of rectangular streets, with church and market sites reserved in central positions. It was settled primarily by Germans in the course of the

Ostsiedlung (, literally "East-settling") is the term for the Early Medieval and High Medieval migration-period when ethnic Germans moved into the territories in the eastern part of Francia, East Francia, and the Holy Roman Empire (that Germans had al ...

, but settlers from other nations and Wends from nearby were attracted, too. The salt trade helped Eldena Abbey to become an influential religious center, and Greifswald became a widely known market. When the Danes had to surrender their Pomeranian lands south of the Ryck, after losing the Battle of Bornhöved in 1227, the town succeeded to the

Pomeranian dukes This is a list of the duchies and dukes of Pomerania. Dukes of the Slavic Pomeranian tribes (All Pomerania) The lands of Pomerania were firstly ruled by local tribes, who settled in Pomerania around the 10th and 11th centuries. Non-dynastic ...

. In 1241, the Rugian prince Wizlaw I and the Pomeranian duke Wartislaw III both granted Greifswald market rights. In 1250, the latter granted the town a charter under Lübeck law, after he had been permitted to acquire the town site as a fief from Eldena Abbey in 1248. When Jazco of Salzwedel from Gützkow founded a Franciscan friary within the walls of Greifswald, the Cistercians at Eldena lost much of their influence on the city's further development. Just beyond Greifswald's western limits, a town-like suburb (''Neustadt'') arose, separated from Greifswald by a ditch. In 1264, Neustadt was incorporated and the ditch was filled in. Eldena Abbey and the major buildings of Greifswald were erected in the North German

Brick Gothic Brick Gothic (german: Backsteingotik, pl, Gotyk ceglany, nl, Baksteengotiek) is a specific style of Gothic architecture common in Northeast and Central Europe especially in the regions in and around the Baltic Sea, which do not have resourc ...

(''Backsteingotik'') style, found along the entire southern coast of the Baltic. Due to a steady population increase, Greifswald became at the end of the 13th century one of the earliest members of the

Hanseatic League The Hanseatic League (; gml, Hanse, , ; german: label=Modern German, Deutsche Hanse) was a medieval commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in Central and Northern Europe. Growing from a few North German to ...

, which further increased its trade and wealth. After 1296, Greifswald's citizens no longer needed to serve in the Pomeranian army, and Pomeranian dukes did not reside in the city. In 1456, Greifswald's mayor Heinrich Rubenow laid the foundations of one of the oldest universities in the world, the University of Greifswald, which was one of the first in Germany, and was, successively, the single oldest in

Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic country located on ...

and Prussia. In the course of Reformation, Eldena Abbey ceased to function as a monastery. Its possessions fell to the Pomeranian dukes; the bricks of its Gothic buildings were used by the locals for other construction. Eldena lost its separate status and was later absorbed into the town of Greifswald. The religious houses within the town walls, the priories of the Blackfriars ( Dominicans) in the northwest and the Greyfriars (Franciscans) in the southeast, were secularized. The buildings of the Dominicans (the "black monastery") were turned over to the university; the site is still used as part of the medical campus. The Franciscan friary ("the "grey monastery") and its succeeding buildings are now the

Pomeranian State Museum The Pomeranian State Museum (german: Pommersches Landesmuseum) in Greifswald, Western Pomerania, is a public museum primarily dedicated to Pomeranian history and arts. The largest exhibitions show archeological findings and artefacts from the ...

. During the Thirty Years' War, Greifswald was occupied by (Catholic) Imperial forces from 1627 to 1631, and thereafter, under the Treaty of Stettin (1630), by (Protestant) Swedish forces.

1631/48—1815: Sweden

During the Thirty Years' War, Swedish forces entered the Duchy of Pomerania in 1630. Greifswald was besieged by Swedish troops on 12 June 1631 and surrendered on 16 June.

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had returned from Brandenburg to supervise the siege, and upon his arrival received the university's homage for the liberation from Catholic forces. After the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), Greifswald and the region surrounding it became part of the Kingdom of Sweden. Swedish Pomerania, as it was then called, remained part of the Swedish kingdom until 1815, when it became part of the Kingdom of Prussia as the Province of Pomerania. In 1871, it devolved to Germany. The Thirty Years' War had caused starvation throughout Germany, and by 1630 Greifswald's population had shrunk by two-thirds. Many buildings were left vacant and fell into decay. Soon, other wars followed: the Swedish-Polish War and the

Swedish-Brandenburg War The Scanian War ( da, Skånske Krig, , sv, Skånska kriget, german: Schonischer Krieg) was a part of the Northern Wars involving the union of Denmark–Norway, Brandenburg and Sweden. It was fought from 1675 to 1679 mainly on Scanian soil, i ...

both involved the nominally Swedish town of Greifswald. In 1659 and 1678, Brandenburgian troops bombarded the town. The first bombardment hit mainly the northeast part of town, wrecking 16 houses. The second bombardment leveled 30 houses and damaged hundreds more all over the city. Cannonballs of this second bombardment can still be seen in the walls of St Mary's Church. During the Great Northern War (1700–1721, Greifswald was compelled to house soldiers. While besieging neighboring Stralsund,

Russian tsar Tsar ( or ), also spelled ''czar'', ''tzar'', or ''csar'', is a title used by East and South Slavic monarchs. The term is derived from the Latin word ''caesar'', which was intended to mean "emperor" in the European medieval sense of the ter ...

Peter the Great Peter I ( – ), most commonly known as Peter the Great,) or Pyotr Alekséyevich ( rus, Пётр Алексе́евич, p=ˈpʲɵtr ɐlʲɪˈksʲejɪvʲɪtɕ, , group=pron was a Russian monarch who ruled the Tsardom of Russia from t ...

allied with George I of Great Britain in the

Treaty of Greifswald The Treaty of Greifswald was concluded on 28 October 1715, during the Great Northern War. George I of Great Britain and Elector of Hanover was assured Russian neutrality in his annexation of the Swedish dominion Bremen-Verden, on which he had agree ...

. Large fires in 1713 and 1736 destroyed houses and other buildings, including City Hall. The Swedish government had issued decrees in 1669 and 1689 absolving anyone of taxes who built or rebuilt a house. These decrees remained essentially in force, under Prussian administration, until 1824. In 1763,

Greifswald Botanic Garden Greifswald Botanical Garden and Arboretum (total area 9 hectares, German: ''Botanischer Garten und Arboretum der Universität Greifswald''), was founded in 1763. It is one of the oldest botanical gardens in Germany, and one of the oldest scientifi ...

was founded.

1815 – today: Germany

During the 19th century, Greifswald attracted many Polish students. After Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland) and Berlin, Greifswald hosted the third-largest group of Polish students in Germany. About 1900, the town – for the first time since the Middle Ages – expanded significantly beyond the old town walls. Also, a major railway connected Greifswald to

Stralsund Stralsund (; Swedish: ''Strålsund''), officially the Hanseatic City of Stralsund (German: ''Hansestadt Stralsund''), is the fifth-largest city in the northeastern German federal state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania after Rostock, Schwerin, Neub ...

and Berlin; a local railway line further connected Greifswald to Wolgast. The city survived World War II without much destruction, even though it housed a large German Army (''Wehrmacht'') garrison. During the war it was a site of a camp for prisoners of war held by Nazi Germany called Stalag II-C. In April 1945, German Army Colonel ('' Oberst'') Rudolf Petershagen defied orders and surrendered the city to the Red Army without a fight. From 1949 to 1990, Greifswald was part of the German Democratic Republic (DDR). During this time, most historical buildings in the medieval parts of the city were neglected and a number of old buildings were pulled down. The population increased significantly, because of the construction of a nominal 1760 MW Soviet-made

nuclear power plant A nuclear power plant (NPP) is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. As is typical of thermal power stations, heat is used to generate steam that drives a steam turbine connected to a electric generator, generato ...

in Lubmin, which was closed in the early 1990s. New suburbs were erected in the monolithic industrial socialist style (''see Plattenbau''). They still house most of the city's population. These new suburbs were placed east and southeast of central Greifswald, shifting the former town center to the northwestern edge of the modern town. Reconstruction of the old town began in the late 1980s. Nearly all of it has been restored. Before that almost all of the old northern town adjacent to the port was demolished and subsequently rebuilt. The historic marketplace is considered one of the most beautiful in northern Germany. The town attracts many tourists, due in part to its proximity to the Baltic Sea. Greifswald's greatest population was reached in 1988, with about 68,000 inhabitants, but it decreased afterward to 55,000, where it has now stabilized. Reasons for this included migration to western German cities as well as

suburbanisation Suburbanization is a population shift from central urban areas into suburbs, resulting in the formation of (sub)urban sprawl. As a consequence of the movement of households and businesses out of the city centers, low-density, peripheral urb ...

. However, the number of students quadrupled from 3,000 in 1990 to more than 11,000 in 2007 and the university employs 5,000 people; nearly one in three people in Greifswald are linked in some way to higher education. Despite its relatively small population, Greifswald retains a supra-regional relevance linked to its intellectual role as a university town and to the taking of the central functions of the former Prussian Province of Pomerania after World War II, such as the seat of the bishop of the

Pomeranian Lutheran Church Pomeranian is an adjective referring to the historical region of Pomerania, which is today divided between Poland and Germany. Peoples and cultures * Pomeranian Balts, ancient western Baltic people * Pomeranian culture, an Iron Age culture o ...

, the state archives (''Landesarchiv'') and the Pomeranian Museum (''Pommersches Landesmuseum''). Three courts of the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern are also based at Greifswald: * the Supreme Administrative Court (''Oberverwaltungsgericht''); * the Supreme Constitutional Court (''Landesverfassungsgericht''); and * the Financial Court (''Finanzgericht'')

Administrative division

Economy

Greifswald Dorfkirche-Wieck May-2009 SL272548

Greifswald and

Stralsund Stralsund (; Swedish: ''Strålsund''), officially the Hanseatic City of Stralsund (German: ''Hansestadt Stralsund''), is the fifth-largest city in the northeastern German federal state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania after Rostock, Schwerin, Neub ...

are the largest cities in the Vorpommern part of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Of great importance to the city's economy is the local university with its 12,000 students and nearly 5,000 employees in addition to many people employed at independent research facilities such as the Friedrich Loeffler Institute and spin-off firms. Greifswald is also the seat of the diocese of the Pomeranian Evangelical Church as well as the seat of the state's chief constitutional court, and chief financial court. Tourism plays a vital role as Greifswald is situated between the islands of Rügen and Usedom on the popular German Baltic coast, which brings in many tourists. One of Europe's largest producers of photovoltaic modules, Berlin-base
Solon SE
has a production site in Greifswald. The world's third-largest producer of yachts worldwide,

HanseYachts HanseYachts AG is a German yacht manufacturer headquartered in the city of Greifswald (Baltic Sea). The company offers monohull sailboats under the Hanse (yacht brand), ''Hanse'', Dehler Yachts, ''Dehler'' and Moody Yachts, ''Moody'' brands. Motor ...

, is based in Greifswald. In the energy sector, an offshore natural gas pipeline from Russia to Germany,

Nord Stream 1 Nord Stream (German-English mixed expression; german: Nord and en, Stream, literally 'North Stream'; russian: Северный поток, ''Severny potok'') is a pair of offshore natural gas pipelines in Europe that run under the Baltic Sea ...

, stops in Lubmin (near Greifswald). Riemser Arzneimittel is a pharmaceutical company based on the island of Riems, which is part of the city of Greifswald.

Siemens Siemens AG ( ) is a German multinational conglomerate corporation and the largest industrial manufacturing company in Europe headquartered in Munich with branch offices abroad. The principal divisions of the corporation are ''Industry'', '' ...

Communications F & E produces goods here as well. In a 2008 study, Greifswald was declared Germany's most dynamic city. According to another 2008 study, Greifswald is the "youngest city" in Germany having the highest percentage of heads of household under 30 years of age.

Politics

City Council

Politics in Greifswald, as in most of Western Pomerania, is traditionally dominated by the centre-right CDU. The city council is elected for five year terms. Since the last election on 25 May 2014, the 43 city council seats are allocated as follows: * CDU – 11 seats *

Die Linke The Left (german: Die Linke; stylised as and in its logo as ), commonly referred to as the Left Party (german: Die Linkspartei, links=no ), is a democratic socialist political party in Germany. The party was founded in 2007 as the result of th ...

– 8 seats *

SPD The Social Democratic Party of Germany (german: Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, ; SPD, ) is a centre-left social democratic political party in Germany. It is one of the major parties of contemporary Germany. Saskia Esken has been the ...

– 6 seats *

Greens Greens may refer to: *Leaf vegetables such as collard greens, mustard greens, spring greens, winter greens, spinach, etc. Politics Supranational * Green politics * Green party, political parties adhering to Green politics * Global Greens * Europ ...

– 5 seats * FDP – 2 seats * AfD - 2 seats *

Pirates Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence by ship or boat-borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, typically with the goal of stealing cargo and other valuable goods. Those who conduct acts of piracy are called pirates, v ...

- 2 seats * local citizens' movements – 7 seats

Twin towns – sister cities

Greifswald is twinned with: * Goleniów, Poland (2006) * Hamar, Norway (1997) * Kotka, Finland (1959) *

Lund Lund (, , ) is a city in the southern Swedish provinces of Sweden, province of Scania, across the Øresund, Öresund strait from Copenhagen. The town had 91,940 inhabitants out of a municipal total of 121,510 . It is the seat of Lund Municipali ...

, Sweden (1990) * Newport News, United States (2007) * Osnabrück, Germany (1988) *

Szczecin Szczecin (, , german: Stettin ; sv, Stettin ; Latin: ''Sedinum'' or ''Stetinum'') is the capital and largest city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland. Located near the Baltic Sea and the German border, it is a major s ...

, Poland (2010)

Friendly cities

Greifswald has friendly relations with: * Benxi, China *

Bryan Bryan may refer to: Places United States * Bryan, Arkansas * Bryan, Kentucky * Bryan, Ohio * Bryan, Texas * Bryan, Wyoming, a ghost town in Sweetwater County in the U.S. state of Wyoming * Bryan Township (disambiguation) Facilities and structur ...

, United States (1995) *

College Station College station or College Station may refer to: Transportation *College station (MetroLink), a St. Louis light rail station in Saint Clair County, Illinois, United States *College station (PNR), a Philippine National Railways station in Los Baño ...

, United States (1995) * Drohobych, Ukraine (2017) *

Pomerode Pomerode () is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Santa Catarina, in Southern Brazil. It is located in the valley of the Itajaí-Açu river, not very far from the city of Blumenau, one of the largest cities in the state. Pomerode is known ...

, Brazil (2005) * Samos, Greece (2015) *

Shenyang Shenyang (, ; ; Mandarin pronunciation: ), formerly known as Fengtian () or by its Manchu language, Manchu name Mukden, is a major China, Chinese sub-provincial city and the List of capitals in China#Province capitals, provincial capital of Lia ...

, China *

Tartu Tartu is the second largest city in Estonia after the Northern European country's political and financial capital, Tallinn. Tartu has a population of 91,407 (as of 2021). It is southeast of Tallinn and 245 kilometres (152 miles) northeast of ...

, Estonia (2006) * Vyborg, Russia (2018)

Education

University

Founded in 1456, the University of Greifswald is one of the oldest universities in both Germany and Europe. Currently, about 12,300 students study at five faculties: theology, law/ economics, medicine, humanities and social sciences, and

mathematics Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics ...

/natural sciences. The university co-operates with many research facilities, such as: * the

Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik The Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (german: Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, IPP) is a physics institute investigating the physical foundations of a fusion power plant. The IPP is an institute of the Max Planck Society, part of th ...

( plasma physics) has its second site (after

Garching Garching bei München (''Garching near Munich'') or Garching is a town in Bavaria, Germany, near Munich. It is the home of several research institutes and university departments on its campus. It became a city on 14 September 1990. Location The ...

) in Greifswald and is experimenting with a stellarator, Wendelstein 7-X. * Alfried Krupp Institute of Advanced Study * Friedrich Loeffler Institute on the Isle of

Riems Riems is an island in the southwestern part of the Bay of Greifswald, a broad, shallow embayment of the Baltic Sea between the German mainland and the island of Rügen. Riems belongs administratively to the urban district of Greifswald, but i ...

(National Research Institute for Animal Health) * ''Institut für Niedertemperatur-Plasmaphysik'' (Institute of Low Temperature Plasma Physics) * ''Technologiezentrum'' (Centre for Technology) * ''Biotechnikum'' (Centre for

Bioscience ''BioScience'' is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that is published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Institute of Biological Sciences. It was established in 1964 and was preceded by the ''AIBS Bulletin'' (1951–19 ...

)

Secondary schools

* Alexander-von-Humboldt-Gymnasium * Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Gymnasium (founded in 1561 as ''schola senatoria'' and one of the oldest schools still existing in Germany) * Johann-Gottfried-Herder-Gymnasium (fused with the Jahn-Gymnasium in 2006) * Ostseegymnasium

Culture

Museums, exhibitions, and cultural events

Greifswald has a number of museums and exhibitions, most notably the

Pomeranian State Museum The Pomeranian State Museum (german: Pommersches Landesmuseum) in Greifswald, Western Pomerania, is a public museum primarily dedicated to Pomeranian history and arts. The largest exhibitions show archeological findings and artefacts from the ...

(german: Pommersches Landesmuseum):

history of Pomerania The history of Pomerania starts shortly before 1000 AD with ongoing conquests by newly arrived Polans rulers. Before that, the area was recorded nearly 2000 years ago as Germania, and in modern-day times Pomerania is split between Germany and Pol ...

and arts, including works by

Caspar David Friedrich Caspar David Friedrich (5 September 1774 – 7 May 1840) was a 19th-century German Romantic landscape painter, generally considered the most important German artist of his generation. He is best known for his mid-period allegorical landscape ...

, a native of Greifswald. The University of Greifswald also has a large number of collections, some of which are on display for the public. Events and attractions hosted in Greifswald include: * ''Theater Vorpommern'': theatre, orchestra and opera * ''Stadthalle Greifswald'': medium-sized convention centre * ''Festspiele Mecklenburg-Vorpommern'': Greifswald is one of several sites of the state's classical music festival * Nordischer Klang is the largest festival of Nordic culture outside of the

Nordic countries The Nordic countries (also known as the Nordics or ''Norden''; literal translation, lit. 'the North') are a geographical and cultural region in Northern Europe and the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic. It includes the sovereign states of Denmar ...

themselves * Bach festival * Eldena Jazz Evenings * ''Gaffelrigg'' summer fair * ''Museumshafen'': historic ships in the "museum port" * regular literary events in the ''Koeppenhaus'' * ''St. Spiritus'' cultural centre *

Greifswald International Students Festival The Greifswald International Students' Festival is an event organised by the non-profit organisation GrIStuF e.V. and it takes place in the town of Greifswald, which is situated about 200 km to the north of Germany's capital Berlin at the Bal ...

(GrIStuF e. V.) * Radio 98eins (open radio) * Greifswald Night of Music (''Greifswalder Musiknacht'') * Greifswald long-ship festival (''Greifswalder Drachenbootfest'')

Cinemas

Art house An art film (or arthouse film) is typically an independent film, aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience. It is "intended to be a serious, artistic work, often experimental and not designed for mass appeal", "made primarily f ...

is shown regularly at the film club "Casablanca", which has existed since 1992. It puts its focus on the heritage of 35mm films. The Koeppenhaus shows art house cinema as part of its special programmes. The cinema initiative "KinoAufSegeln" screening art house open air on the site of the Greifswalder Museumswerft, Greifswald's shipyard museum. It exists since 2015. All three are active members of the ''Verband für Filmkommunikation'' (Association for Film Communication) of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, the umbrella organisation of art house cinemas and film clubs.

Sightseeing

Medieval churches

Among Greifswald's

brick gothic Brick Gothic (german: Backsteingotik, pl, Gotyk ceglany, nl, Baksteengotiek) is a specific style of Gothic architecture common in Northeast and Central Europe especially in the regions in and around the Baltic Sea, which do not have resourc ...

churches is the Dom St. Nikolai (St. Nicholas collegiate church) in the city center, which, with its tall tower, is the symbol of the city. The exact date of its founding is unknown, but the original church dates from the late 13th century. The tower was built, and an organ installed in the church, in the late 14th century. In the mid-17th century, when Greifswald was part of Swedish Pomerania, severe storm damage was repaired with support from the Swedish Crown. Neglect during the early DDR period necessitated extensive refurbishment, completed in 1989, the last full year of the DDR. The St.-Marien-Kirche (St. Mary's Church), built adjacent to the Old Town marketplace in the mid-13th century, contains ground-level brick walls four and one-half meters (14 ft) thick. Medieval murals depicting scenes from the Passion of Christ were restored in 1977–84. The church organ, known as the ''Marienorgel'' (St. Mary's Organ), was installed by the

Stralsund Stralsund (; Swedish: ''Strålsund''), officially the Hanseatic City of Stralsund (German: ''Hansestadt Stralsund''), is the fifth-largest city in the northeastern German federal state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania after Rostock, Schwerin, Neub ...

organ builder Friedrich Mehmel in 1866, replacing an earlier instrument. It features 37 registers. Greifswaldjakobi

On the west side of the Old Town stands the St.-Jacobi-Kirche (St. James's Church), dating from the early 13th century. In 1400 it was rebuilt to contain a nave and two transepts, requiring the addition of four buttresses. The original half-timbered tower, heavily damaged in a 1955 fire, was rebuilt in brick.

''Stolpersteine''

Erinnerungstafel an die Synagoge in Stralsund (2009-04-28)

'' Stolpersteine'', part of the European '' Stolperstein'' (literally "stumbling stone") memorial project, are scattered around Greifswald. The brass plaques, engraved with the names of Jewish residents who were murdered in the Holocaust, are embedded in the sidewalk in front of houses where they once lived. Some of the ''Stolpersteine'' in Greifswald mark the nationwide November 9, 1938, '' Kristallnacht'' pogroms in which members of the Nazi SA and SS murdered many German Jews, vandalized Jewish property and burned down synagogues – including the Greifswald Synagogue, dating from 1787. In 2012 all the 13 Stolpersteine were stolen, presumably by pro-Nazi extremists. The following year (2013) they were replaced. A memorial plaque was installed on the site of the synagogue in 2008 in a ceremony attended by German Chancellor Angela Merkel.

Objects named after Holocaust perpetrators

* Alfried Krupp Wissenschaftskolleg Greifswald (

Alfried Krupp Institute for Advanced Study The Alfried Krupp Institute for Advanced Study in Greifswald (in German: ''Alfried Krupp Wissenschaftskolleg Greifswald'') is an institute for advanced study named after Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach. On 20 June 2000, this institute was fou ...

) * Ferdinand Sauerbruch Street

Transport

According to a 2009 study, 44% of all people in Greifswald use their bicycle for daily transport within the city, which, at the time, was the highest rate in Germany. There are also public local and regional bus operators. Local buses are run b
SWG (Stadtwerke Greifswald)
Greifswald is situated at an equal distance of about to Germany's two largest cities, Berlin and Hamburg, which can be reached via the Autobahn 20 by car in about two hours. There are also train connections to and from Hamburg (via

Stralsund Stralsund (; Swedish: ''Strålsund''), officially the Hanseatic City of Stralsund (German: ''Hansestadt Stralsund''), is the fifth-largest city in the northeastern German federal state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania after Rostock, Schwerin, Neub ...

and Rostock), and Berlin. The popular summer tourist destinations Usedom and Rügen can be reached both by car and train. Greifswald railway station connects Greifswald with

Stralsund Stralsund (; Swedish: ''Strålsund''), officially the Hanseatic City of Stralsund (German: ''Hansestadt Stralsund''), is the fifth-largest city in the northeastern German federal state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania after Rostock, Schwerin, Neub ...

,

Züssow Züssow is a municipality in the Vorpommern-Greifswald district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Transport Züssow railway station connects Züssow with Stralsund, Greifswald Angermünde, Eberswalde and Berlin. The station is also served by ...

, Usedom, Angermünde, Eberswalde, Berlin and

Szczecin Szczecin (, , german: Stettin ; sv, Stettin ; Latin: ''Sedinum'' or ''Stetinum'') is the capital and largest city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland. Located near the Baltic Sea and the German border, it is a major s ...

(through

Pasewalk Pasewalk () is a town in the Vorpommern-Greifswald district, in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in Germany. Located on the Uecker river, it is the capital of the former Uecker-Randow district, and the seat of the Uecker-Randow-Tal ''Amt'', of ...

). The station is also served by ICE and

EuroCity EuroCity, abbreviated as EC, is a cross-border train category within the European inter-city rail network. In contrast to trains allocated to the lower-level "IC" (InterCity) category, EC trains are international services that meet 20 criteri ...

services to cities in Germany and the Czech Republic. Greifswald has a port on the Baltic Sea as well as several marinas. The historic city centre is about off the shore, and can be reached by yachts and small boats on the river Ryck. The

Bay of Greifswald The Bay of Greifswald

Early Times

* Bartholomäus Sastrow (1520–1603), mayor of Stralsund and autobiographer *

Sibylla Schwarz Sibylla Schwarz, also known as Sibylle Schwartz (14/24 February 1621 in Greifswald – 31 July/10 August 1638 in Greifswald) was a German poet of the Baroque era. Life Sibylla Schwarz was the daughter of Christian Schwarz (1581-1648), mayor of ...

(1621–1638), poet * Count

Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld Count Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld (6 August 1651 – 29 January 1722) was a Swedish Field Marshal (''Fältmarskalk'') and Royal Councillor. He was mentor and chief military advisor to King Charles XII of Sweden, and served as deputy commander-in-c ...

(1651–1722), Swedish field marshal *

Christian Thomsen Carl Christian Thomsen Carl, Christian Thomasen Carl, Christian Thomæsen Carl, Christian Thomesen Carl, Christen Thomasen Carl or Christen Thomesen Carl, in German tradition Carlson or Karlson, rarely Carlsen (born 1676 in Assens, Funen - died 29 Marc ...

(1676–1713), a Danish naval officer, saved the town council's archives * Joh. Chr. Andreas Mayer (1747–1801), physician *

Christian Wilhelm Ahlwardt Christian Wilhelm Ahlwardt (23 November 1760 in Greifswald – 12 April 1830 in Greifswald) was a German classical philologist. He was the father of Oriental studies, orientalist Wilhelm Ahlwardt (1828–1909). After obtaining his habilitation from ...

(1760–1830), philologist *

Caspar David Friedrich Caspar David Friedrich (5 September 1774 – 7 May 1840) was a 19th-century German Romantic landscape painter, generally considered the most important German artist of his generation. He is best known for his mid-period allegorical landscape ...

(1774–1840), Romantic painter * Karl Schildener (1777–1843), lawyer and local historian * Ludwig Julius Caspar Mende (1779–1832), gynecologist, obstetrician and coroner *

Friedrich Christian Rosenthal Friedrich Christian Rosenthal (June 3, 1780 – December 5, 1829) was a German anatomist who was a native of Greifswald. He earned his doctorate from the University of Jena, and later opened a medical practice in Greifswald (1804). In Greifswa ...

(1780–1829), anatomist *

Adolph Wilhelm Otto Adolph Wilhelm Otto (3 August 1786 – 14 January 1845) was a German anatomist who was a native of Greifswald. In 1808 he earned his medical doctorate at the University of Greifswald, and subsequently worked as a prosector and physician in Ca ...

(1786–1845), anatomist

19th C.

* Heinrich Eddelien (1802–1852), a Danish history painter * Johann Karl Rodbertus (1805–1875), economist and socialist. *

Edmund Hoefer Edmund Hoefer (15 October 1819, in Greifswald – 22 May 1882, in Cannstatt) was a leading German novelist of the second half of the 19th century and a noted literary historian. Biography After graduating from a gymnasium in 1839, he studied phi ...

(1819–1882), novelist and literary critic * Wilhelm Ahlwardt (1828–1909), orientalist *

Rudolf Schirmer Rudolf Schirmer (10 March 1831, Greifswald – 27 January 1896) was a German ophthalmologist from Greifswald. He initially studied medicine at the University of Greifswald, then furthered his studies at Göttingen, Berlin, Paris and Vienna. ...

(1831–1896), ophthalmologist *

Heinrich Heydemann Heinrich Heydemann (28 August 1842, in Greifswald – 10 October 1889, in Halle an der Saale) was a German classical philologist and archaeologist, largely known for his studies of Greek and Roman vases. He studied classical philology and ...

(1842–1889), classical philologist and archaeologist *

Elisabeth of Wied Pauline Elisabeth Ottilie Luise of Wied (29 December 18432 March 1916) was the first queen of Romania as the wife of King Carol I from 15 March 1881 to 27 September 1914. She had been the princess consort of Romania since her marriage to then- ...

(1843–1916) first

queen of Romania Consorts of Romanian monarchs were persons married to the Romanian monarch during his reign. All monarchs of modern Romania were male with the title of King of the Romanians, but all Romanian consorts were women with the title of Queen of Romania ...

as the wife of

King Carol I Carol I or Charles I of Romania (20 April 1839 – ), born Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, was the monarch of Romania from 1866 to his death in 1914, ruling as Prince (''Domnitor'') from 1866 to 1881, and as King from 1881 to 1914. He w ...

. * Hans Hartwig von Beseler (1850–1921), WWI

Colonel general Colonel general is a three- or four-star military rank used in some armies. It is particularly associated with Germany, where historically general officer ranks were one grade lower than in the Commonwealth and the United States, and was a ra ...

*

Max Lenz Max Albert Wilhelm Lenz (13 June 1850 – 6 April 1932) was a German historian. Biography Lenz was born to a Kingdom of Prussia, Prussian and devoutly Lutheran notary in Greifswald, Pomerania Province (1815-1945), Province of Pomerania. After gr ...

(1850–1932), historian *

Heinrich Bandlow Heinrich Bandlow (born 14 April 1855 in Tribsees; died 25 August 1933 in Greifswald) was a Pomeranian author, writing in Standard as well as in Low German. For his Low German works he is known as "Pomeranian Reuter", which is a reference to his Me ...

(1855–1933), author, writing in Standard as well as in Low German *

Otto Schirmer Otto Schirmer (13 December 1864, in Greifswald – 6 May 1918) was a German ophthalmologist from Greifswald. He studied medicine at several universities including the University of Greifswald. In 1896 he attained the chair of ophthalmology at Gr ...

(1864–1918), ophthalmologist * Georg Engel (1866–1931), writer, dramatist and literary critic *

Percival Pollard Joseph Percival Pollard (January 29, 1869 - December 17, 1911) was an American literary critic, novelist and short story writer. Biography Born in Greifswald, Pomerania to English and German parents, he was educated at Eastbourne College in ...

(1869–1911), literary critic, novelist and short story writer *

Ludwig Tessnow Ludwig Tessnow (15 February 1872 – ca. 1904) was a German serial killer known as the Monster of Rügen, who murdered four prepubescent children in two separate attacks in 1898 and 1901. Due to advances in forensic science, by 1901, biologists ...

(1872–1904), child serial killer *

Gertrud Berger Gertrud Berger (15 December 1870 – 26 December 1949) was a German painter of landscapes and still life associated with the town of Greifswald. Life Berger was born in 1870 in Bergen auf Rügen Bergen auf Rügen is the capital of the former ...

(1876–1949), landscape painter who lived here *

Konrad Haenisch Konrad Haenisch (13 March 1876 – 28 April 1925) was a German Social Democratic Party politician and part of "the radical Marxist Left" of German politics. He was a friend and follower (''Parvulus'' in his own words) of Alexander Parvus. Life ...

(1876–1925), journalist, editor and politician *

Friedrich Baethgen Friedrich Jürgen Baethgen (30 July 1890 – 18 June 1972) was a German historian born in Greifswald. He specialized in medieval studies and in history of the papacy. He studied history at the Universities of Berlin and Heidelberg, earning his ...

(1890–1972), historian, specialized in medieval studies * Heinrich Zimmer (1890–1943), Indologist and historian of South Asian art *

Hans Fallada Hans Fallada (; born Rudolf Wilhelm Friedrich Ditzen; 21 July 18935 February 1947) was a German writer of the first half of the 20th century. Some of his better known novels include '' Little Man, What Now?'' (1932) and ''Every Man Dies Alone'' ...

(1893–1947), author * Kurt Wolff (1895–1917), WWI flying ace DE Gercke Doris 2007-10-05 by Steschke

20th C.

*

Wolfgang Koeppen Wolfgang Arthur Reinhold Koeppen (23 June 1906 – 15 March 1996) was a German novelist and one of the best known German authors of the postwar period. Life Koeppen was born out of wedlock in Greifswald, Pomerania, to Marie Köppen, a seamstress w ...

(1906–1996), author *

Magnus von Braun Magnus "Mac" Freiherr von Braun (10 May 1919 – 21 June 2003) was a German chemical engineer, Luftwaffe aviator, rocket scientist and business executive. In his 20s he worked as a rocket scientist at Peenemünde and the Mittelwerk. At age 26, ...

(1919–2003), chemical engineer, aviator and rocket scientist * Gerhard Gentzen (1909–1945), mathematician and logician *

Ray Guillery Rainer Walter "Ray" Guillery FRS (28 August 1929 – 7 April 2017) was a British physiologist and neuroanatomist. He is best known for his discovery that in Siamese cats with certain genotypes of the albino gene, the wiring of the optic chia ...

FRS (1929–2017), physiologist and neuroanatomist * Josef Sommer (born 1934), actor * Doris Gercke (born 1937), writer of crime thrillers *

Hans Lüssow Hans Lüssow (born 10 February 1942 in Greifswald) is a retired German Vizeadmiral and former Inspector of the Navy The Inspector of the Navy (german: Inspekteur der Marine) is the commander of the Navy of the modern-day German Armed Forces, ...

(born 1942), naval officer, Vice Admiral of the German navy, inspector of the navy *

Lutz Feldt Lutz Feldt was Inspector of the Navy The Inspector of the Navy (german: Inspekteur der Marine) is the commander of the Navy of the modern-day German Armed Forces, the Bundeswehr. Since the various bodies responsible for the high command of the ...

(born 1945), naval officer, Vice Admiral of the German navy, inspector of the navy *

Joachim Dreifke Joachim Dreifke (born 26 December 1952) is a German rower who competed for East Germany in the 1976 Summer Olympics and in the 1980 Summer Olympics. He was born in Greifswald Greifswald (), officially the University and Hanseatic ...

(born 1952), rower, medallist in the

1976 Events January * January 3 – The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights enters into force. * January 5 – The Pol Pot regime proclaims a new constitution for Democratic Kampuchea. * January 11 – The 1976 Phila ...

and

1980 Summer Olympics The 1980 Summer Olympics (russian: Летние Олимпийские игры 1980, Letniye Olimpiyskiye igry 1980), officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad (russian: Игры XXII Олимпиады, Igry XXII Olimpiady) and commo ...

*

Cornelia Linse Cornelia Linse (born 3 October 1959 in Greifswald) is a German rower and Olympic medalist. She won the silver medal in double sculls with her partner Heidi Westphal in the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games The 1980 Summer Olympics (russian: Ле ...

(born 1959), rower and medallist in the

1980 Summer Olympics The 1980 Summer Olympics (russian: Летние Олимпийские игры 1980, Letniye Olimpiyskiye igry 1980), officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad (russian: Игры XXII Олимпиады, Igry XXII Olimpiady) and commo ...

*

Caren Metschuck Caren Metschuck (later Caren Mahn, born 27 September 1963) is a German former swimmer and a multiple Olympic gold medalist. At the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, she won gold medals in the 100 m butterfly, 4×100 m freestyle relay ...

(born 1963), swimmer, gold medalist at the

1980 Summer Olympics The 1980 Summer Olympics (russian: Летние Олимпийские игры 1980, Letniye Olimpiyskiye igry 1980), officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad (russian: Игры XXII Олимпиады, Igry XXII Olimpiady) and commo ...

*

Martin Jankowski Martin Jankowski (born 1965 in Greifswald) is a German writer and poet. Life He grew up in Gotha and was part of the GDR's oppositional movement and participated in the legendary Monday demonstrations (that led to the fall of the Berl ...

(born 1965), author *

Susanne Wiest Susanne Wiest (born 16 January 1967) is a German activist for the unconditional basic income. A childcare worker, Susanne Wiest is known in Germany for having launched a petition to the German Parliament asking for the implementation of a basic ...

(born 1967), activist for the unconditional basic income *

Jarkko Martikainen Jarkko Martikainen (born 24 October 1970 in Greifswald, GDR) is a Finnish singer, songwriter and member of the rock band YUP. In addition to his musical career, Martikainen has worked as a columnist, a record producer and a documentary filmmaker ...

(born 1970), a Finnish singer, songwriter and member of the rock band YUP * Alexander Kowalski (born 1978), techno music artist * Robin Szolkowy, (born 1979), pair figure skater and twice Olympic bronze medalist *

Judith Schalansky Judith Schalansky (born 20 September 1980) is a German writer, book designer and publisher. Work Her book '' Atlas of Remote Islands'' won first prize in the Stiftung Buchkunst's The Most Beautiful German Books competition (German: Die schö ...

(born 1980), writer, book designer and publisher * Sebastian Sylvester (born 1980), former middleweight boxing champion * Luise Amtsberg (born 1984), politician, member of the Bundestag for Alliance 90/The Greens. *

Verena Schott Verena Schott (born 6 March 1989) is a German paraswimmer and Paralympic medal winner. Biography Schott was born in 1989 in Greifswald. At the age of three, she and her family moved to Bennewitz, Saxony; when she was eight, she took up swi ...

(born 1989),

Paralympic swimmer Para swimming is an adaptation of the sport of swimming for athletes with disabilities. Para swimmers compete at the Summer Paralympic Games and at other sports competitions throughout the world. The sport is governed by the International Para ...

and Paralympic medal winner. * Toni Kroos (born 1990), footballer for

Real Madrid Real Madrid Club de Fútbol (, meaning ''Royal Madrid Football Club''), commonly referred to as Real Madrid, is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid. Founded in 1902 as Madrid Football Club, the club has traditionally wor ...

*

Felix Kroos Felix Kroos (born 12 March 1991) is a German former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He played for Hansa Rostock, Werder Bremen, Union Berlin, and Eintracht Braunschweig and represented Germany at international levels U16 thro ...

(born 1991), footballer for

Eintracht Braunschweig Braunschweiger Turn- und Sportverein Eintracht von 1895 e.V., commonly known as Eintracht Braunschweig () or BTSV (), is a German association football, football and sports club based in Braunschweig, Lower Saxony. The club was one of the founding ...

Notes and references

External links

* *
University of Greifswald (official website)

Pomeranian State Museum, Greifswald (official website)

Theater Vorpommern

Greifswald, damals und heute
(private photo series on the urban agenda in the last 20 years) {{Authority control Members of the Hanseatic League Port cities and towns in Germany Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea Populated coastal places in Germany (Baltic Sea) Vorpommern-Greifswald Populated places established in the 12th century 1250 establishments in Europe Holocaust locations in Germany Antisemitism in Germany

Geography

Climate

History

Early history

Middle Ages and Reformation

1631/48—1815: Sweden

1815 – today: Germany

Administrative division

Economy

Politics

City Council

Twin towns – sister cities

Friendly cities

Education

University

Secondary schools

Culture

Museums, exhibitions, and cultural events

Cinemas

Sightseeing

Medieval churches

''Stolpersteine''

Objects named after Holocaust perpetrators

Transport

Early Times

19th C.

20th C.

See also

Notes and references

External links