Gratien Candace (December 18, 1873 in

Baillif Baillif is a Communes of France, commune of Guadeloupe, an overseas region and Overseas department, department of France located in the Lesser Antilles. Baillif is a suburb of Basse-Terre, the Prefectures in France, prefecture and second-largest ...

Guadeloupe Guadeloupe (; ; gcf, label=Antillean Creole, Gwadloup, ) is an archipelago and overseas department and region of France in the Caribbean. It consists of six inhabited islands—Basse-Terre, Grande-Terre, Marie-Galante, La Désirade, and the ...

– April 11, 1953 in Lormaye,

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...

) was a politician from

who served in the

French Chamber of Deputies Chamber of Deputies (french: Chambre des députés) was a parliamentary body in France in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: * 1814–1848 during the Bourbon Restoration and the July Monarchy, the Chamber of Deputies was the lower house o ...

from 1912 to 1942 and served as vice-president of the

from 1938 to 1940. He retired from French politics in 1940, declining to become part of the

Vichy regime Vichy France (french: Régime de Vichy; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State ('), was the fascist French state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II. Officially independent, but with half of its terr ...

. Candace attended the First Pan-African Congress, Paris, February 19–22, 1919.

African-American African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans and Afro-Americans) are an Race and ethnicity in the United States, ethnic group consisting of Americans with partial or total ancestry from sub-Saharan Africa. The term "African American ...

historian and

Pan-Africanist Pan-Africanism is a worldwide movement that aims to encourage and strengthen bonds of solidarity between all Indigenous and diaspora peoples of African ancestry. Based on a common goal dating back to the Atlantic slave trade, the movement exte ...

W. E. B. Du Bois faulted Candace harshly for a perceived lack of commitment to the interests of the African diaspora, writing "Candace is virulently French. He has no conception of Negro uplift, as apart from French development." He earned a degree in science at the

University of Toulouse The University of Toulouse (french: Université de Toulouse) was a university in the French city of Toulouse that was established by papal bull in 1229, making it one of the earliest universities to emerge in Europe. Suppressed during the Frenc ...

and later taught as a professor and was a founder of the École nationale de la France d'Outre-Mer (ENFOM) and the Académie des Sciences Coloniales.

* 1996–2001 : Dominique Chathuant, « L’assimilationnisme, une structure mentale », Cyril Serva (dir), '' Études guadeloupéennes'', Jasor, Pointe-à-Pitre, , 2001, pp. 111–122 (version remaniée d’une communication au colloque « 50 ans de départementalisation », Université Antilles-Guyane (UAG), Fouillole, Pointe-à-Pitre, mars 1996). * 2003 : Dominique Chathuant, « Gratien Candace: une figure de la vie politique française. 1st partie: la Troisième République (1900–1940) », ''Bulletin de la Société d'histoire de la Guadeloupe'', number 134, janvier-avril 2003, ISSN 0583-8266, pp. 27–103 * 2004 : Béatrice De Pastre
"Cinéma éducateur et propagande coloniale à Paris au début des années 1930"
''Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine'' 2004-4 (numbers 51–4), ISSN 0048-8003, digital ISSN pending, , pp. 135–151. * 2008 : Dominique Chathuant, « Gratien Candace: une figure de la vie politique française. 2nd partie: un vestige de la Troisième République (1940–1953)», ''Bulletin de la Société d'histoire de la Guadeloupe'', number 148, ISSN 0583-8266, janvier 2008, pp. 3–131. * 2009 : Dominique Chathuant, « Une élite politique noire dans la France du premier Vingtième siècle »
''Vingtième siècle. Revue d’histoire''
number 101, janvier-mars 2009, Presses de Sciences Po, ISSN 0294-1759, , pp. 133–148. * 2009 : Melvyn Stokes

''Transatlantica''. * 2010 : Dominique Chathuant, « Gratien Candace, candidat (1914–1945) », L. Jalabert, B. Joly, J. Weber (dir)

Actes du colloque 2006 de l’université de Nantes, CRHIA, Les Indes savantes, , 2010, pp. 103–115''. * 2010 : Dominique Chathuant, « Français de couleur contre métèques : les députés coloniaux contre le préjugé racial (1919–1939) », ''Outre-mers. Revue d’histoire'' (ex. ''RFHOM''), Vol. 98, numbers 366–367, ISSN 1631-0438, 1st sem. 2010, pp. 239–253. * 2011 : Dominique Chathuant, « Entre gauches et droites, entre Paris et Guadeloupe: polémiques autour du conflit italo-éthiopien (1935) », ''Bulletin de la Société d'histoire de la Guadeloupe'', number 160, sept.-déc. 2011, pp. 40–56. *2021 : "Gratien Candace, 1873-1953: In the Name of the Empire", ''in'' Josep M. Fradera, José María Portillo, Teresa Segura Garcia (ed.),
''Unexpected Voices in Imperial Parliaments''
', London, Bloomsbury Academic, "Empire's Other Histories" series, 2021, 256 p.. * 2021 : Dominique Chathuant,
Nous qui ne cultivons pas le préjugé de race. Histoire(s) d'un siècle de doute sur le racisme en France
', Paris, Le Félin, 2021, 504 p. .

Image gallery

File:Versailles, élection présidentielle, Mr Gratien Candace.jpg, 1913, Versailles, presidential election File:Gratien Candace 1914.jpg, 1914, Gratien Candace at his desk at the Chamber of Deputies File:Maison Gratien Candace Lormaye 2.jpg, Le Clos du Moulin, Candace's house at Lormaye File:Blaise Diagne et Gratien Candace.jpg, 1921, Blaise Diagne et Gratien Candace File:Réunion des socialistes - Charles Danielou & Gratien Candace (à droite), 11 avril 1925.png, Charles Daniélou and Gratien Candace, 11 April 1925 File:Gratien Candace-1929.jpg, 1929, Gratien Candace

References

External links

* * {{DEFAULTSORT:Candace, Gratien 1873 births 1953 deaths People from Baillif Guadeloupean politicians Republican-Socialist Party politicians Independent Radical politicians Members of the 10th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic Members of the 11th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic Members of the 12th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic Members of the 13th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic Members of the 14th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic Members of the 15th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic Members of the 16th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic

Further reading

Image gallery

References

External links