Graelent

''Graelent'' is an Old French Breton lai, named after its protagonist. It is one of the so-called anonymous lais .

Synopsis

The plot is similar to that of Marie de France's lai of ''Lanval''. Graelent, a knight of Brittany, rebuffs amorous advances from the queen, who retaliates by manipulating the king against him. Graelent's wages are suspended, reducing him to poverty. Graelent dejectedly rides into the forest, and while tracking a white hind (''bisse blance'' v. 201; Mod. Fr.: '), he stumbles upon a beautiful lady bathing in the fountain, attended by two maidens. Graelent sneaks up and clutches the articles of clothing she has disrobed upon a bush. The lady cries out his name, demanding their return. Graelent does not comply, and bargains for her to emerge from the fountain, and asks for her love.

She is at first scornful at the suggestion, but Graelent rapes her, and she then decides to help him. She would appear to him whenever he wills it, but the relationship must be kept a strict secret, and the couple are to abide in the country for one year while avoiding detection from comrades. Graelent receives from the lady a magnificent war horse, and large sums of gold and silver. He repays his debt to the burgess's hostel where he stayed, and begins entertaining many knights, regaling them with food and harpers' music. He spends other hours of the day and nights with his lady. Graelent is now extricated from financial difficulties, but another ordeal is awaiting.

A year goes by, and at the king's annual Pentecost feast, all present are expected to praise the beauty of the queen as being greater than any other that they know. Graelent refuses, blurting out that he knows a woman thirty times as beautiful. The enraged queen dares him to produce this woman on pain of punishment (on count of calumny), and the king orders him thrown in prison. The lady does not appear at his whim as she has always done before, and Graelent is struck by remorse, but gains no reprieve until the next Pentecostal feast, when he is given a last chance to ride out and find his lady. Graelent returns empty-handed, and resigns himself to trial, but just then beautiful damsels arrive in court, with the message that the lady will soon be present to acquit Graelent of his veracity.

Unlike ''Lanval'', the "fairy mistress" here does not immediately take him back, and sets off on the journey back to her world beyond the river. Graelent follows mounted on the white horse she has given him, and ignoring her warning, begins to ford the river but is unhorsed and begins to drown. At the entreaty of her attendant damsel, the lady relents and pulls him up to safety. The couple disappear, never to be seen again. The horse left behind remains at the bank neighing after his master, and can still be heard at this time of year.

Related texts

''Graelent'' is closely resembles the plotline to ''Lanval'' by Marie de France, and the texts are considered interrelated. However, there has been considerable disagreement over the years among commentators regarding their authorship, the chronological order, and mutual relationship. ''Graelent'' was initially published by as a work by Marie de France by Jean-Baptiste-Bonaventure de Roquefort in 1820, and subsequently translated as one of her works by Eugene Mason (1911), but this attribution is considered erroneous.

Although some early scholars such as Gaston Paris (1889) considered ''Graelent'' to antedate ''Lanval'', and later William C. Stokoe, Jr. (1948) continued to argue it as the source of ''Lanval'', many have voiced dissent, and the contrary opinion is the recent consensus, according to Glynn S. Burgess:

The definitive view of these three lays (the third being ''Guingamor''), chronologically and thematically, is that of R. N. Illingworth, who concluded that they were composed in the order ''Lanval'', ''Graelent'', and ''Guingamor'', with ''Graelent'' and ''Guingamor'' (both anonymous) drawing on ''Lanval'', but ''Guingamor'' also drawing on ''Graelent''. Moreover, although the narratives were taken largely from Marie, the two anonymous lays integrated into their stories, independently of Marie, material stemming from "a nucleus of genuine Celtic tradition".

The protagonist robbing the bathing lady's garment is a common swan maiden folklore motif, and William Henry Schofield felt this was borrowed specifically from the story of Wayland the Smith, which survive in the Middle High German ''Friedrich von Schwaben'' and the Eddic poem ''Völundarkviða''. Schofield also discerned borrowings from the Irish narrative ''Noinden Ulad'' ("Debility of the Ulstermen").

Medieval adaptations

''Graelent'' was translated into Old Norse as ''Grelent'', one of the ''Strengleikar''; this text has value for tracing the textual history of the French ''lai''. In its turn, this translation seems to have influenced the Icelandic romance-saga ''Samsonar saga fagra'' and the ''rímur'' ''Skíðaríma'', both of which include characters called Grelent. The Middle English ''Sir Launfal'' by Thomas Chestre is considered a composite, based on ''Lanval'' with elements added from ''Graelent''.

Editions

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Manuscripts

*A. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, fr. 2168, f. 65r, col. 2—70r, col. 2. Picard, end of thirteenth century.
*S. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, nouv. acq. fr. 1104, f. 72r, col. 2—77r, col. 1. Francien, c. 1300.
*L. Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal, fr. 2770, f. 57r—72r. An error-prone copy of A by Jean-Baptiste de La Curne de Sainte-Palaye. Eighteenth-century.
*N. Copenhagen, AM 666 b 4°, pp. 89–91 (verses 1-156 only).

Notes

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;Bibliography

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{{Refend

Anglo-Norman literature
Anonymous lais
Fairies and sprites in popular culture
French poems
Lais (poetic form)
Medieval legends
Medieval French literature
Medieval literature
Swan maidens