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''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2017 Edition)'', Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
Philosophy
During Gorampa's time, the Sakya school had to content with the rise of new Tibetan Buddhist traditions which were growing rapidly, mainly the Gelug">Gelug school
240px, The 14th Dalai Lama (center), the most influential figure of the contemporary Gelug tradition, at the 2003 Bodhgaya (India).
The Gelug (, also Geluk; "virtuous")Kay, David N. (2007). ''Tibetan and Zen Buddhism in Britain: Transplantati ...
of Tsongkhapa
Tsongkhapa ('','' meaning: "the man from Tsongkha" or "the Man from Onion Valley", c. 1357–1419) was an influential Tibetan Buddhist monk, philosopher and tantric yogi, whose activities led to the formation of the Gelug school of Tibetan Budd ...
(1357–1419) and the Jonang
The Jonang () is one of the schools of Tibetan Buddhism. Its origins in Tibet can be traced to early 12th century master Yumo Mikyo Dorje, but became much wider known with the help of Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen, a monk originally trained in the ...
school of Dolpopa
Dölpopa Shérap Gyeltsen () (1292–1361), known simply as Dölpopa, was a Tibetan Buddhist master. Known as "The Buddha from Dölpo," a region in modern Nepal, he was the principal exponent of the shentong teachings, and an influential memb ...
(1292–1361). Both of these schools presented unique presentations of the madhymaka philosophy and which differed significantly from the classic Sakya interpretation of madhyamaka. The Sakyas had also lost political hegemony in Tibet at the time. As the tibetologist
Tibetology () refers to the study of things related to Tibet, including its history, religion, language, culture, politics and the collection of Tibetan articles of historical, cultural and religious significance. The last may mean a collection of ...
José Cabezón writes, "the time was therefore ripe for a committed Sa skya pa intellectual to step up and offer a defense of the classical Sa skya tradition as a whole."
One of Gorampa's most important and popular works is ''Distinguishing the Views'' (), in which he argues for the classic Sakya view of madhyamaka
Mādhyamaka ("middle way" or "centrism"; ; Tibetan: དབུ་མ་པ ; ''dbu ma pa''), otherwise known as Śūnyavāda ("the emptiness doctrine") and Niḥsvabhāvavāda ("the no ''svabhāva'' doctrine"), refers to a tradition of Buddhist ...
, which he termed “the Middle Way qua freedom from extremes” (''mtha’ bral dbu ma''). Like all madhyamakas, Gorampa and other Sakya teachers classified themselves as presenting a madhyamaka view which was "Free from Proliferation" () and he used this name as a moniker for his interpretation of madhyamaka.[Dreyfus (2003) p.302] According to Cabezón, Gorampa's polemic
Polemic () is contentious rhetoric intended to support a specific position by forthright claims and to undermine the opposing position. The practice of such argumentation is called ''polemics'', which are seen in arguments on controversial topics ...
s attempt to argue that his interpretation of madhyamaka "is the true middle way between two extremist views prevalent in his day: the eternalistic view of the Jo nang pas, and the nihilistic view of the Dga’ ldan pas." Gorampa considers this view to be the orthodox Sakya school view and traces it back to Ngok Loden Sherab
Ngok Loden Sherab or Ngok Lotsawa Loden Sherab () (1059–1109) - Important in the transmission of Buddhism from India to Tibet. One of the most renowned translators in Tibetan history and traditionally known as one of the "Ten Pillars of Tibetan ...
and Patsab Nyima Drak.
Gorampa's madhyamaka
According to Gorampa, all phenomena are empty inherent existence (''svabhava
Svabhava ( sa, स्वभाव, svabhāva; pi, सभाव, sabhāva; ; ) literally means "own-being" or "own-becoming". It is the intrinsic nature, essential nature or essence of beings.
The concept and term ''svabhāva'' are frequently enco ...
'') but this is not the only feature of the ultimate truth (i.e. emptiness
Emptiness as a human condition is a sense of generalized boredom, social alienation and apathy. Feelings of emptiness often accompany dysthymia, depression (mood), depression, loneliness, anhedonia,
wiktionary:despair, despair, or other mental/em ...
). The ultimate truth is also the absence of the four extremes (existence, nonexistence, both and neither), without any qualification.[Cabezón & Dargyay (2007), p. 50.] Thus, for Gorampa, conventional truths are also an object of negation because "they are not found at all when subjected to ultimate rational analysis". Hence, Gorampa's madhyamaka negates ''existence'' ''itself'' without qualifications. This is different than the view of Tsongkhapa, where the object of negation is just ''svabhava
Svabhava ( sa, स्वभाव, svabhāva; pi, सभाव, sabhāva; ; ) literally means "own-being" or "own-becoming". It is the intrinsic nature, essential nature or essence of beings.
The concept and term ''svabhāva'' are frequently enco ...
''.
Cabezón writes that Gorampa's philosophy is "committed to a more literal reading of the Indian sources than either Dol po pa’s or Tsong kha pa’s, which is to say that it tends to take the Indian texts at face value."[Cabezón & Dargyay (2007), pp. 49–50.] As such, according to Cabezón, Gorampa holds that "the fourfold negation found in the tetralemma or catuskoti—not x, not non-x, not both, and not neither—is to be taken literally as a repudiation of, for example, existence, nonexistence, both, and neither without the need for qualification. Hence, contra Tsong kha pa, existence itself is an object of negation for him, there being no need to add the qualifier “ultimate” (as in “ultimate existence”) to make this negation palatable."
According to Gorampa, ultimate truth has two aspects:
* "The emptiness that is the endpoint of rational analysis" (including the emptiness of persons and of dharmas) or "the ultimate that is taught" (''bstan pa'i don dam''). This is not truly ultimate but only an analogue (''rjes mthun'') of the true ultimate. As Cabezón notes, this conceptual understanding of emptiness must eventually be negated "in order to achieve an understanding of the highest form of emptiness that is the object of yogic gnosis."
* The emptiness that is the object of yogic insight or gnosis
Gnosis is the common Greek noun for knowledge ( γνῶσις, ''gnōsis'', f.). The term was used among various Hellenistic religions and philosophies in the Greco-Roman world. It is best known for its implication within Gnosticism, where it ...
or "the ultimate that is realized" (''rtogs pa'i don dam''). This is the real ultimate truth. It is ineffable, cannot be expressed linguistically, and is beyond all concepts and proliferations. However, Cabezón also notes that "understanding emptiness rationally is a necessary prerequisite to understanding it in its true, nonanalytical form."
Conventional reality is unreal
In his ''Elimination of Erroneous Views'', Gorampa argues that madhyamaka reasoning ultimately must negate "all false appearances", that is anything that appears to our mind (all conventional phenomena). For Gorampa, all appearances are conceptually produced illusions, and when conceptual reification is brought to an end by yogic insight, all false appearances cease. This is the "ultimate freedom from conceptual fabrication" (''don dam spros bral'') which requires the negation of "the reality of appearances."[Cowherds 2010, p. 82] As Jay L. Garfield
Jay Lazar Garfield (born 13 November 1955) is an American professor of philosophy who specializes in Tibetan Buddhism. He also specializes on the philosophy of mind, cognitive science, epistemology, metaphysics, philosophy of language, ethics, and ...
and Sonam Thakchoe write:By “false appearance,” Gorampa means anything that appears to our mind. Therefore, all conventional phenomena are false appearances. Appearances, he claims, are conceptually produced. So, when conceptual reification ceases, appearance also ceases. Insight into reality puts an end to conceptual reification and so to appearance.
Thus, for Gorampa, conventional reality is a deceptive fabrication and since awakening requires transcending all fabrication (''spros bral''), conventional reality must be negated.[Cowherds 2010, p. 86] As Gorampa states, the first priority of madhyamikas should be “the negation of the reality of appearances; thus the unreality of appearances is the principal thing to be established.”
Furthermore, the object of negation consists of an objective aspect (''yul''), comprising all conventional truths and a subjective aspect (''yul can''), comprising all cognitions (with the exception of ārya's meditative equipoise). For Gorampa, all conventional knowledge is dualistic, being based on a false distinction between subject and object. Therefore, for Gorampa, madhyamaka analyzes all supposedly real phenomena and concludes through that analysis "that those things do not exist and so that so-called conventional reality is entirely nonexistent."[Cowherds 2010, p. 84]
Gorampa writes:Suppose someone replied: If that were the case, even conventional truths would have to be the object of negation from the perspective of the ultimate rational analysis. Precisely, absolutely. This is because they are not found at all when subjected to ultimate rational analysis.
Gorampa also argues that from the perspective of a Buddha's enlightened gnosis, conventional truth is not found:Conventional realities presented in the contexts f Nāgārjuna’s MMK XXIV.8–10 and Candrakīrti’s Mav VI.23–24are nonexistent t the level of buddhahoodbecause where there is no erroneous apprehending subject, its corresponding object .e., conventional realitycannot exist.
Furthermore, Gorampa argues that accepting the conventional ''reality'' of conventional truth undermines soteriology
Soteriology (; el, σωτηρία ' "salvation" from σωτήρ ' "savior, preserver" and λόγος ' "study" or "word") is the study of religious doctrines of salvation. Salvation theory occupies a place of special significance in many religio ...
:If there is grasping to the reality of phenomena, i.e., the iveaggregates, then similarly grasping to the reality of person (''gang zag kyi bden ‘dzin'') will surely arise, which is itself primal confusion, the first of the twelve links. And all of the subsequent links arise from this one. Thus the root of suffering is grasping to the reality of phenomena (''chos kyi bden ‘dzin'').[Cowherds 2010, p. 85]
And,Those who seek to achieve awakening must negate reality...seekers of the awakening of the Mahāyāna must negate the fabrication (''spros pa'') of all four extremes.
According to Garfield and Thakchoe, Gorampa's philosophy holds that the object of negation is conventional phenomena themselves (and thus, emptiness completely negates conventional reality). Because of this, for Gorampa persons, tables, chairs and so on simply do not exist from the ultimate point of view. They are "no more actual than Santa Claus
Santa Claus, also known as Father Christmas, Saint Nicholas, Saint Nick, Kris Kringle, or simply Santa, is a Legend, legendary figure originating in Western Christianity, Western Christian culture who is said to Christmas gift-bringer, bring ...
, the protestations of ordinary people and small children to the contrary notwithstanding". Thus, in Gorampa's system "there simply is no truth in conventional truth; to be conventionally real is to be completely unreal. To see things as they are is to see nothing at all."
Critique of Dolpopa and shentong
Gorampa criticized the shentong
''Rangtong'' and ''shentong'' are two distinctive views on emptiness ( sunyata) and the two truths doctrine within Tibetan Buddhism.
''Rangtong'' (; "empty of self-nature") is a philosophical term in Tibetan Buddhism that is used to distinguis ...
view of Dölpopa Shérap Gyeltsen (1292–1361), following Rongton and Rendawa, and argued that it is incompatible with any of the sutra traditions or Buddhist philosophical schools and thus "it cannot but fall outside of the ounds of theBuddhist tradition."[Cabezón & Dargyay (2007), p. 51.] Thus, for Gorampa, the Jonang
The Jonang () is one of the schools of Tibetan Buddhism. Its origins in Tibet can be traced to early 12th century master Yumo Mikyo Dorje, but became much wider known with the help of Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen, a monk originally trained in the ...
philosophy is “a system that, while having strong affinities to the Cittamatra, never manages to reach the Middle Way." For Gorampa, Dolpopa's inability to understand that ultimate reality itself must be subjected to the same negative madhyamaka dialectic as conventional reality means that his view is not consistent with Nagarjuna's madhyamaka.
Gorampa also criticized the contemporary Sakya Chogden for espousing a shentong view. Gorampa says: Certain persons of coarse mental faculty, holding the eternalistic view f the Jo nang passecretly in their hearts, take sides with the philosophical views of others for the sake of diplomacy, and claim that the Sa skya and Jo nang pa schools are not incompatible as regards their philosophical views.
Critique of Tsongkhapa and Gelug madhyamaka
Gorampa's works contain an extensive and detailed refutations of the madhyamaka view of Tsongkhapa Losang Drakpa (c. 1357–1419), the founder of the Gelug school.[Cabezón & Dargyay (2007), p. 52.] Gorampa accuses Tsongkhapa of holding an interpretation of madhyamaka which amounts to nihilism
Nihilism (; ) is a philosophy, or family of views within philosophy, that rejects generally accepted or fundamental aspects of human existence, such as objective truth, knowledge, morality, values, or meaning. The term was popularized by Ivan ...
. According to Gorampa, it is Tsongkhapa's refusal to fully negate the conceptual understanding of emptiness that leads him to grasp at emptiness and thus to nihilism, since “those who grasp at emptiness have not gone beyond falling into the extreme of nihilism.”
Gorampa thinks that this follows from Tsongkhapa's view that the object of the rational-analytical understanding of emptiness is the ultimate truth (Gorampa thinks that this is just a conventional analogue of emptiness). According to Cabezón, for Gorampa, only yogic insight (which is non-conceptual) can perceive the ultimate. For Gorampa, the conceptual view of emptiness cannot be the real ultimate truth because "the dichotomizing tendency of the mind that culminates in extremist proliferations (existence/nonexistence, and so forth) is built into the very structure of conceptual thought and, as such, any object of conceptual thought, even emptiness, is of necessity contaminated with the type of dualistic proliferation that is the Madhyamaka’s object of negation." This is why for Gorampa, everything (including conceptual emptiness) is to be negated by madhyamaka dialectic.
As Cabezón explains:For Tsong kha pa, the problem of ignorance lies in the fact that the mind improperly reifies objects, imputing real or inherent existence to things that lack it. For Go rams pa, the chief problem lies in the fact that the mind operates through a dichotomizing filter that continuously splits the world into dualities (existent/nonexistent, permanent/impermanent, and so forth). Put another way, for Tsong kha pa the problem lies with the false quality that the mind attributes to objects, whereas for Go rams pa it lies with the very proliferative character of the conceptual mind itself, an aspect of mental functioning that cannot be entirely eliminated through the selective negation of a specific quality (true existence), requiring instead the use of a method (the complete negation of all extremes) that brings dualistic thinking to a halt.
Gorampa also criticizes Tsongkhapa's view of conventional truth on numerous points (including those related to Tsongkhapa's "Eight Difficult Points") such as:
* for accepting the destruction of things to be a real entity (''zhig pa dngos po ba'')
* for his theory of perception across the different realms of existence, which explains how different types of beings (humans, hungry ghosts, gods, etc.) perceive the same object differently by arguing that "a vessel full of liquid must be said to contain actual water, actual pus and blood, actual nectar and so forth."
* Gorampa claims that Tsongkhapa reifies the “mere I,” into a real entity that is left over when the self is analyzed
* Gorampa disagrees with Tsongkhapa that sravakas and pratyekabuddhas understand the ultimate truth as the freedom from proliferations
* Gorampa critiques Tsongkhapa's rejection of the foundation consciousness (''kun gzhi'') and of self-reflexive cognition (''rang rig'')
Gorampa also does not agree with Tsonghkapa that the prasangika and svatantrika methods produce different results nor that the prasangika is a "higher" view. Gorampa also critiques the svatantrika approach as having too much reliance on logic, because in his view the component parts of syllogistic logic are not applicable in the realm of the ultimate. But this critique is constrained to the methodology, and he believed both approaches reach the same ultimate realization.[Dreyfus (2003) pp.302–306]
In his polemical passages against Tsongkhapa, Gorampa states that Tsongkhapa's supposed conversations with Manjusri
Mañjuśrī (Sanskrit: मञ्जुश्री) is a ''bodhisattva'' associated with '' prajñā'' (wisdom) in Mahāyāna Buddhism. His name means "Gentle Glory" in Sanskrit. Mañjuśrī is also known by the fuller name of Mañjuśrīkumārab ...
bodhisattva were actually encounters with a demon
A demon is a malevolent supernatural entity. Historically, belief in demons, or stories about demons, occurs in religion, occultism, literature, fiction, mythology, and folklore; as well as in media such as comics, video games, movies, ani ...
:
Gorampa's critiques of Tsongkhapa were very influential and it was seen as a major critique of the Gelug tradition by Gelug scholars. Gorampa's critiques were addressed by some of the Gelug school's most important thinkers such as Jetsün Chökyi Gyaltsen (Rje btsun Chos kyi rgyal mtshan c. 1469– 1544/46) and Jamyang Shepe Dorje Ngawang Tsondrü (’Jam dbyangs bzhad pa Ngag dbang brtson ’grus c. 1648–1722).
Works
Gorampa was a prolific author, his major exoteric works are:[Cabezón & Dargyay (2007), pp. 37–39.]
Middle-Way (Madhyamaka; Dbu ma) works
* Dbu ma rtsa ba’i shes rab kyi rnam par bshad pa yang dag lta ba’i’ ’od zer (incomplete), a commentary on Nagarjuna’s '' Mulamadhyamakakarika''
* Rgyal ba thams cad kyi dgongs pa zab mo dbu ma’i de kho na nyid spyi’i ngag gis ston pa nges don rab gsal,188 also known as the Dbu ma’i spyi don, a general exposition of Madhyamaka
* Lta ba’i shan ’byed theg mchog gnad kyi zla zer, his polemic against Dol po pa and Tsong kha pa, written in 1469
* Dbu ma la ’jug pa’i dkyus kyi sa bcad pa dang gzhung so so’i dka’ ba’i gnas la dpyad pa lta ba ngan sel, a quasi-polemical commentary that focuses on the difficult points of Candrakirti's '' Madhyamakavatara'', taking issue with many of Tsong kha pa's interpretations
Perfection of Wisdom (Prajñaparamita; Phar phyin) works
* Shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa’i man ngag gi bstan bcos mngon par rtogs pa’i rgyan ’grel pa dang bcas pa’i dka’ ba’i gnas rnam par bshad pa yum don rab gsal, a commentary on the ''Abhisamayalankara
The "Ornament of/for Realization , abbreviated AA, is one of five Sanskrit-language Mahayana śastras which, according to Tibetan tradition, Maitreya revealed to Asaṅga in northwest India circa the 4th century AD. (Chinese tradition recogni ...
'', written in 1464 at Skyed tshal
* Shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa man ngag gi bstan bcos mngon par rtogs pa’i rgyan gyi gzhung snga phyi’i ’grel dang dka’ gnas la dpyad pa sbas don zab mo’i gter gyi kha ’byed, another commentary on the ''Abhisamayalankara
The "Ornament of/for Realization , abbreviated AA, is one of five Sanskrit-language Mahayana śastras which, according to Tibetan tradition, Maitreya revealed to Asaṅga in northwest India circa the 4th century AD. (Chinese tradition recogni ...
'', written in 1470 at Rta nag
* Grel pa don gsal gyi ngag don, a commentary on Haribhadra’s ''Sphuthartha'', written in 1481 at Ngor E vam chos ldan
* Shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa’i man ngag gi bstan bcos mngon par rtogs pa’i rgyan gyi mtshon byed kyi chos rnams kyi yan lag khyad par bshad pa sbas don rab gsal, a commentary on the ''Abhisamayalankara
The "Ornament of/for Realization , abbreviated AA, is one of five Sanskrit-language Mahayana śastras which, according to Tibetan tradition, Maitreya revealed to Asaṅga in northwest India circa the 4th century AD. (Chinese tradition recogni ...
'', written in 1472 at Rta nag
* Zhugs gnas kyi rnam gzhag skyes bu mchog gi gsal byed, a treatise on those who “enter and abide” in the different fruits of the path (stream-enterer, etc.), written in 1470 at Rta nag
* Mthar gyi gnas pa’i snyom par ’jug pa’i rnam bshad snyoms ’jug rab gsal, a treatise on the advanced meditative states, written in 1470 at Rta nag
* Rten ’brel gyi rnam par bzhag pa ’khor ’das rab gsal, a treatise on dependent arising
A dependant is a person who relies on another as a primary source of income. A common-law spouse who is financially supported by their partner may also be included in this definition. In some jurisdictions, supporting a dependant may enabl ...
, written in 1470 at Rta nag
Epistemo-Logical (Pramana; Tshad ma) works
* Rgyas pa’i bstan bcos tshad ma rnam ’grel gyi rnam par bshad pa kun tu bzang po’i ’od zer, an extensive commentary on Dharmakirti’s ''Pramanavarttika
The ''Pramāṇavārttika'' (Brahmi: 𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀫𑀸𑀡𑀯𑀸𑀭𑁆𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀺𑀓, ''Commentary on Valid Cognition''; Tib. ''tshad ma rnam 'grel'') is an influential Buddhist text on pramana (valid instruments of knowledge, episte ...
'', composed in 1474
* Rgyas pa’i bstan bcos tshad ma rnam ’grel gyi ngag don kun tu bzang po’i nyi ma, a shorter commentary on the ''Pramanavarttika
The ''Pramāṇavārttika'' (Brahmi: 𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀫𑀸𑀡𑀯𑀸𑀭𑁆𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀺𑀓, ''Commentary on Valid Cognition''; Tib. ''tshad ma rnam 'grel'') is an influential Buddhist text on pramana (valid instruments of knowledge, episte ...
'', written at Rta nag
* Sde bdun mdo dang bcas pa’i dgongs pa phyin ci ma log par ’grel pa tshad ma rig pa’i gter gyi don gsal bar byed pa, a commentary on the seven treatises of logic and Sapan’s ''Tshad ma rigs gter''
* Tshad ma rigs pa’i gter gyi dka’ gnas rnam par bshad pa sde bdun rab gsal, a commentary on Sapan's ''Tshad ma rigs gter'' composed in 1471 at Dga’ ba tshal Monastery
Vinaya (’Dul ba) works
* Dul ba mdo rtsa’i rgyas ’grel (no longer extant), a commentary on the ''Vinaya Sutra
The Vinaya (Pali & Sanskrit: विनय) is the division of the Buddhist canon ('' Tripitaka'') containing the rules and procedures that govern the Buddhist Sangha (community of like-minded ''sramanas''). Three parallel Vinaya traditions remai ...
'' of Gunaprabha
* Rab tu byung ba rnams kyi bslab bya nyams su blang ba’i chos ’dul ba rgya mtsho’i snying po, advice to monks, written in 1481 at Rta nag
Abhidharma (Mdzod) works
* Chos mngon pa mdzod kyi bshad thabs kyi man ngag ngo mtshar gsum ldan (incomplete), a commentary to the '' Abhidharmakosha''
* Phung khams skye mched kyi rnam gzhag ji snyed shes bya’i sgo ’byed, a treatise on the aggregates, elements, and spheres, written in 1472 at Rta nag
Works on the three vows (Sdom gsum skor)
* Sdom pa gsum gyi rab tu dbye ba’i rnam bshad rgyal ba’i gsung rab kyi dgongs pa gsal ba, a commentary on Sapan’s ''Sdom gsum rab dbye'', written in 1463 at Skyed tshal
* Sdom gsum rab dbye’i spyi don yid bzhin nor bu, a general treatise on the ''Sdom gsum rab dbye,'' written in 1461 at Skyed tshal
* Sdom pa sgum gyi bstan bcos la dris shing rtsod pa’i lan sdom gsum ’khrul spong, a polemical work defending the ''Sdom gsum rab dbye'', written in 1476 at Rta nag
* Sdom pa gsum gyi rab tu dbye ba’i kha skong legs bshad ’od kyi snang ba, a polemical supplement to the ''Sdom gsum rab dbye'', written in 1478 at Rta nag
* Sdom gsum kha skong gi bsdus don, an abbreviated version of the supplement to the ''Sdom gsum rab dbye'', written at Rta nag
Miscellaneous texts
* Blo sbyong zhen pa bzhi bral byi khrid yig zab don gnad kyi lde’u mig, a commentary on the famous short text, ''Abandoning the Four Attachments''
* Rgyud bla’i ’grel pa rtsom ’phro, an incomplete commentary on the ''Uttaratantra''
See also
* Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)
The ''Sakya'' (, 'pale earth') school is one of four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism, the others being the Nyingma, Kagyu, and Gelug. It is one of the Red Hat Orders along with the Nyingma and Kagyu.
Origins
Virūpa, 16th century. It depic ...
* Sakya Pandita
Sakya Pandita Kunga Gyeltsen (Tibetan: ས་སྐྱ་པཎ་ཌི་ཏ་ཀུན་དགའ་རྒྱལ་མཚན, ) (1182 – 28 November 1251) was a Tibetan spiritual leader and Buddhist scholar and the fourth of the Five Sa ...
* Two truths doctrine
The Buddhist doctrine of the two truths (Sanskrit: ''dvasatya,'' ) differentiates between two levels of ''satya'' (Sanskrit; Pali: ''sacca''; word meaning "truth" or "reality") in the teaching of the Śākyamuni Buddha: the "conventional" or "pr ...
* Rangtong-Shentong
''Rangtong'' and ''shentong'' are two distinctive views on emptiness ( sunyata) and the two truths doctrine within Tibetan Buddhism.
''Rangtong'' (; "empty of self-nature") is a philosophical term in Tibetan Buddhism that is used to distinguis ...
Rongtön Sheja Kunrig
Notes
References
Sources
* Cabezon, Jose Ignacio & Geshe Lobsang Dargyay. (2007) ''Freedom from Extremes: Gorampa's "Distinguishing the Views" and the Polemics of Emptiness (Studies in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism)'' Wisdom.
* Dreyfus, Georges B. J. and McClintock, Sara (2003) ''The Svatantrika-Prasangika Distinction''
* Kassor, Constance (2011) 'Gorampa o rams pa in ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''
* Thakchoe, Sonam (2007) ''The Two Truths Debate: Tsongkhapa and Gorampa on the Middle Way'' Wisdom
* ''Cowherds (2010). Moonshadows: Conventional Truth in Buddhist Philosophy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199826506.''
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gorampa
1429 births
1489 deaths
15th-century Buddhists
Scholars of Buddhism from Tibet
Madhyamaka scholars
Sakya lamas
Tibetan philosophers