The Goodall focus was a Hopewellian culture from the Middle

Woodland period In the classification of :category:Archaeological cultures of North America, archaeological cultures of North America, the Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures spanned a period from roughly 1000 Common Era, BCE to European con ...

peoples that occupied Western

Michigan Michigan () is a state in the Great Lakes region of the upper Midwestern United States. With a population of nearly 10.12 million and an area of nearly , Michigan is the 10th-largest state by population, the 11th-largest by area, and the ...

and northern

Indiana Indiana () is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States. It is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 States. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th s ...

from around 200 BCE to 500 CE. Extensive trade networks existed at this time, particularly among the many local cultural expressions of the Hopewell communities. The Goodall pattern stretched from the southern tip of

Lake Michigan Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is the second-largest of the Great Lakes by volume () and the third-largest by surface area (), after Lake Superior and Lake Huron. To the east, its basin is conjoined with that o ...

, east across northern

, to the Ohio border, then northward, covering central

, almost reaching to

Saginaw Bay Saginaw Bay is a bay within Lake Huron located on the eastern side of the U.S. state of Michigan. It forms the space between Michigan's Thumb region and the rest of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. Saginaw Bay is in area. It is located in part ...

on the east and

Grand Traverse Bay Grand Traverse Bay is a deep bay of Lake Michigan formed by the Leelanau Peninsula in the northwestern Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The bay is long, wide, and up to deep in spots. It is further divided into two east and west arms by the Ol ...

to the north. The culture is named for the

Goodall site Goodall may refer to: * Alan Goodall (born 1981), English football full back * Archie Goodall (1864–1929), Irish footballer * Caroline Goodall (born 1959), English actress * Charles Miner Goodall (1824–1899), American entrepreneur * Charlott ...

in northwest Indiana.Hopewell Archeology: The Newsletter of Hopewell Archeology in the Ohio River Valley; 4. Current Research on the Goodall Focus; Volume 2, Number 1, October 1996

Defining artifact

Glacial Kame is a widespread of the northern late archaic cultural manifestations. Cemeteries were customarily made in sand and gravel ridges formed by

glacial outwash An outwash plain, also called a sandur (plural: ''sandurs''), sandr or sandar, is a plain formed of glaciofluvial deposits due to meltwater outwash at the terminus of a glacier. As it flows, the glacier grinds the underlying rock surface and ca ...

called "

kames Kames may refer to: ;People * Henry Home, Lord Kames, Scottish philosopher * Abdesalam Kames, Libyan footballer * Bob Kames, American organist * Kambūjia, otherwise Cambyses of Persia * Kamose, last Egyptian pharaoh of the Seventeenth dynasty ...

". Not all human burials in a kame are necessarily from the same time period, those which reflect similar methods and are associated with similar materials are related to some degree. # Glacial Kame cemeteries contain from only a few to several dozen burials. The tightly flexed human remains, usually singly but sometimes paired, were placed in circular pits barely large enough to permit placement of the body. # If a stratum of hard silt overlay the more easily removed sands and gravels, only the narrowest possible disturbance was created through the former. # Males and females representing all age groups were placed in these cemeteries.Kellar, James H.; An Introduction to the Prehistory of Indiana; Indianapolis, Indiana Historical Society; Indianapolis, Indiana; 1973 # Powdered ocher, contains iron oxides and ranges in color from bright yellow to a rich orange-red. # Large drilled sandal-sole-shaped and circular gorgets were cut from wall sections of marine molluscans. # A distinctive artifact is the so-called "birdstone." Commonly carved from slate, it has a profile resembling the head, body, and tail of a stylized bird. # A symbolic spear-thrower weight comparable to that of the bannerstone. There is no clear associations to confirm this idea. # Other artifacts include copper and shell beads, some made from the columella of marine shells, long bone pins, and bone awls.

Ceramics

Ceramics tend to come from

middens A midden (also kitchen midden or shell heap) is an old dump for domestic waste which may consist of animal bone, human excrement, botanical material, mollusc shells, potsherds, lithics (especially debitage), and other artifacts and ecofact ...

and contain expanding and contracting stemmed projectile points and obsidian flakes. Research has been on-going through the 1990s at sites in northwest Indiana, the

Galien River The Galien River is a U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline dataThe National Map accessed May 19, 2011 stream in the southwest region of the U.S. state of Michigan. The river begins at the outlet of Dayton ...

Basin, the

Kalamazoo River The Kalamazoo River is a river in the U.S. state of Michigan. The river is long from the junction of its North and South branches to its mouth at Lake Michigan, with a total length extending to when one includes the South Branch.U.S. Geologica ...

Basin and the Grand River basin.

References

External links

The Goodall Tradition Project:Northwestern Indiana Hopewell

The Newsletter of Hopewell Archeology in the Ohio River Valley

* ttps://web.archive.org/web/20100615153442/http://liberalarts.iupui.edu/wlac/AIA/Hopewell_IN.doc Key Indiana Hopewell Site Preserved Pre-Columbian cultures 2nd-century BC establishments 5th-century disestablishments {{NorthAm-native-stub

Defining artifact

Ceramics

See also

References

Further reading

External links