''Heracleum persicum'', commonly known as Persian hogweed or by its native name ''Golpar'' ( fa, گلپر) is a species of hogweed, a perennial herbaceous plant in the carrot family Apiaceae. It grows wild in humid mountainous regions in Iran and some adjacent areas. Having been introduced in the 1830s, it has spread across Scandinavia. It is now very common in northern Norway, where one of its names is Tromsø palm. The plant has also been spotted in Sweden. In Finland, it has been declared as invasive species. Persian hogweed is a polycarpic perennial, that is, a mature plant flowers and bears fruit season after season.

Invasiveness status

In Europe, Persian hogweed is included since 2016 in the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (the Union list). This implies that this species cannot be imported, cultivated, transported, commercialized, planted, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union.

Uses

Food uses

The seeds are used as a spice in Persian cooking. The very thin, small mericarps (seed-like fruits) are aromatic and slightly bitter. They are usually sold in powdered form and are often erroneously sold as " angelica seeds". The powder is sprinkled over broad beans, lentils and other

legume A legume () is a plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae), or the fruit or seed of such a plant. When used as a dry grain, the seed is also called a pulse. Legumes are grown agriculturally, primarily for human consumption, for livestock f ...

s, and potatoes. Golpar is also used in soups and stews. It is often used sprinkled over pomegranate arils. Golpar is also mixed with vinegar into which broad beans are dipped before eating. Golpar can be used in small amounts (1 or 2 tsp per pound) when cooking beans to reduce the effect of gas in the digestive tract associated with consuming beans. In Persian cuisine, the petals are used in the spice mixture '' advieh'' to flavor rice dishes, as well as in chicken, Fish and bean dishes. The tender leaves and leaf stalks can also be pickled (known as ''golpar torshi'').

Public health and safety

The sap of the Tromsø palm contains furanocoumarins, which in combination with ultraviolet light, leads to phytophotodermatitis. There is some anecdotal evidence that ''H. persicum'' may be less dangerous than ''H. mantegazzianum'' with respect to phototoxicity.

Control measures

Known ways to fight Tromsø palm are the constant cutting of new shoots. When cutting down, protective equipment is recommended, and metal cutting tools should be cleaned after use because the juice is oxidizing.

References

External links

Analysis of the Oil of ''Heracleum persicum'' L. (seeds and stems) ''Heracleum persicum'', ''Heracleum glabrescens''
* {{Taxonbar, from=Q1418112 Edible Apiaceae Medicinal plants of Asia Spices Iranian cuisine Apioideae