Goetheanism is a term commonly used in the context of

anthroposophy Anthroposophy is a spiritualist movement founded in the early 20th century by the esotericist Rudolf Steiner that postulates the existence of an objective, intellectually comprehensible spiritual world, accessible to human experience. Followers ...

and

Waldorf education Waldorf education, also known as Steiner education, is based on the educational philosophy of Rudolf Steiner, the founder of anthroposophy. Its educational style is Holistic education, holistic, intended to develop pupils' intellectual, artistic ...

for a

holistic Holism () is the idea that various systems (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts. The term "holism" was coined by Jan Smuts in his 1926 book ''Holism and Evolution''."holism, n." OED Onl ...

oriented

science Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence for ...

methodology. The

scientific works : ''For a broader class of literature, see Academic publishing.'' Scientific literature comprises scholarly publications that report original empirical and theoretical work in the natural and social sciences. Within an academic field, scienti ...

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, statesman, theatre director, and critic. His works include plays, poetry, literature, and aesthetic criticism, as well as trea ...

are regarded as the

paradigm In science and philosophy, a paradigm () is a distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories, research methods, postulates, and standards for what constitute legitimate contributions to a field. Etymology ''Paradigm'' comes f ...

atic foundation of this

methodology In its most common sense, methodology is the study of research methods. However, the term can also refer to the methods themselves or to the philosophical discussion of associated background assumptions. A method is a structured procedure for bri ...

. It was theoretically founded by

Rudolf Steiner Rudolf Joseph Lorenz Steiner (27 or 25 February 1861 – 30 March 1925) was an Austrian occultist, social reformer, architect, esotericist, and claimed clairvoyant. Steiner gained initial recognition at the end of the nineteenth century as a ...

as editor and commentator of Goethe's scientific writings (1883-1897) and as author of an "Epistemology of Goethe's Worldview" (1886). Goetheanist research strives to combine

empirical Empirical evidence for a proposition is evidence, i.e. what supports or counters this proposition, that is constituted by or accessible to sense experience or experimental procedure. Empirical evidence is of central importance to the sciences and ...

Methodology and holistic understanding of essence, with the aim to overcome the

epistemological Epistemology (; ), or the theory of knowledge, is the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge. Epistemology is considered a major subfield of philosophy, along with other major subfields such as ethics, logic, and metaphysics. Episte ...

split between subject and object.

History and name

The word ''Goetheanism'' first appears in 1803 in a letter from the Swedish poet and diplomat Karl Gustaf von Brinkman to Goethe. He used it to refer to Goethe's overall devotion to the world. However, this term did not become generally used in the 19th century. In the early 20th century,

, the founder of anthroposophy, often spoke of "Goetheanism" in lectures, by which he meant mainly, but not exclusively, the method underlying Goethe's studies of nature. Thus the word became common ''among anthroposophists''. Outside these circles, on the other hand, it is not used to this day, not even by natural scientists who - like the botanist

Wilhelm Troll Julius Georg Hubertus Wilhelm Troll (3 November 1897, Munich – 28 December 1978, Mainz) was a German botanist, known for his studies in the field of plant morphology. He advocated a morphological biology that was rooted in the nature philos ...

or the zoologist

Adolf Portmann Adolf Portmann (27 May 1897 – 28 June 1982) was a Swiss zoologist. Born in Basel, Switzerland, he studied zoology at the University of Basel and worked later in Geneva, Munich, Paris and Berlin, but mainly in marine biology laboratories in Fr ...

- explicitly follow Goethe in terms of methodology. Even within anthroposophical circles there is no agreement on the meaning of the term "Goetheanism". Thus the Goetheanist

Wolfgang Schad Wolfgang Schad (27 July 1935 – 15 October 2022) was a German evolutionary biologist, anthroposophist and goetheanist.

writes: "It is used to denote: a) For example, simply throughout everything that is scientific work in anthroposophical contexts. ..c) The experimental verification of many of Steiner's statements with the methods of the university natural sciences. d) Any poetic, aesthetically experiencing approach to nature without any claim to science. e) The cultural-scientific contents in art, art history, history, linguistics and literature oriented towards anthroposophy.
f) The arts that have grown out of anthroposophy, such as

eurythmy Eurythmy is an expressive movement art originated by Rudolf Steiner in conjunction with his wife, Marie, in the early 20th century. Primarily a performance art, it is also used in education, especially in Waldorf schools, and – as pa ...

and the organic style in architecture .." In terms of scientific methodology, the term ''Goetheanist'' has been coined in more recent times mainly by the ''Schriften des frühen Goetheanismus'' edited by Renate Riemeck (c. 1980) and the book series ''Goetheanistische Naturwissenschaft'' edited by

Wolfgang Schad Wolfgang Schad (27 July 1935 – 15 October 2022) was a German evolutionary biologist, anthroposophist and goetheanist.

(1982-1985), which mainly brings together publications by anthroposophical biologists such as Jochen Bockemühl, Andreas Suchantke and Schad himself. In fundamental essays, leading Goetheanists emphasise the close connection of Goetheanism with anthroposophy. "Only there is, ..a logic of thought and a logic of life. And he who does not merely delve into Goethe through a logic of thought, but who takes alive Goethe's impulses, which are full of impulses, and now tries to gain from them what can be gained after so many decades have passed over the development of humanity since Goethe's death, will believe ... as he will, that through the living impulses of Goetheanism - if I may use the expression - precisely this Anthroposophy has been able to come into being through the logic of life, through experiencing what lies in Goethe, and through letting grow in a modest way what Goethe had indicated." (Rudolf Steiner)

Systematics

In his main scientific works " Attempt to explain the metamorphosis of plants" (1790) and " On the Theory of Colours" (1810),

Goethe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, statesman, theatre director, and critic. His works include plays, poetry, literature, and aesthetic criticism, as well as treat ...

developed different approaches. Accordingly, Steiner also distinguished between the knowledge of inorganic and organic nature in his "Basic Lines of an Epistemology of Goethe's World View" (1886). Following on from this, anthroposophically oriented natural scientists formulated the following "systematics" in 1980, which follows the four-limbed conception of man of anthroposophy: * In the ''inorganic'', thinking is used to order the qualities given to the senses by observation and experiment in such a way that one phenomenon in its states and processes becomes intelligible as a consequence of other phenomena. A distinction is made between essential (necessary for the appearance of the phenomenon) and non-essential (only modifying) conditions. Such a phenomenon, in which an immediately understandable, lawful connection with the essential conditions appears, is an ''original phenomenon''. From such, all relations between further phenomena can be derived and the latter thus understood (''proving method''). Thus, deriving from the primordial phenomenon of

colours Color (American English) or colour (British English) is the visual perceptual property deriving from the spectrum of light interacting with the photoreceptor cells of the eyes. Color categories and physical specifications of color are associa ...

(emergence of colour at light, darkness and turbidity) Goethe developed the basis of an optics. * In the ''organic world'' the members of the phenomena no longer merely condition each other, but each individual is determined by the whole according to its peculiarity. When studying the processes, it is noticed that the transformation (metamorphosis) of the leaf organs of a

plant Plants are predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. Historically, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi; however, all current definitions of Plantae exclud ...

from the cotyledons to the stem leaves, the sepals, the corolla, the stamens and the carpels is carried out from a basic form (the ''type''); the external conditions have a modifying effect. In the same sense, the different species become intelligible as special manifestations of the genus. This points to a ''sensuous-sensuous'' process which, according to the idea, is the same in all plants, but which, according to the appearance, produces different forms both in the individual plant and in the whole plant kingdom and which Goethe called the ''Urpflanze'' (the general type of plant). From this, according to Goethe, ''plants can be invented into infinity, which must be consistent'' and ''have an inner truth and necessity'' (''developing method''). * In contrast to the plant, the

animal Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the Kingdom (biology), biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals Heterotroph, consume organic material, Cellular respiration#Aerobic respiration, breathe oxygen, are Motilit ...

develops a mental inner life that manifests itself outwardly in the

instinct Instinct is the inherent inclination of a living organism towards a particular complex behaviour, containing both innate (inborn) and learned elements. The simplest example of an instinctive behaviour is a fixed action pattern (FAP), in which a v ...

and drive-bound self-mobility; in addition, the human being consciously participates in the spiritual in his inner being. In connection with this, the change of animal and human forms, in contrast to the change of plant forms, contains essential leaps, which are caused, among other things, by

inversion Inversion or inversions may refer to: Arts * , a French gay magazine (1924/1925) * ''Inversion'' (artwork), a 2005 temporary sculpture in Houston, Texas * Inversion (music), a term with various meanings in music theory and musical set theory * ...

. (e. e.g. in the formation of the internal organs) or ''inversion'', e. e.g. of tubular bones into the bones of the skull, can be understood. The ''developing method'' is thus extended to the ''inversion method'', with the help of which, among other things, the tripartite structure of the animal and human organism, consisting of ''nerve-sense organs'', ''rhythmic organs'' and ''organs of metabolism'', is explored beginning with the

embryonic development An embryo is an initial stage of development of a multicellular organism. In organisms that reproduce sexually, embryonic development is the part of the life cycle that begins just after fertilization of the female egg cell by the male sperm ...

. * In contrast to the animal, in the corporeality of the human being, the effects of the

sensory nervous system The sensory nervous system is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information. A sensory system consists of sensory neurons (including the sensory receptor cells), neural pathways, and parts of the brain involved i ...

, which is permeated by processes of death, and of the system of

metabolism Metabolism (, from el, μεταβολή ''metabolē'', "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms. The three main functions of metabolism are: the conversion of the energy in food to energy available to run cell ...

and

limb Limb may refer to: Science and technology *Limb (anatomy), an appendage of a human or animal *Limb, a large or main branch of a tree *Limb, in astronomy, the curved edge of the apparent disk of a celestial body, e.g. lunar limb *Limb, in botany, ...

s, which is in the process of building up, are mediated by an independent rhythmic system (

heart The heart is a muscular organ in most animals. This organ pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system. The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body, while carrying metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide t ...

circulatory system The blood circulatory system is a system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood which is circulated throughout the entire body of a human or other vertebrate. It includes the cardiovascular system, or vascular system, tha ...

, and

respiratory system The respiratory system (also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals and plants. The anatomy and physiology that make this happen varies grea ...

), which momentarily rekindles the momentarily paralysed life, in such a way that they become the physiological basis of thinking, willing and feeling; through these soul-activities, human individuality can continue its own development. From these connections, Goetheanism attempts to understand and shape the social organism in its Social threefolding into spiritual, legal and economic life. This system, however, was rather programmatic in character and is not generally accepted among Goetheanists.

Goethe quotes

"A phenomenon, an experiment can prove nothing; it is the link of a great chain which is only valid in the context. He who would cover a string of pearls and show only the most beautiful one by one, demanding that we should believe him that the rest are all like it, would hardly enter into the bargain." (Sprüche in Prosa 160, Maximen und Reflexionen 501.) "No phenomenon explains itself in and of itself; only many surveyed together, methodically ordered, give at last something that could be considered theory." (Sprüche in Prosa 161, Maximen und Reflexionen 500.) "The highest thing would be to understand that everything factual is already theory. The blueness of the sky reveals to us the fundamental law of chromatics. Only do not look for anything behind the phenomena; they themselves are the teaching." (Sprüche in Prosa 165, Maximen und Reflexionen 488.) "There is a tender empiricism which makes itself intimately identical with the object, and thereby becomes theory proper. But this heightening of the intellectual faculty belongs to a highly educated age." (Sprüche in Prosa 167, Maximen und Reflexionen 509.) "The opinion of the most excellent men and their example gives me hope that I am on the right path, and I wish that my friends, who sometimes ask me what my intention is in my optical endeavours, may be satisfied with this explanation. My intention is: to gather all experience in this subject, to make all experiments myself and to carry them out through their greatest diversity, by which means they are also easy to imitate and are not out of the field of vision of so many people. Then set up the sentences in which the experiences of the higher kind can be expressed, and wait to see to what extent these also rank themselves under a higher principle." (Essay:
The Experiment as Mediator of Object and Subject
'.) "... for nature alone becomes comprehensible when one endeavours to present the most diverse phenomena, which seem isolated, in methodical succession; since one then well learns to understand that there is no first and last, but that everything, enclosed in a living circle, instead of contradicting itself, clarifies itself and presents the most delicate relations to the inquiring mind." (Goethe, Letters. To Joseph Sebastian Grüner, Weimar, 15 March 1832.Letters of Goethe
/ref>)

Literature

* Jochen Bockemühl: ''Goethes naturwissenschaftliche Methode unter dem Aspekt der Verantwortungsbildung.'' Elemente der Naturwissenschaft. (''Goethe's scientific method under the aspect of responsibility formation.'' Elements of Natural Science), Vol. 38, 1983, pp. 50–52. * Jochen Bockemühl: ''Die Fruchtbarkeit von Goethes Wissenschaftsansatz in der Gegenwart.'' Elemente der Naturwissenschaft. (''The fruitfulness of Goethe's scientific approach in the present.'' Elements of Natural Science), Vol. 61, 1994, pp. 52–69. * Henri Bortoft: ''Goethes naturwissenschaftliche Methode (Goethe's scientific method).'' Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-7725-1544-4. * Thomas Göbel: ''Erfahrung mit Idee durchtränken – Goethes naturwissenschaftliche Arbeitsmethode.'' Aufsatz in ''Natur und Kunst'' (''Experience imbued with idea - Goethe's scientific working method.'' Essay in ''Nature and Art'') (pp. 13–24), Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-7725-1748-X. * Peter Heusser (ed.): ''Goethes Beitrag zur Erneuerung der Naturwissenschaften. Das Buch zur gleichnamigen Ringvorlesung an der Universität Bern.'' Bern/Stuttgart/Vienna 2000, ISBN 3-258-06083-5. * Ernst-Michael Kranich: ''Goetheanismus – seine Methode und Bedeutung in der Wissenschaft des Lebendigen.'' Elemente der Naturwissenschaft (Goetheanism - its Method and Significance in the Science of the Living). ''Elemente der Naturwissenschaft'', Vol. 86, 2007, pp. 31–45. * Wolfgang Schad (ed.): ''Goetheanistische Naturwissenschaft (Goetheanistic Natural Science)'' (4 vols.). Stuttgart 1982-1985 * Wolfgang Schad (1987): ''Der Goetheanistische Forschungsansatz und seine Anwendung auf die ökologische Problematik des Waldsterbens (The Goetheanistic Research Approach and its Application to the Ecological Problem of Forest Dieback)''. In G. R. Schnell (ed.): ''Waldsterben'', Stuttgart, ISBN 3-7725-0549-X. * Wolfgang Schad: ''Was ist Goetheanismus? (What is Goetheanism?)'' Tycho de Brahe-Jahrbuch für Goetheanismus 2001, pp. 23–66, ISBN 3-926347-23-6. reprinted in ''Die Drei'', issue 5–7, 2002. * Jost Schieren: ''Anschauende Urteilskraft. Die philosophischen und methodischen Grundlagen von Goethes naturwissenschaftlichem Erkennen.'' Düsseldorf/Bonn 1998, ISBN 3-930450-27-5. *

: ''Grundlinien einer Erkenntnistheorie der Goetheschen Weltanschauung''. GA no. 2, 1886, ISBN 3-7274-6290-6. * Rudolf Steiner: ''Goethes Weltanschauung (Goethe's World View.)'' GA no. 6, 1897, ISBN 3-7274-6250-7. * Andreas Suchantke: ''Metamorphose. Kunstgriff der Evolution (Metamorphosis. Artifice of Evolution.)'' Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-7725-1784-6. * Andreas Suchantke: ''Goetheanismus als „Erdung“ der Anthroposophie (Goetheanism as the "grounding" of anthroposophy)''. In: ''Die Drei.'' Issues 2 and 3, 2006

References

External links