godert de ginkel, 1st earl of athlone

Godard van Reede, 1st Earl of Athlone (14 June 1644 – 11 February 1703) was a Dutch States Army officer and nobleman who rose to prominence during the Williamite War in Ireland. During the Franco-Dutch War, his bravery and meticulous execution of duties as a cavalry officer caught William of Orange's attention. Rapid promotions followed, and in 1691, he was entrusted with command of the war in Ireland. Alongside Waldeck and Schomberg, Athlone became one of the few senior officers to whom William granted independent command over the Anglo-Dutch forces during his wars.

He decisively defeated a Franco-Irish army at the Battle of Aughrim, securing control over Ireland. Back on the continent, he took part in the key battles and sieges of the Nine Years’ War. After William's death during the War of the Spanish Succession, he vied for command of the combined Anglo-Dutch army in the Low Countries, but the role was given to the Duke of Marlborough. Nevertheless, in 1703, the Dutch States General appointed Athlone as commander of the Dutch forces, but he died four months later.

Early career

He was born in Amerongen, Utrecht, into a noble family as ''Baron van Reede'', being the only child of , (1621–1691) and , (1613-1700). In his youth he entered the Dutch cavalry as an officer, receiving his first commission at age 12. He served as a colonel and brigadier in the Franco-Dutch War. He fought at Seneffe, where he was gravely wounded. In 1675 van Reede was promoted to major-general and in 1683 to lieutenant-general.

In 1688, he accompanied William, Prince of Orange, in his expedition to England—the "Glorious Revolution" which deposed James II. The following year, Ginkel distinguished himself by a memorable exploit—the pursuit and capture of a Scottish regiment that had mutinied for James at Ipswich and was marching northward across the Fens. The feat was also lauded in part due to the avoidance of violence, as the mutineers surrendered peacefully. However it was the alarm excited by this mutiny that facilitated the passing of the first Mutiny Act. In 1690, Ginkel accompanied William III to Ireland to take on the Jacobites, and commanded a body of Dutch cavalry at the Battle of the Boyne. On the king's return to England, General Ginkel was entrusted with the conduct of the war in Ireland. (See also Williamite war in Ireland).

Williamite commander

He took command in Ireland in the spring of 1691, and established his headquarters at Mullingar. Among those who held a command under him was the Marquis of Ruvigny, the recognised chief of the Huguenot refugees. Early in June, Ginkel took the fortress of Ballymore, capturing the whole garrison of 1,000 men. The Williamites lost only eight men. After reconstructing the fortifications of Ballymore, the army marched to Athlone, then one of the most important of the fortified towns of Ireland and key to the Jacobite defensive position, as it bridged the River Shannon. The Irish defenders of the place were commanded by a distinguished French general, the Marquis de St Ruth. The firing began on 19 June, and on 30 June the town was stormed, the Irish army retreating towards Galway, and took up their next defensive position at Aughrim. Having strengthened the fortifications of Athlone and having left a garrison there, Ginkel led the combined Williamite forces, on 8 July, westward in pursuit of the retreating army and met the Jacobite force in formal battle on 12 July 1691 at Aughrim.Haverty (1867) ''The History of Ireland'', J Duffy, p. 664

The subsequent battle all but decided the war in the Williamites' favour. An immediate attack was resolved, and, after a severe and at one point doubtful contest, the Jacobite position was severely weakened by the death of their French commander Charles Chalmot de Saint-Ruhe, Marquis de Saint Ruth, after which his disorganised forces fled in the ensuing darkness of the early morning of 13 July. The battle was described as "quite possibly the bloodiest battle ever fought in the British Isles", with historians generally agreeing that roughly 5,000–7,000 men were killed during the battle; Ginkel recorded that 526 Jacobite prisoners of all ranks were captured. While Ginkel had promised Jacobite commander William Dorrington that all captives would be treated as prisoners of war, general officers were instead taken to the Tower of London as prisoners of state while the majority of the rank and file were imprisoned on Lambay Island where many died of disease and starvation.Childs (2007) ''The Williamite Wars in Ireland'', A & C Black, p. 338Boyle (1867) ''The Battle-fields of Ireland, from 1688 to 1691'', Robert Coddington, p.321

Galway next capitulated, its garrison being permitted to retire to Limerick. There the viceroy Tyrconnell was in command of a large force, but his sudden death early in August left the command in the hands of General Patrick Sarsfield, 1st Earl of Lucan, and the Frenchman d'Usson. Led by Ginkel, the Williamites came in sight of the town on the day of Tyrconnell's death, and the bombardment and siege were immediately begun. Ginkel, by a bold device, crossed the River Shannon and captured the camp of the Irish cavalry. A few days later he stormed the fort on Thomond Bridge, and after difficult negotiations, a capitulation was signed—the Treaty of Limerick, the terms of which were divided into a civil and a military treaty.

Thus was completed the Williamite conquest of Ireland, and the services of the Dutch general were amply recognised and rewarded. Ginkel received the formal thanks of the House of Commons, and was created by the king 1st Earl of Athlone and baron of Aughrim. The immense forfeited estates of the Earl of Limerick were given to him, but the grant was a few years later revoked by the English Parliament.

Back on the continent

Soon after, he returned to the field, witnessing the capture of Namur by Louis XIV. On 3 August 1692, he fought at Steenkerke. The following year, he led the cavalry on the Allied left wing at the Battle of Landen, narrowly escaping death by drowning in the Geete while trying to restore order during the retreat. Athlone lamented that his cavalry, who fought the least at that battle, suffered most of its losses to a small river.

During the 1695 campaign, he commanded the Dutch cavalry in the army, earning great renown for his role in the recapture of Namur. Early the next spring, he devised the plan for the attack on Givet and supported Coehoorn's operation, which led to the destruction of French supply depots amassed by Louis XIV for the upcoming campaign.

War of the Spanish Sucession

In 1702, the Dutch Republic found itself once again at war with France. The death of William III made it necessary to appoint a new commander-in-chief. John William Friso, at just 14 years old, was too young for the role. While the army had many experienced and capable generals, like Athlone, none possessed the stature or authority that could even remotely rival the prestige of the late Stadtholder-King. For the Dutch army, his death was therefore seen as an outright disaster. The highest-ranking general at the time was the 67-year-old Field Marshal Walrad of Nassau-Usingen, who was consequently assigned command. He was not a famous commander, but not incompetent either, and he was certainly not lacking in military experience.

In April, Nassau-Usingen led an army to besiege Kaiserswerth, a town located on the eastern edge of the Republic. Athlone commanded a division near Rozendaal, while Menno van Coehoorn oversaw the forces in Flanders and Tilly was positioned with a division near Xanten. The strategy called for Athlone and Coehoorn to launch diversionary actions to prevent the French from coming to Kaiserswerth's aid. However, due to various difficulties and tensions between the commanders, who were reluctant to accept Nassau-Usingen's authority, the diversions ultimately failed to materialize.

As a result, the situation began to shift in favor of the French. This led to criticism of the leadership of Athlone and Coehoorn. There was now a real danger that the French could sever the besieging army at Kaiserswerth by attacking Tilly's division. In response, Nassau-Usingen ordered Athlone to join forces with Tilly to prevent this from happening. When Boufflers, the French commander, realized this, he attempted to overwhelm and defeat Tilly with superior numbers before Athlone could reinforce him. However, Tilly managed to withdraw without suffering any losses. After Athlone joined forces with Tilly, they positioned their combined forces near Nijmegen to cover Nassau-Usingen's besieging army. Boufflers, delayed by logistical issues, remained inactive for a time. However, on 10 August, he advanced towards Nijmegen, intent on forcing Athlone into battle. Had Boufflers taken Nijmegen, he could have breached the Republic's defenses, possibly shifting the war decisively in France's favour. However, Athlone withdrew his smaller force to Nijmegen in good order and repelled the attack on Nijmegen, preventing a catastrophic outcome.

Meanwhile, the Duke of Marlborough arrived in the Dutch Republic. The close call at Nijmegen had caused significant unrest among the Dutch ''regenten'', and they were now determined to take decisive action. In response, they resolved to raise a substantial field army and to make a final decision on who would command the combined Anglo-Dutch forces. During a conference on June 25, it was decided to appoint Marlborough as commander-in-chief. While he had limited military experience, the confidence that William III had previously placed in him, along with the strategic belief that his appointment would further solidify England's commitment to the war on the continent, ultimately outweighed other considerations.

The Prince of Nassau-Usingen refused to serve under Marlborough, while Athlone, encouraged by the other Dutch generals, made efforts to secure an equivalent position to Marlborough. The ''regenten'' agreed with Athlone that Marlborough was a lightweight compared to him and, although Athlone officially remained subordinate, they strongly limited Marlborough's power over the army. Marlborough had to coordinate all his plans with Athlone. In cases of disagreement, Marlborough could not push through his plan; instead, the Dutch deputies had to make the final decision.

In the summer of 1702, Marlborough and Athlone led an offensive with 68,000 troops to re-establish the link to the isolated Maastricht. The Allies successfully captured Venlo, Stevensweert, and Roermond, ultimately concluding the campaign with the capture of Liège. When Nassau-Usingen passed away in October 1702, Athlone was officially promoted to Field Marshal of the Dutch troops. However, he died just four months later, before he could serve in this capacity. This created another complex dilemma for the Dutch ''regenten''. Both Obdam and Nassau-Ouwerkerk were eligible to succeed Athlone. However, after Obdam fell out of favour following the Battle of Ekeren, it was Nassau-Ouwerkerk who was appointed to the position in 1704.

Private life

Ginkel married Ursula Philipota van Raesvelt, heiress of Castle Middachten near Arnhem, and with her had several children.

He was succeeded, in 1703 upon his death, by his eldest son Frederick Christiaan van Reede, the 2nd earl (1668–1719), a distinguished soldier in the reigns of William III and Queen Anne and who had been naturalised as an English subject in 1696.

On the death of the 9th Earl of Athlone without issue in 1844, however, the title expired. It was, however, created again on two more occasions in 1890 and 1917.

See also

* List of people on the postage stamps of Ireland
* Williamite War in Ireland

Notes

References

Sources

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Athlone, Godert De Ginkell, 1st Earl Of
1644 births
1703 deaths
Barons of Reede
Ginkell, Godert De, 1st Earl of Athlone
Ginkell, Godert De, 1st Earl of Athlone
Ginkell, Godert De, 1st Earl of Athlone
Ginkell, Godert De, 1st Earl of Athlone
Earls in the Peerage of Ireland
Peers of Ireland created by William III
Ginkell, Godert De, 1st Earl of Athlone
Williamite military personnel of the Williamite War in Ireland
Dutch military personnel of the Nine Years' War
Dutch army commanders in the War of the Spanish Succession
17th-century Dutch military personnel
18th-century Dutch military personnel
People of the Glorious Revolution
People on Irish postage stamps