, HQ =
Cardiff
Cardiff (; cy, Caerdydd ) is the capital and largest city of Wales. It forms a principal area, officially known as the City and County of Cardiff ( cy, Dinas a Sir Caerdydd, links=no), and the city is the eleventh-largest in the United Kingd ...
, Government =
Glamorgan County Council
Glamorgan County Council was established in 1889 together with the administrative county of Glamorganshire under the Local Government Act 1888. The first elections to the council were held in January 1889. The council was abolished under the Local ...
(1889–1974)
, Origin=
, Code = GLA
, CodeName =
Chapman code
, Replace =
*
West Glamorgan
, HQ= County Hall, Swansea
, Government= West Glamorgan County Council (abolished 1996)
, Status=
, Start= 1974
, End= 1996
, Arms= ''Coat of arms of Wes ...
*
Mid Glamorgan
, Government= Mid Glamorgan County Council
, Status= Non-metropolitan county (1974–1996) Preserved county (1996–)
, Start= 1974
, End= 1996
, Arms= ''Coat of arms of Mid ...
*
South Glamorgan
, Government= South Glamorgan County Council
, Status= Non-metropolitan county (1974–1996) Preserved county (1996–)
, Start= 1974
, End= 1996
, Arms=
, HQ= ...
, Motto = ("He who suffered, conquered")
, Image =
Flag adopted in 2013
, Map =
, Arms =
![County of Glamorgan Shield](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/County_of_Glamorgan_Shield.svg)
, PopulationFirst = 326,254
, PopulationFirstYear = 1861
, AreaFirst =
, AreaFirstYear = 1861
, DensityFirst = 0.7/
acre
, DensityFirstYear = 1861
, PopulationSecond = 1,120,910
[Vision of Britain â€]
Glamorgan population
area
, PopulationSecondYear = 1911
, AreaSecond =
, AreaSecondYear = 1911
, DensitySecond = 2.2/acre
, DensitySecondYear = 1911
, PopulationLast = 1,229,728
, PopulationLastYear = 1961
, AreaLast =
, AreaLastYear = 1961
, DensityLast = 2.4/acre
, DensityLastYear = 1961
Glamorgan (), or sometimes Glamorganshire ( cy, Morgannwg or ), is one of the thirteen
historic counties of Wales
The historic counties of Wales are sub-divisions of Wales. They were used for various functions for several hundred years,Bryne, T., ''Local Government in Britain'', (1994) but for administrative purposes have been superseded by contemporary ...
and a former
administrative county
An administrative county was a first-level administrative division in England and Wales from 1888 to 1974, and in Ireland from 1899 until either 1973 (in Northern Ireland) or 2002 (in the Republic of Ireland). They are now abolished, although mos ...
of
Wales
Wales ( cy, Cymru ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the Bristol Channel to the south. It had a population in ...
. Originally an early medieval
petty kingdom
A petty kingdom is a kingdom described as minor or "petty" (from the French 'petit' meaning small) by contrast to an empire or unified kingdom that either preceded or succeeded it (e.g. the numerous kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England unified into ...
of varying boundaries known in Welsh as the
Kingdom of Morgannwg
Morgannwg was a medieval Welsh kingdom formed via the merger of the kingdoms of the Kingdom of Glywysing and the Kingdom of Gwent.
Formation of Morgannwg
First under King Morgan the Generous (fl. ) until the end of the reign of his descendant ...
(or
Glywysing
Glywysing was, from the sub-Roman period to the Early Middle Ages, a petty kingdom in south-east Wales. Its people were descended from the Iron Age tribe of the Silures, and frequently in union with Gwent, merging to form Morgannwg.
Name and ...
), which was then invaded and taken over by the
Normans
The Normans ( Norman: ''Normaunds''; french: Normands; la, Nortmanni/Normanni) were a population arising in the medieval Duchy of Normandy from the intermingling between Norse Viking settlers and indigenous West Franks and Gallo-Romans. ...
as the
Lordship of Glamorgan
The Lordship of Glamorgan was one of the most powerful and wealthy of the Welsh Marcher Lordships. The seat was Cardiff Castle. It was established by the conquest of Glamorgan from its native Welsh ruler, by the Anglo-Norman nobleman Robert Fitz ...
. The area that became known as Glamorgan was both a rural, pastoral area, and a conflict point between the
Norman
Norman or Normans may refer to:
Ethnic and cultural identity
* The Normans, a people partly descended from Norse Vikings who settled in the territory of Normandy in France in the 10th and 11th centuries
** People or things connected with the Norm ...
lords and the Welsh princes. It was defined by a large concentration of castles.
After falling under English rule in the 16th century, Glamorgan became a more stable county, and exploited its natural resources to become an important part of the
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Great Britain, continental Europe, and the United States, that occurred during the period from around 1760 to about 1820–1840. This transition included going f ...
. Glamorgan was the most populous and industrialised county in Wales, and was once called the "crucible of the Industrial Revolution", as it contained the world centres of three metallurgical industries and its rich resources of coal.
Under the
Local Government Act 1972, the county boroughs and administrative county of Glamorgan were abolished on 1 April 1974, with three new counties being established, each containing a former county borough:
West Glamorgan
, HQ= County Hall, Swansea
, Government= West Glamorgan County Council (abolished 1996)
, Status=
, Start= 1974
, End= 1996
, Arms= ''Coat of arms of Wes ...
,
Mid Glamorgan
, Government= Mid Glamorgan County Council
, Status= Non-metropolitan county (1974–1996) Preserved county (1996–)
, Start= 1974
, End= 1996
, Arms= ''Coat of arms of Mid ...
,
South Glamorgan
, Government= South Glamorgan County Council
, Status= Non-metropolitan county (1974–1996) Preserved county (1996–)
, Start= 1974
, End= 1996
, Arms=
, HQ= ...
. The name also survives in that of
Vale of Glamorgan
The Vale of Glamorgan ( cy, Bro Morgannwg ), often referred to as The Vale, is a county borough in the south-east of Wales. It borders Bridgend County Borough to the west, Cardiff to the east, Rhondda Cynon Taf to the north, and the Bristol ...
, a
county borough
County borough is a term introduced in 1889 in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to refer to a borough or a city independent of county council control, similar to the unitary authorities created since the 1990s. An equivalent te ...
.
Glamorgan comprises distinct regions: the
industrial valleys, the agricultural vale and the scenic
Gower Peninsula
Gower ( cy, Gŵyr) or the Gower Peninsula () in southwest Wales, projects towards the Bristol Channel. It is the most westerly part of the historic county of Glamorgan. In 1956, the majority of Gower became the first area in the United Kingdom ...
. The county has boundaries with
Brecknockshire (north),
Monmouthshire (east),
Carmarthenshire
Carmarthenshire ( cy, Sir Gaerfyrddin; or informally ') is a county in the south-west of Wales. The three largest towns are Llanelli, Carmarthen and Ammanford. Carmarthen is the county town and administrative centre. The county is known as ...
(west), and to the south is the
Bristol Channel. The total area is , and the total population of the three preserved counties of Glamorgan in 1991 was 1,288,309. Glamorgan contains two cities,
Cardiff
Cardiff (; cy, Caerdydd ) is the capital and largest city of Wales. It forms a principal area, officially known as the City and County of Cardiff ( cy, Dinas a Sir Caerdydd, links=no), and the city is the eleventh-largest in the United Kingd ...
, the county town and from 1955 the
capital city
A capital city or capital is the municipality holding primary status in a country, state, province, department, or other subnational entity, usually as its seat of the government. A capital is typically a city that physically encompasses t ...
of Wales, and
Swansea. The highest point in the county is
Craig y Llyn
Craig y Llyn (Welsh, 'rock/cliff of the lake') is a mountain situated to the south of the village of Rhigos in the Cynon Valley on the south side of the upper Vale of Neath and north of the Rhondda Valleys in South Wales; it is the highest point ...
() which is situated near the village of
Rhigos
Rhigos () is a small village on the saddle of higher ground between the Vale of Neath and the Cynon Valley. It was part of the old Neath Rural district Council under Glamorgan until 1974. The village then came under the jurisdiction of The Cynon ...
in the
Cynon Valley
Cynon Valley () is a former coal mining valley in Wales. Cynon Valley lies between Rhondda and the Merthyr Valley and takes its name from the River Cynon. Aberdare is located in the north of the valley and Mountain Ash is in the south of th ...
.
History
Origins
![Parc le Breos, Gwyr o dde](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Parc_le_Breos%2C_Gwyr_o_dde.JPG)
Glamorgan's terrain has been inhabited by
humankind
Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized by bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex brain. This has enabled the development of advanced tools, culture, ...
for over 200,000 years.
Climate fluctuation caused the formation, disappearance, and reformation of
glacier
A glacier (; ) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight. A glacier forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation over many years, often centuries. It acquires distinguishing features, such as ...
s which, in turn, caused sea levels to rise and fall. At various times life has flourished, at others the area is likely to have been completely uninhabitable. Evidence of the presence of
Neanderthal
Neanderthals (, also ''Homo neanderthalensis'' and erroneously ''Homo sapiens neanderthalensis''), also written as Neandertals, are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans who lived in Eurasia until about 40,000 years ago. While the ...
s has been discovered on the
Gower Peninsula
Gower ( cy, Gŵyr) or the Gower Peninsula () in southwest Wales, projects towards the Bristol Channel. It is the most westerly part of the historic county of Glamorgan. In 1956, the majority of Gower became the first area in the United Kingdom ...
. Whether they remained in the area during periods of extreme cold is unclear. Sea levels have been lower and higher than at present, resulting in significant changes to the coastline during this period.
Archaeological evidence shows that
humans settled in the area during an
interstadial period. The oldest known human burial in Great Britain – the ''
Red Lady of Paviland
The Red Lady of Paviland is an Upper Paleolithic partial skeleton of a male dyed in red ochre and buried in Wales 33,000 BP. The bones were discovered in 1823 by William Buckland in an archaeological dig at Goat's Hole Cave (Paviland cave) – ...
'' – was discovered in a coastal cave between
Port Eynon
Port Eynon (also spelt Port Einon, Porth Einon in Welsh) is a village and Community (Wales), community within the City and County of Swansea, Wales, located on the far south tip of the Gower Peninsula within the designated Area of Outstanding Natu ...
and
Rhossili
Rhossili ( cy, Rhosili; ) is both a small village and a community (Wales), community on the southwestern tip of the Gower Peninsula in Wales. It is within the first Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in the United Kingdom. The village has a Loca ...
, on the Gower Peninsula. The 'lady' has been
radiocarbon dated
Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon.
The method was dev ...
to c. 29,000
years before present (BP) – during the
Late Pleistocene – at which time the cave overlooked an area of
plain
In geography, a plain is a flat expanse of land that generally does not change much in elevation, and is primarily treeless. Plains occur as lowlands along valleys or at the base of mountains, as coastal plains, and as plateaus or uplands ...
, some miles from the sea.
From the end of the
last ice age (between 12,000 and 10,000 BP)
Mesolithic hunter-gatherers began to
migrate to the
British Peninsula – through
Doggerland
Doggerland was an area of land, now submerged beneath the North Sea, that connected Britain to continental Europe. It was flooded by rising sea levels around 6500–6200 BCE. The flooded land is known as the Dogger Littoral. Geological sur ...
– from the
European mainland
Continental Europe or mainland Europe is the contiguous continent of Europe, excluding its surrounding islands. It can also be referred to ambiguously as the European continent, – which can conversely mean the whole of Europe – and, by ...
.
Archaeologist Stephen Aldhouse-Green notes that while Wales has a "multitude" of Mesolithic sites, their settlements were "focused on the coastal plains", the uplands were "exploited only by specialist hunting groups".
![Siambr Gladdu Lythian Sant](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Siambr_Gladdu_Lythian_Sant.JPG)
Human lifestyles in
North-West Europe
Northwestern Europe, or Northwest Europe, is a loosely defined subregion of Europe, overlapping Northern and Western Europe. The region can be defined both geographically and ethnographically.
Geographic definitions
Geographically, Northwe ...
changed around 6000 BP; from the
Mesolithic nomadic
A nomad is a member of a community without fixed habitation who regularly moves to and from the same areas. Such groups include hunter-gatherers, pastoral nomads (owning livestock), tinkers and trader nomads. In the twentieth century, the popu ...
lives of hunting and gathering, to the Neolithic
agrarian life of agriculture and settlement. They cleared the forests to establish pasture and to cultivate the land and developed new technologies such as ceramics and textile production.
A tradition of
long barrow
Long barrows are a style of monument constructed across Western Europe in the fifth and fourth millennia BCE, during the Early Neolithic period. Typically constructed from earth and either timber or stone, those using the latter material repre ...
construction began in continental Europe during the
7th millennium BP – the free standing megalithic structures supporting a sloping capstone (known as ''
dolmens)''; common over
Atlantic Europe. Nineteen
Neolithic
The Neolithic period, or New Stone Age, is an Old World archaeological period and the final division of the Stone Age. It saw the Neolithic Revolution, a wide-ranging set of developments that appear to have arisen independently in several p ...
chambered tombs (or ''long barrows'') and five possible
henges
There are three related types of Neolithic earthwork that are all sometimes loosely called henges. The essential characteristic of all three is that they feature a ring-shaped bank and ditch, with the ditch inside the bank. Because the internal ...
have been identified in Glamorgan. These
megalith
A megalith is a large stone that has been used to construct a prehistoric structure or monument, either alone or together with other stones. There are over 35,000 in Europe alone, located widely from Sweden to the Mediterranean sea.
The ...
ic burial chambers, or ''
cromlechi'', were built between 6000 and 5000 BP, during the early Neolithic period, the first of them about 1500 years before either
Stonehenge or the Egyptian
Great Pyramid of Giza
The Great Pyramid of Giza is the biggest Egyptian pyramid and the tomb of Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Khufu. Built in the early 26th century BC during a period of around 27 years, the pyramid is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient Worl ...
was completed. Two major groups of Neolithic architectural traditions are represented in the area:
portal dolmens (e.g.
St Lythans burial chamber
, alternate_name =
, image = St Lythans burial chamber (4794) (cropped).jpg
, caption =
, alt = a grassy field in which three large upright stones support a stone slab roof
, location = near St Lythans and Barry ()
, region = Vale ...
(
Vale of Glamorgan
The Vale of Glamorgan ( cy, Bro Morgannwg ), often referred to as The Vale, is a county borough in the south-east of Wales. It borders Bridgend County Borough to the west, Cardiff to the east, Rhondda Cynon Taf to the north, and the Bristol ...
), and Cae'rarfau (near
Creigiau
Creigiau is a dormitory settlement in the north-west of Cardiff, the capital of Wales. The village currently has about 1,500 houses and a population of approximately 5,000 people. The Cardiff electoral ward is called Creigiau/St. Fagans. The ...
)); and
Severn-Cotswold chamber tombs (e.g.
''Parc Cwm'' long cairn, (''Parc le Breos Cwm'', Gower Peninsula), and
Tinkinswood burial chamber (
Vale of Glamorgan
The Vale of Glamorgan ( cy, Bro Morgannwg ), often referred to as The Vale, is a county borough in the south-east of Wales. It borders Bridgend County Borough to the west, Cardiff to the east, Rhondda Cynon Taf to the north, and the Bristol ...
)), as well as tombs that do not fall easily into either group. Such massive constructions would have needed a large labour force – up to 200 men – suggestive of large communities nearby. Archaeological evidence from some Neolithic sites (e.g. Tinkinswood) has shown the continued use of cromlechi in the
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is a historic period, lasting approximately from 3300 BC to 1200 BC, characterized by the use of bronze, the presence of writing in some areas, and other early features of urban civilization. The Bronze Age is the second prin ...
.
[Davies (2008), p.605]
The
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is a historic period, lasting approximately from 3300 BC to 1200 BC, characterized by the use of bronze, the presence of writing in some areas, and other early features of urban civilization. The Bronze Age is the second prin ...
– defined by the use of metal – has made a lasting impression on the area. Over six hundred Bronze Age
barrows and
cairns, of various types, have been identified all over Glamorgan. Other technological innovations – including the
wheel; harnessing
oxen;
weaving textiles; brewing
alcohol; and skillful metalworking (producing new weapons and tools, and fine gold decoration and jewellery, such as
brooch
A brooch (, also ) is a decorative jewelry item designed to be attached to garments, often to fasten them together. It is usually made of metal, often silver or gold or some other material. Brooches are frequently decorated with enamel or with g ...
es and
torc
A torc, also spelled torq or torque, is a large rigid or stiff neck ring in metal, made either as a single piece or from strands twisted together. The great majority are open at the front, although some had hook and ring closures and a few had ...
s) – changed people's everyday lives during this period.
Deforestation
Deforestation or forest clearance is the removal of a forest or stand of trees from land that is then converted to non-forest use. Deforestation can involve conversion of forest land to farms, ranches, or urban use. The most concentrated ...
continued to the more remote areas as a warmer climate allowed the cultivation even of upland areas.
![Wales](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Wales.pre-Roman.jpg)
By 4000 BP people had begun to bury, or
cremate their dead in individual
cist
A cist ( or ; also kist ;
from grc-gre, κίστη, Middle Welsh ''Kist'' or Germanic ''Kiste'') is a small stone-built coffin-like box or ossuary used to hold the bodies of the dead. Examples can be found across Europe and in the Middle Ea ...
s, beneath a mound of earth known as a
round barrow; sometimes with a distinctive style of finely decorated pottery – like those at
Llanharry
Llanharry ( cy, Llanhari) is a village, community (civil parish) and electoral ward in the county borough of Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales.
Historically part of Glamorgan, Llanharry has been inextricably linked with iron mining as far back as the R ...
(discovered 1929) and at
Llandaff
Llandaff (; cy, Llandaf ; from 'church' and ''River Taff, Taf'') is a district, Community (Wales), community and coterminous electoral ward in the north of Cardiff, capital of Wales. It was incorporated into the city in 1922. It is the seat of ...
(1991) – that gave rise to the Early Bronze Age being described as ''
Beaker culture
The Bell Beaker culture, also known as the Bell Beaker complex or Bell Beaker phenomenon, is an archaeological culture named after the inverted-bell beaker drinking vessel used at the very beginning of the European Bronze Age. Arising from a ...
''. From c. 3350 BP, a worsening climate began to make agriculture unsustainable in upland areas. The resulting population pressures appear to have led to conflict.
Hill fort
A hillfort is a type of earthwork used as a fortified refuge or defended settlement, located to exploit a rise in elevation for defensive advantage. They are typically European and of the Bronze Age or Iron Age. Some were used in the post-Roma ...
s began to be built from the Late Bronze Age (and throughout the
Iron Age
The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three-age division of the prehistory and protohistory of humanity. It was preceded by the Stone Age ( Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic) and the Bronze Age ( Chalcolithic). The concept has been mostl ...
(3150–1900 BP)) and the amount and quality of weapons increased noticeably – along the regionally distinctive tribal lines of the Iron Age.
Archaeological evidence from two sites in Glamorgan shows Bronze Age practices and settlements continued into the Iron Age. Finds from ''
Llyn Fawr
Llyn Fawr (large lake in Welsh) is a reservoir that occupies one of a series glacial cirques that form the northern escarpment of the South Wales Coalfield uplands, overlooking the heads of the Vale of Neath and the Cynon Valley, South Wale ...
'', thought to be
votive offering
A votive offering or votive deposit is one or more objects displayed or deposited, without the intention of recovery or use, in a sacred place for religious purposes. Such items are a feature of modern and ancient societies and are generally ...
s, include weapons and tools from the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. The hoard, described as "one of the most significant prehistoric metalwork hoards in Wales" has given its name to the
Llyn Fawr Phase, the last Bronze Age phase in Britain.
Excavations at
Llanmaes
Llanmaes ( cy, Llanfaes) is a small village and community in the Vale of Glamorgan near the market town of Llantwit Major. The population in 2011 was 403.
Amenities
Llanmaes has a long history, with remains of a Roman fort in fields next to ...
, Vale of Glamorgan, indicate a settlement and "feasting site" occupied from the Late Bronze Age until the
Roman occupation.
Until the
Roman conquest of Britain, the area that would become known as Glamorgan was part of the territory of the
Silures – a
Celtic British tribe that flourished in the Iron Age – whose territory also included the areas that would become known as
Breconshire
, image_flag=
, HQ= Brecon
, Government= Brecknockshire County Council (1889-1974)
, Origin= Brycheiniog
, Status=
, Start= 1535
, End= ...
and
Monmouthshire.
The Silures had hill forts throughout the area – e.g.,
Caerau (
Cardiff
Cardiff (; cy, Caerdydd ) is the capital and largest city of Wales. It forms a principal area, officially known as the City and County of Cardiff ( cy, Dinas a Sir Caerdydd, links=no), and the city is the eleventh-largest in the United Kingd ...
),
Caerau hill fort, Rhiwsaeson (
Llantrisant), and Y Bwlwarcau
ynydd_Margam,_south_west_of_Maesteg_–_and_cliff_castles_along_the_Glamorgan_coast_–_e.g.,_Burry_Holms.html" ;"title="Maesteg.html" ;"title="ynydd Margam, south west of Maesteg">ynydd Margam, south west of Maesteg – and cliff castles along the Glamorgan coast – e.g., Burry Holms">Maesteg.html" ;"title="ynydd Margam, south west of Maesteg">ynydd Margam, south west of Maesteg – and cliff castles along the Glamorgan coast – e.g., Burry Holms (Gower Peninsula). Excavations at one – Dunraven hill fort (Southerndown, Vale of Glamorgan) – revealed the remains of twenty-one Roundhouse (dwelling), roundhouses.
Many other settlements of the Silures were neither hill forts nor castles. For example, the Cardiff Roman Fort, fort established by the Roman army, Romans near the estuary of the River Taff in 75 AD, in what would become Cardiff, was built over an extensive settlement established by the Silures in the 50s AD.
Morgannwg
Early History
The region originated as an independent petty kingdom named ''
Glywysing
Glywysing was, from the sub-Roman period to the Early Middle Ages, a petty kingdom in south-east Wales. Its people were descended from the Iron Age tribe of the Silures, and frequently in union with Gwent, merging to form Morgannwg.
Name and ...
'', believed to be named after a 5th-century Welsh king called Glywys, who is said to have been descended from a Roman Governor in the region. Paul Aurelian, Saint Paul Aurelian was born in Glamorgan in the 6th century. The names ' (' + territorial suffix ', 'territory of Morgan') and ' (' + ', 'land of Morgan') reputedly derive from the 8th-century king Morgan ab Athrwys, otherwise known as "Morgan Mwynfawr" ('great in riches') who united ''
Glywysing
Glywysing was, from the sub-Roman period to the Early Middle Ages, a petty kingdom in south-east Wales. Its people were descended from the Iron Age tribe of the Silures, and frequently in union with Gwent, merging to form Morgannwg.
Name and ...
'' with the neighbouring kingdoms of Kingdom of Gwent, Gwent and Ergyng, although some have argued for the similar 10th-century ruler Morgan Hen. It is possible it was only the union of Kingdom of Gwent, Gwent and
Glywysing
Glywysing was, from the sub-Roman period to the Early Middle Ages, a petty kingdom in south-east Wales. Its people were descended from the Iron Age tribe of the Silures, and frequently in union with Gwent, merging to form Morgannwg.
Name and ...
that was referred to as Morgannwg. By virtue of its location and geography, Morgannwg or Glywysing was the second part of Wales, after Gwent, to fall under the control of the
Normans
The Normans ( Norman: ''Normaunds''; french: Normands; la, Nortmanni/Normanni) were a population arising in the medieval Duchy of Normandy from the intermingling between Norse Viking settlers and indigenous West Franks and Gallo-Romans. ...
and was frequently the scene of fighting between the Marcher Lords and Welsh princes.
[William Rees. (1951). ''An Historical Atlas of Wales''. Cardiff: University College]
Early Buildings
The earliest buildings of note included earthwork dykes and rudimentary motte-and-bailey hillside defences. All that remains of these fortifications are foundations that leave archaeological evidence of their existence, though many were built upon to create more permanent defensive structures. The earliest surviving structures within the region are early stone monuments, waypoints and grave markers dating between the 5th and 7th century, with many being moved from their original position to sheltered locations for protection.
[Newman (1995), p.37] The most notable of the early stone markers still in its original place is on a high mountain ridge at Gelligaer.
Of the later plaitwork patterned standing crosses the finest and best preserved is the 9th century 'Houelt' stone at Llantwit Major.
[Newman (1995), p. 38]
Lordship of Glamorgan
History, 1080–1536
The Lord of Glamorgan, Lordship of Glamorgan was established by Robert Fitzhamon following the defeat of Iestyn ap Gwrgant, .
[Davies (2008), p.319] The Lordship of Morgannwg was split after it was conquered; the kingdom of Glamorgan had as its caput the town of Cardiff and took in the lands from the River Tawe to the River Rhymney.
The Lordship took in four of the Welsh cantrefi, Gorfynydd, Penychen, Senghenydd and Gwynllwg. The area later known as the Gower Peninsula was not under the Lordship of Glamorgan, and became the Gower (Lordship), Gower Lordship which had previously been the cantref of Gŵyr. The lowlands of the Lordship of Glamorgan were manorialized, while much of the sparsely populated uplands were left under Welsh control until the late 13th century.
Upon the death of William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester, William, Lord of Glamorgan, his extensive holdings were eventually granted to Gilbert de Clare, 5th Earl of Hertford, Gilbert de Clare in 1217. The subjugation of Glamorgan, begun by Fitzhamon, was finally completed by the powerful De Clare family,
[Davies (2008), p.746] and in 1486 the kingdom was granted to Jasper Tudor.
Buildings, 1080–1536
![Caerphilly castle, Glamorganshire (1131674)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Caerphilly_castle%2C_Glamorganshire_%281131674%29.jpg)
The legacy of the Marcher Lords left the area scattered with historic buildings including Norman castles, Cistercians, Cistercian Abbeys, churches and medieval monuments.
The kingdom of Glamorgan was also notable for the number of castles built during the time of the Marcher Lords, many surviving to the present day though many are now ruinous. Of the castles built during the medieval period, those still standing above foundation level include, Caerphilly Castle, Cardiff Castle, Ogmore Castle, St Donat's Castle, St Quintins Castle, Coity Castle, Neath Castle, and Oystermouth Castle. Many of the castles within Morgannwg were attacked by forces led by Owain Glyndŵr during the Glyndŵr Rising, Welsh Revolt of 1400–1415. Some were captured, and several were damaged to such an extent they were never maintained as defences again.
When the Diocese of Llandaff became incorporated into the Province of Canterbury, the Bishop of Llandaff rebuilt over the small church with the beginnings of Llandaff Cathedral in 1120.
[Newman (1995), p.39] In the western region of Morgannwg two monastic foundations were sited, a Congregation of Savigny, Savigniac house in Neath Abbey, Neath in 1130 and the Cistercian Margam Abbey in 1147.
In the Vale a Benedictine monastery was founded in 1141, Ewenny Priory, a community under the patronage of Gloucester Cathedral, St. Peter's Gloucester. The building of parish churches also began in the 12th century, densely in the Vale, but very sparsely in the upland and northern areas.
County of Glamorgan
History 1536–1750
The Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542, Laws in Wales Acts of 1535 established the County of Glamorgan through the amalgamation of the Lordship of Glamorgan with the lordships of Gower (Lordship), Gower and Kilvey; the area that had previously been the cantref of Gwynllwg was lost to
Monmouthshire. With Wales finally incorporated with the English dominions, the administration of justice passed into the hands of the crown.
[Wade (1914), p.160] The Lordship became a shire and was awarded its first Parliamentary representative with the creation of the Glamorganshire (UK Parliament constituency), Glamorganshire constituency in 1536.
The English Reformation, Reformation, which was closely followed by the Dissolution of the Monasteries, led to vast social changes across Britain.
[Newman (1995), p.51] These events, along with the Act of Union, allowed the leading Welsh families to gain in wealth and prosperity, allowing equal footing to those families of English extraction.
Old monasteries, with their lands, were acquired by the wealthy and turned into country houses; their notable residents preferring to live in gentry houses rather than the fortified castles of the past. Major families in Glamorgan included the Sir Edward Carne, Carnes at Ewenny, the Rice Mansel, Mansels at Margam, Williams of Neath, the Herberts at Cardiff and Swansea, Sir David Ap Mathew of Llandaff, and the Stradling Baronets, Stradlings of St Donats.
The main industry of Glamorgan during this period was agriculture. In the upland, or ''Blaenau'' area, the hilly terrain along with many areas being densely wooded, made arable farming unprofitable, so the local farming concentrated on the rearing of horses, cattle and sheep.
[Evans, p.135] The lowland, or ''Bro'' was devoted to more general branches of farming, cereal, grass for pasture, hay and stock raising. Non-agricultural industries were generally small scale, with some shallow coal pits, fulling, fulling mills, weaving and pottery-making.
The main heavy industry of note during this period was copper smelting, and this was centred on the towns of Swansea and Neath.
[Davies (2008), p.168] Although copper had been mined in Wales since the Bronze Age, it was not until non-ferrous metalworking became a major industry in the late 17th century that Glamorgan saw a concentration of works appearing in a belt between Kidwelly and Port Talbot.
Smelting of copper started around Neath under the Society of Mines Royal, Mines Royal Society c. 1584 but the scale of the works increased dramatically from the early 18th century when Swansea displaced Bristol as Britain's copper smelting capital.
Easy access to Cornish ores and a local outcropping of coal near the surface, gave Swansea economic advantages in the smelting industry.
![Old Beaupre Castle b&w, 2012](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Old_Beaupre_Castle_b%26w%2C_2012.jpg)
Early iron smelting within Glamorgan was a localised and minor industry, with historical evidence pointing to scattered ironworks throughout the county. John Leland (antiquary), John Leland mentions a works at
Llantrisant in 1539, an operation in Aberdare existed during the reign of Edward VI of England, Edward VI and two iron furnaces were recorded as being set up by Sir W. Mathew in Radyr during the Elizabethan era.
[Wade (1914), p.80] By 1666 a furnace was in operation in Hirwaun and in 1680 a smelting hearth was established in Caerphilly.
Despite the existence of these industries, the scale of production was small, and in 1740 the total output of iron from Glamorgan was reported at 400 tons per year.
[Wade (1914), p.81]
Glamorgan, now falling under the protection of the crown, was also involved in the conflicts of the crown. With the start of the First English Civil War, there was little support from the Welsh for the Parliamentarians.
[Davies (2008), p.146] Glamorgan sent troops to join Charles I of England, Charles I at the Battle of Edgehill, and their Member of Parliament Sir Edward Stradling, 2nd Baronet, Sir Edward Stradling was captured in the conflict. In the Second English Civil War, the war came to Glamorgan at the Battle of St Fagans (1648), where the New Model Army overcame a larger Cavalier, Royalist to prevent a siege of Cardiff.
Buildings, 1536–1750
The period between the Laws in Wales Acts and the industrialisation of Glamorgan saw two distinct periods architecturally. From the 1530s throughout to 1650, the newly empowered gentry attempted to show their status by building stately homes to show their wealth; but the period from 1650 through to the mid-1750s was a fallow time for architectural grandeur, with few new wealthy families moving to the area. Of the eight major gentry houses of the time only St Fagans Castle survives with its interior intact; five, Neath Abbey, Old Beaupre Castle, Oxwich Castle, Llantrithyd and Ruperra Castle are ruinous.
[Newman (1995), p. 52.] Of the remaining two manors, The Van at Caerphilly was reconstructed in 1990 while Cefnmabli was gutted by a fire in 1994.
The old castles became abandoned throughout this period due to the new security brought by Glamorgan coming under the protection of the crown, with only the Stradlings of St Donat's Castle electing to remain in their old ancestral home.
By the 17th century, the availability of fine building stone permitted the construction of high-quality lime-washed rural cottages and farmhouses in the Vale of Glamorgan, which drew favourable remarks from travellers. A Glamorgan yeoman of the time generally lived in greater comfort than his contemporaries of the more westerly or upland parts of Wales such as Ceredigion, Cardiganshire or north
Carmarthenshire
Carmarthenshire ( cy, Sir Gaerfyrddin; or informally ') is a county in the south-west of Wales. The three largest towns are Llanelli, Carmarthen and Ammanford. Carmarthen is the county town and administrative centre. The county is known as ...
.
Industrial Glamorgan, 1750–1920
=Metals industry
=
![George Childs Dowlais Ironworks 1840](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/George_Childs_Dowlais_Ironworks_1840.jpg)
From the mid-18th century onwards, Glamorgan's uplands underwent large-scale industrialisation and several coastal towns, in particular
Swansea and later
Cardiff
Cardiff (; cy, Caerdydd ) is the capital and largest city of Wales. It forms a principal area, officially known as the City and County of Cardiff ( cy, Dinas a Sir Caerdydd, links=no), and the city is the eleventh-largest in the United Kingd ...
, became significant ports.
From the late 18th century until the early 20th century Glamorgan produced 70 per cent of the British output of copper. The industry was developed by English entrepreneurs and investors such as John Henry Vivian
[D. Gareth Evans (1989), pp.18–19] and largely based in the west of the county, where coal could be purchased cheaply and ores imported from Cornwall, Devon and later much further afield. The industry was of immense importance to Swansea in particular; in 1823 the smelting works on the River Tawe, and the collieries and shipping dependent on them, supported between 8,000 and 10,000 people. Imports of copper ores reached a peak in the 1880s, after which there was a steep fall until the virtual end of the trade in the 1920s. The cost of shipping ores from distant countries, and the growth of foreign competitors, ended Glamorgan's dominance of the industry.
Some of the works converted to the production of zinc and the Swansea Valley, Tawe valley also became a location for the manufacture of nickel after Ludwig Mond established a works at Clydach, Swansea, Clydach in 1902.
![IKBrunelChains](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/IKBrunelChains.jpg)
Even at its peak, copper smelting was never as significant as iron smelting, which was the major industrial employer of men and capital in south Wales before the rise of the sale-coal industry. Ironmaking developed in locations where ironstone, coal and limestone were found in close proximity – primarily the northern and south-western parts of the South Wales coalfield.
[Davies (2008), p.393] In the second half of the 18th century four ironworks were built in Merthyr Tydfil County Borough, Merthyr Tydfil. In 1759 the Dowlais Ironworks were established by a partnership of nine men. This was followed by the Plymouth Ironworks in 1763, which was formed by Isaac Wilkinson and Guest family, John Guest, then in 1765 Anthony Bacon (industrialist), Anthony Bacon established the Cyfarthfa Ironworks. The fourth of the great ironworks, Penydarren Ironworks was built in 1784. These works made Merthyr Tydfil the main centre of the industry in Wales.
As well as copper and iron, Glamorgan became an important centre for the tinplate industry. Although not as famous as the Llanelli or Pontypool works, a concentrated number of works emerged around Swansea, Aberavon and Neath towards the late 19th century.
[Davies (2008), p.871] Glamorgan became the most populous and industrialised county in Wales and was known as the 'crucible of the Industrial Revolution'.
[Newman (1995), p.68]
Other areas to house heavy industries include ironworks in Maesteg (1826), tinplate works in Llwydarth and Pontyclun and an iron ore mine in
Llanharry
Llanharry ( cy, Llanhari) is a village, community (civil parish) and electoral ward in the county borough of Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales.
Historically part of Glamorgan, Llanharry has been inextricably linked with iron mining as far back as the R ...
.
Alongside the metalworks, industries appeared throughout Glamorgan that made use of the works' output. Pontypridd was well known for the Brown Lenox & Co Ltd, Brown Lenox Chainworks, which during the 19th century was the town's main industrial employer.
[Davies (2008), p.693]
=Coal industry
=
The largest change to industrial Glamorgan was the opening up of the South Wales coalfield, the largest continuous coalfield in Britain, which occupied the greater part of Glamorgan, mostly north of the Vale.
[Davies (2008), p.153] The coalfield provided a vast range in quality and type, but prior to 1750 the only real access to the seams was through bell pits or digging horizontally into a level where the seam was exposed at a river bank or mountainside.
[Davies (2008), p.154] Although initially excavated for export, coal was soon also needed for the smelting process in Britain's expanding metallurgical industries. Developments in coal mining began in the north-eastern rim of Glamorgan around the ironworks of Merthyr and in the south-west around the copper plants of Swansea.
In 1828 the South Wales coalfield was producing an estimated 3 million tons of coal, by 1840 that had risen to 4.5 million, with about 70 percent consumed by local commercial and domestic usage.
![Lewis Merthyr Colliery](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Lewis_Merthyr_Colliery.jpg)
The 1840s saw the start of a dramatic increase in the amount of coal excavated within Glamorgan. Several events took place to precipitate the growth in coal mining, including the discovery of steam coal in the
Cynon Valley
Cynon Valley () is a former coal mining valley in Wales. Cynon Valley lies between Rhondda and the Merthyr Valley and takes its name from the River Cynon. Aberdare is located in the north of the valley and Mountain Ash is in the south of th ...
, the building of a large masonry dock at Cardiff and the construction of the Taff Vale Railway.
In 1845, after trials by the British Admiralty, Welsh steam coal replaced coal from Newcastle-upon-Tyne as the preferred fuel for the ships of the Royal Navy. Glamorgan steam coal quickly became a sought-after commodity for navies all over the world
and its production increased to meet the demand.
The richest source for steam coal was the Rhondda Valleys, and by 1856 the Taff Vale Railway had reached the heads of both valleys. Over the next fifty years the Rhondda would grow to become the largest producer of coal of the age. In 1874, the Rhondda produced 2.13 million tons of coal, which rose to 5.8 million tons by 1884.
The coal now produced in Glamorgan far exceeded the interior demand, and in the later half of the 19th century the area became a mass exporter for its product. In the 1890s the docks of South Wales accounted for 38 percent of British coal exports and a quarter of global trade.
Along with the increase in coal production came a very large increase in the population, as people emigrated to the area to seek employment. In Aberdare the population grew from 6,471 in 1841 to 32,299 in 1851 while the Rhondda grew from 3,035 in 1861 to 55,632 in 1881, peaking in 1921 at 162,729.
[Lewis (1959), pp.229–230] Much of this population growth was driven by immigration. In the ten years from 1881 to 1891, net migration to Glamorgan was over 76,000, 63 percent of which was from the non-border counties of England – a proportion that increased in the following decade.
=Agriculture
=
Until the beginning of the 18th century, Glamorgan was almost entirely agriculture based. With the industrialisation of the county, farming became of far less importance, with industrial areas encroaching into farming lands.
In Glamorgan, from the late 19th century, there was a significant reduction away from arable land towards pasture land.
There were two main factors behind this trend; firstly the increase in the population of the county required more milk and other dairy produce,
in an age before refrigeration. Secondly there was an employment shortage in farming due to the call of better paid industrial work,
and pastoral land was less work intensive. Stock rearing became prominent with breeds such as Hereford (cattle), Hereford, North Devon cattle, Devon and Shorthorn cattle being bred in the Vale of Glamorgan,
while the unenclosed wilds of the Gower saw Welsh Pony, Welsh Ponies bred on the commons.
[Evans, p.136]
Buildings of note 1750–1920
The industrial period of Glamorgan saw a massive building program throughout the uplands and in the coastal regions, reflecting the increasing population and the need for new cheap housing to accommodate the hundreds of thousands of workers coming into the area. As the towns urbanised and the hamlets became villages, the trappings of modern life were reflected in the buildings required to sustain new and growing communities. The period saw the appearance, not only of the works and pits themselves, but of the terrace house or miners cottage, railway stations, hospitals, churches, chapels, bridges, viaducts, stadiums, schools, universities, museums and workingmen's halls.
As well as the architecture of Glamorgan entering modern architecture, modernity, there was also a reflection to the past, with some individuals who made the most from the booming industrial economy restoring symbols of the past, building folly, follies and commissioning Gothic architecture, Gothic-style additions to ancient churches. Robert Lugar's Cyfarthfa Castle in Merthyr (1825) and the late 19th century additions to Cardiff Castle, designed by William Burges, exemplify how Gothic was the favoured style for rich industrialists and entrepreneurs.
[Davies (2008), p.33] Greek Revival architecture, popularised in France and Germany in the late 18th century, was used for a number of public and educational buildings in Wales including the Swansea Museum, Royal Institution of South Wales in Swansea (1841) and Bridgend Town Hall (1843).
In 1897, Cardiff Corporation acquired land from the John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute, Marquess of Bute with the intention of erecting buildings to meet the administrative, legal and educational needs of Glamorgan's county town. From 1901 onwards, Cathays Park was developed into "possibly the finest... civic centre in Britain" with a range of public buildings including the Baroque architecture, Baroque Cardiff City Hall, City Hall and the rococo-style Cardiff University, University College.
The majority of Nonconformist (Protestantism), Nonconformist chapels were built in the 19th century. They progressed from simple, single-storey designs to larger and more elaborate structures, most built in the classical architecture, classical style.
[Davies (2008), p.34] Perhaps the most ambitious chapel was John Humphrey's Morriston Tabernacle (1872), incorporating Classical, Romanesque architecture, Romanesque and Gothic elements, which has been called the 'Noncomformist Cathedral of Wales'.
Industrial architecture tended to be functional, although some structures, such as the four-storey engine house at Cyfarthfa Ironworks (1836), were built to impress. Coal mining eventually became the dominant industry in Glamorgan and tall Headframe, winding towers – originally made of timber or cast iron, later steel – became symbolic icons.
Late-period Glamorgan, 1920–1974
After the First World War, there was an initial drop in coal and iron production, there was still enough demand to push the coalfields to their limits, helped by events such as the American coal miners' strike. Cardiff Docks reached an exporting peak in 1923, but soon production fell and unemployment in the upland valleys began to increase at a dramatic rate.
[Davies (2008), p. 156] Between April 1924 and August 1925 the unemployment rate amongst South Wales miners jumped from 1.8% to 28.5%.
Several factors came together to cause this collapse, including the over-valuation of sterling, the end of the coal subsidy, the growth of electric power,
[Jenkins (1992), p.366] the adoption of oil as the fuel of choice for many industries, and over-expansion of the mines in the late nineteenth century.
The Welsh coal owners had failed to invest mechanisation during the good years, and by the 1930s the South Wales Coalfield had the lowest productivity, highest production costs and smallest profits of all Britain's coal-producing regions.
These structural problems were followed by the 1926 United Kingdom general strike, General Strike of 1926 and then most disastrously the Great Depression in the United Kingdom, interwar depression of 1929–1931, which changed the face of industrial Glamorgan forever. In 1932, Glamorgan had an unemployment rate of more than 40 per cent, and one of the highest proportions of people receiving poor relief in the United Kingdom. This was a contrast with relatively recent prosperity: for example, in 1913 unemployment in Merthyr was below 2 per cent and the borough had 24,000 miners. By 1921, the number of employed miners had fallen to 16,000, and in 1934, it was down to 8,000.
Steel production was no less depressed than the coal industry. The inter-war years saw the closure of the old Cyfarthfa and Dowlais works, as steel-making became increasingly concentrated in the coastal belt. Both the coal and steel industries were increasingly dominated by large amalgamations, such as Powell Duffryn and Guest, Keen and Nettlefolds. The smaller companies progressively disappeared.
Glamorgan suffered disproportionately during the Great Depression because of the high proportion of its workforce employed in Primary sector of the economy, primary production rather than the manufacture of finished products. Other parts of Britain began to recover as domestic demand for consumer products picked up, but unemployment in the South Wales Valleys continued to rise: the jobless rate in Merthyr reached 47.5 per cent in June 1935. However, the coastal ports, Cardiff and Swansea, managed to sustain a "reasonable" level of economic activity, and the anthracite coalfield in western Glamorgan (and eastern Carmarthenshire) also managed to maintain production and exports above pre-war levels.
With the outbreak of World War II the coalfields of Glamorgan saw a sharp rise in trade and employment. Despite the demand the want for the youth to conscript in the war effort in the valley areas meant that there was a shortage of workers to run the mines; this in turn saw the introduction of the Bevin Boys, workers conscripted to work in the mines. During the war both Cardiff Blitz, Cardiff and Swansea Blitz, Swansea were targets for German air attacks due to their important docks.
Buildings and structures, 1920–1974
![Hayes Point](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Hayes_Point.jpg)
After the First World War, Glamorgan, as was typical for Britain as a whole, entered a period of modernity, which saw buildings built and designed for Functionalism (architecture), functionality rather than splendour with period features watered down.
[Davies (2008), p.35] As the century progressed, symbols of the past industrial period were torn down and replaced with industrial estates populated by unadorned geometric factories. With concrete becoming the favourite post-war building material, larger office blocks began appearing within the cities, though few were of any architectural significance.
Despite entering a fallow period of architectural design, several structures of note did emerge. Although work began in 1911, National Museum Cardiff, The National Museum of Wales (Smith and Brewer) was not completed until 1927 due to the First World War. Designed to reflect sympathetically in dimensions with its neighbouring city hall, the dome-topped museum combines many architectural motifs with Doric columns at its facade, while internally a large entrance hall with stairs, landings and balconies. Percy Thomas' Swansea Guildhall, Guildhall in Swansea, an example of the modernist architecture, 'stripped modernist' style completed in 1936, was described as "Wales' finest interwar building".
Although functionality often deprived a building of interest, Sully, Vale of Glamorgan#Sully Hospital, Sully Hospital (Pite, Son & Fairweather) is an example of a building which gained from its functional requirements. Initially built for tubercular patients, whose cure required the maximum amount of light and air, the functional architecture left a striking glass-fronted building, completed in 1936.
Another hospital to which functionalism was applied was the University Hospital of Wales (S.W. Milburn & Partners). Begun in the 1960s, and completed in 1971, the building is the third largest hospital in the United Kingdom and the largest in Wales. It was designed to bring the care of patients, research and medical teaching together under one roof.
The demands of modern living saw the growth of housing estates throughout Glamorgan, moving away from the Victorian terrace of Cardiff or the ribbon cottages of the valleys. Several of these projects were failures architecturally and socially. Of note were the Billybanks estate in Penarth and Penrhys#Modern Penrhys, Penrhys Estate (Alex Robertson, Peter Francis & Partners) in the Rhondda, both described by Malcolm Parry, the former Head of the School of Architecture at Cardiff University, as "...the worst examples of architecture and planning in Wales."
Geography
Glamorgan divides into three distinct and contrasting geographical areas. To the south east is a gently undulating limestone plateau,
[Conduit (1997), p.9] virtually coterminous with the modern county borough of
Vale of Glamorgan
The Vale of Glamorgan ( cy, Bro Morgannwg ), often referred to as The Vale, is a county borough in the south-east of Wales. It borders Bridgend County Borough to the west, Cardiff to the east, Rhondda Cynon Taf to the north, and the Bristol ...
, mainly comprising farmland and small villages stretching from Porthcawl to Cardiff. The lowlands are geographically the best environment for agriculture of the three areas.
[Newman (1995), p.19] Settlements in the area included Cardiff, Barry, Vale of Glamorgan, Barry, Bridgend, Cowbridge, Penarth and Porthcawl.
![Glamorgan map470x260](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Glamorgan_map470x260.jpeg)
The northern part of the county is a mountainous area, dissected by deep narrow valleys. At the southern edge of the Brecon Beacons, the simple geological structure of Old Red Sandstone gives way to Carboniferous rocks; limestone, shales and millstone grit.
In the 19th century, industrial and population growth in the coal-bearing valleys of the Rhymney Valley, Rhymney, River Taff, Taff, Dare Valley Country Park, Dare and Rhondda gave rise to a form of urbanisation characterised as ribbon development. The last deep mine, Tower Colliery at Hirwaun, closed in January 2008.
A few small drift mines like Unity Mine (formerly Pentreclwydau South) near Glynneath remain. Towns in the region included Aberdare, Caerphilly, Pontypridd, Maesteg, Merthyr Tydfil and Mountain Ash, Wales, Mountain Ash.
Further west is Swansea Bay and the
Gower Peninsula
Gower ( cy, Gŵyr) or the Gower Peninsula () in southwest Wales, projects towards the Bristol Channel. It is the most westerly part of the historic county of Glamorgan. In 1956, the majority of Gower became the first area in the United Kingdom ...
, an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Of all the areas, Gower was the least affected by heavy industry and the ancient landscape was the least impaired.
The high ground that runs centrally through the Gower was largely uncultivated common land and its beaches and rocky coastal headlands showed little signs of the tourist trade
that played an increasing role on the local economy. The major settlements of the region include Swansea, Neath and Port Talbot.
Coastline
![NashPoint](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/NashPoint.jpg)
The coastline of Glamorgan stretches for 88 miles from Trowbridge, Cardiff, Trowbridge in the east to Gower in the west. It divides naturally into three distinct sections.
[Wade (1914), p.45] The coast of the Vale of Glamorgan is mainly characterised by cliffs, while from Porthcawl to Swansea Bay wide sandy shores prevail. The final section, the Gower coast, is made up of a rugged and serrated peninsula.
[Wade (1914), p.46]
From the east the first major coastline feature is the Rhymney River, once seen as the natural border between Glamorgan and Monmouthshire, until the absorption of Trowbridge into the Cardiff district
[Davies (2008), p.122] in 1936. Heading west, the coast is an expanse of alluvium, alluvial deposits stretching to the mouth of Glamorgan's most well known river, the River Taff.
Once marshland, the area was consumed by the rapid growth of the Cardiff Docks during the industrial revolution, but with the downturn in Glamorgan's iron and coal industries, the docks declined. Also flowing into Cardiff Docks is the River Ely, which separates Cardiff from the headland and seaside resort of Penarth in the Vale of Glamorgan.
Here the coast stretches southwards for two and a half miles from Penarth Head to Lavernock, Lavernock Point, hidden from vessels travelling up the
Bristol Channel.
[Wade (1914), p.47] South easterly from Lavernock Point, roughly three miles out in the Channel Estuary is Flat Holm, an island which although geographically is within the Vale, is administered as part of the city of Cardiff.
[Davies (2008), p.119] Flat Holm is the most southerly point of Glamorgan and Wales.
From Lavernock Point the coast heads sharply west to the town of Barry, Vale of Glamorgan, Barry, a well-known seaside resort, Barry is most notable for its rapid expansion during the late 19th century to become an important dock, at one stage surpassing Cardiff Dock for the tonnage of coal exported. Passing the cliffs of Barry Island the coastline becomes a low-lying promontory called the Lays,
[Wade (1914), p.49] which continues west taking in the villages of Rhoose and Aberthaw before reaching Breaksea Point, the most southerly point of mainland Wales. Beyond the point is Limpert Bay, which is overlooked by the village of Gileston and the ancient encampment of Summerhouse Point. Here the cliffs rise and run for eleven miles as far as the estuary of the River Ogmore, Ogmore.
Along this run of cliffs the coast passes Llantwit Major and St Donats, before heading in a rough north-west direction at Nash Point.
![Worm's Head (Rhossili)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Worm%27s_Head_%28Rhossili%29.jpg)
The coastline remains as steep cliffs until after Dunraven Head, where the cliff face drops away to expose Southerndown Beach. Two miles beyond, the Ogmore River runs out into a sand-locked bay which can be seen as commencing the second section of the Glamorgan coast,
[Wade (1914), p.50] as here the scenery undergoes an abrupt change; from a series of unbroken cliffs to vast regions of sandy beaches.
[Wade (1914), p.51] The Ogmore Bay at Ogmore-by-Sea is not only floored with sand but is also backed by high and extensive sand dune system, these impressive natural sand features are commonly known as the Merthyr Mawr sand dunes. Beyond the bay the underlying rocks emerge from the sand to form the promontory of Porthcawl Point.
Porthcawl town, once possessing a small dock, abandoned the trade in favour of tourism.
The coast continues to the north west as a low rocky formation for three miles to Sker Point, after which the sand line begins again, forming an arid wilderness all the way to Port Talbot.
Port Talbot was one of the later industrial towns of Glamorgan, and grew out of the medieval village of Aberavon, a settlement built on the banks of the River Afan. To the west of the mouth of the Afan is the new district of Sandfields, Port Talbot, Sandfields, built over the holiday dunes of Aberavon beach in the 1950s to house the workforce of Port Talbot Steelworks.
[Davies (2008), p.3]
The River Afan commences the wide sweep of Swansea Bay, which from Port Talbot arcs around taking in Baglan Bay, Briton Ferry, Swansea and ending in Mumbles. The whole bay is shut in by high hills and is thickly encircled with sands.
Within the bay are two of the major estuaries of Glamorgan; from Port Talbot the first is the River Neath, which is protected by long breakwaters.
The second is the River Tawe, Tawe, the central river of Swansea. Beyond the Tawe the bay sweeps for six miles before reaching Mumbles Head, its most westerly point.
[Wade (1914), p.52] Mumbles Head is served by Mumbles Lighthouse, which sits on the further of two small islands off the head.
At The Mumbles, the coastline begins its third phase, commencing the wild and rugged cliffs of the Gower. From Mumbles Head to Worm's Head, 20 miles to the west, the coast consists of a series of precipitous cliffs, interrupted by a number of sandy bays. The most notable of the bays include Langland Bay, Caswell Bay, Pwlldu Bay, Three Cliffs Bay and Oxwich Bay. Three Cliffs Bay and the adjoining Oxwich Bay are overlooked by three medieval defences, Pennard Castle, Penrice Castle and Oxwich Castle, all three now ruinous. Oxwich Bay ends in the large wooded promontory of Oxwich Point,
[Wade (1914), p.54] which leads west to the beach front villages of Horton, Swansea, Horton and
Port Eynon
Port Eynon (also spelt Port Einon, Porth Einon in Welsh) is a village and Community (Wales), community within the City and County of Swansea, Wales, located on the far south tip of the Gower Peninsula within the designated Area of Outstanding Natu ...
. From Port Eynon Point, a five-mile stretch of wild and impressive cliffs
leads to Worm's Head and the western termination of the peninsula. This rock face is pierced in places by caverns, the most notable being Culver Hole
a bone cave near Port Eynon Point.
Worm's Head is one of the stand out features of the Glamorgan coastline, a long narrow ledge of limestone, projecting into the sea, ending in a 200-foot high wedge shaped crag;
the Head takes its name from its resemblance to a dragon.
On the northern side of the Worm's Head is the village and Bay of Rhossili, a westerly facing bay that leads backwards to a series of downs, some of the highest land in the Gower.
[Wade (1914), p.55] Rhossili Bay ends in the northern formation of Llangenydd Burrows and the islet of Burry Holms.
The final stretch of Glamorgan coastline turns north-east to form the Burry Inlet, a shallow and sand-choked estuary which leads to a tract of salt marshes which stretch to the mouth of the River Loughor.
The Loughor forming the border between Glamorgan and Carmarthenshire.
Rivers
The major rivers of Glamorgan include the River Taff, Taff, the River Ely, Ely, the River Ogmore, Ogmore, the River Neath, Neath, River Dulais, Dulais, the River Tawe, Tawe, the Rhymney River, Rhymney (which forms the historic boundary with Monmouthshire), and the River Loughor, Loughor (which forms the historic boundary with Carmarthenshire).
Administration
![Glamorgan Administrative Map 1947](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Glamorgan_Administrative_Map_1947.png)
After the fall of the Welsh kingdom of Morgannwg to Robert FitzHamon in 1091, the region became the England, English Lordship of Glamorgan, sometimes called the Lordship of Glamorgan and Morgan because it was divided into the Norman settled Plain or Vale of Glamorgan and the Welsh upland area called Morgannwg, anglicized to Morgan. Both areas were under the control of the Norman Lords of Glamorgan (often the Earl of Gloucester, Earls of Gloucester).
As well as building a military and defensive network, the Normans also undertook an ecclesiastical reorganisation on Glamorgan.
In Llandaff there was a small monastic community based on a small church; which was made the headquarters of the diocese, incorporated into the Province of Canterbury. The Diocese of Llandaff covered almost the entirety of Glamorgan
and continued throughout the history of the county of Glamorgan, and through to modern times.
In 1536, the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542, Laws in Wales Act 1535 attached the Gower (Lordship), Lordship of Gower and Kilvey to Glamorgan and created the Historic counties of Wales, historic county of Glamorgan. Along with gaining parliamentary representation in 1536, Glamorgan became part of the King's circuit, with judges from England administering law at the Assizes (England and Wales), Great Session or Assizes.
Local magistrates were appointed to deal with petty sessions while Lord Lieutenant, Lords Lieutenant were appointed as the King's representative. Law enforcement within the confines of the shire was the responsibility of the High Sheriff of Glamorgan.
From the 1790s a call was made for parliamentary reform to address the imbalance between the number of Members of Parliament for each Welsh county and the population each seat represented. Radnorshire (UK Parliament constituency), Radnorshire had only a tenth of the population of Glamorganshire,
[Davies (2008), p.650] though Radnorshire had one MP to Glamorganshire's two (Glamorgan and the Cardiff (UK Parliament constituency), District of Cardiff). The Reform Act 1832, First Reform Act (1832) gave five more seats to Wales, three went to Glamorganshire. The Act increased the number of MPs for Glamorganshire from one to two, it created the separate Swansea District (UK Parliament constituency), District of Swansea and Merthyr Tydfil (UK Parliament constituency), Merthyr Tydfil became a borough constituency.
Reflecting the increased importance and wealth of Merthyr the borough was given a second MP after the Reform Act 1867. However, the 1867 Act had only a limited impact in Glamorgan (UK Parliament constituency), Glamorgan as the majority of the population lived in the county constituency. Out of 162,241 inhabitants of the county in 1880, only 12,785 had the vote. Conversely, the borough electorate, in Cardiff, Swansea and Merthyr Tydfil had been greatly expanded. This was particularly true of Merthyr where the electorate was increased tenfold to 14,577. As a result, the nonconformist radical, Henry Richard, was returned as senior member for Merthyr, an important watershed in Welsh political history.
In 1884, the county members were the octogenarian C.R.M. Talbot, who had served since 1830 and the Swansea industrialist, Hussey Vivian, first elected in 1857. In 1885, all ten of the Glamorgan seats were captured by the Liberal Party and this election represented the triumph of the nonconformist middle classes. However, the political representation of Glamorgan was transformed between 1884 and 1922. By 1922, the county was represented by eleven Labour MPs. The transformation commenced with the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885. Glamorganshire was split from its two Members of Parliament to five, with the creation of constituencies for East Glamorganshire (UK Parliament constituency), East, Mid Glamorganshire (UK Parliament constituency), Mid and South Glamorganshire (UK Parliament constituency), South Glamorganshire, Gower (UK Parliament constituency), Gower and Rhondda (UK Parliament constituency), Rhondda.
An additional Swansea Town (UK Parliament constituency), Swansea Town constituency was created, distinct from Swansea District but the Cardiff constituency remained unchanged, and with over 85,000 inhabitants became the largest single-member constituency in the United Kingdom. At this election, all ten members returned for Glamorgan were Liberals, an event which marked the ascendancy of the nonconformist middle-class as a powerful political force. Although most of these seats now had the working-class electorate in a majority they were safe for the Liberals as long as the labour element remained in the Liberal fold.
An administrative county of Glamorgan County Council, 1889-1974, Glamorgan was created under the Local Government Act 1888, excluding Swansea and Cardiff, which became independent
county borough
County borough is a term introduced in 1889 in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to refer to a borough or a city independent of county council control, similar to the unitary authorities created since the 1990s. An equivalent te ...
s. In 1908, county borough status was also granted to Merthyr Tydfil County Borough, Merthyr Tydfil, despite protests from the southern part of the borough, where it was claimed that links were stronger with Pontypridd.
[Davies (2008), p.173] In 1935, a Royal Commission argued that Merthyr Tydfil County Borough, then heavily burdened by the cost of maintaining many unemployed people, should be abolished and merged with Glamorgan. The county council refused the proposal.
The first chairman of the County Council was Henry Vivian, 1st Baron Swansea.
[Thomas (1966)] The county council's coat of arms, granted in 1950, was: ''Or, three chevronels gules between as many Tudor roses barbed and seeded proper''. The red chevronels on a gold shield were the arms of the De Clare Marcher Lords, while the roses recorded the shiring of Glamorgan by Henry VIII of England, Henry VIII. The crest above the shield was a Y ddraig goch, Welsh dragon rising from flames, symbolising the revival of the county's industry following a period of economic depression. The dragon supported a flag bearing a clarion (heraldry), clarion from the arms of the De Granville family, lords of Neath. The supporters of the arms were a coalminer and a steel worker. The motto adopted by the county council: ''A Ddioddefws A Orfu'' or "He Who suffered, conquered" was that of the lineage of Iestyn ap Gwrgant, and was considered appropriate to an area whose wealth depended on great hardship.
[Geoffrey Briggs, ''Civic and Corporate Heraldry'', London, 1971][C Wilfrid Scott-Giles, ''Civic Heraldry of England and Wales'', 2nd edition, London, 1953]
Under the
Local Government Act 1972, the county boroughs and administrative county of Glamorgan were abolished on 1 April 1974, with three new counties being established, each containing a former county borough:
West Glamorgan
, HQ= County Hall, Swansea
, Government= West Glamorgan County Council (abolished 1996)
, Status=
, Start= 1974
, End= 1996
, Arms= ''Coat of arms of Wes ...
,
Mid Glamorgan
, Government= Mid Glamorgan County Council
, Status= Non-metropolitan county (1974–1996) Preserved county (1996–)
, Start= 1974
, End= 1996
, Arms= ''Coat of arms of Mid ...
,
South Glamorgan
, Government= South Glamorgan County Council
, Status= Non-metropolitan county (1974–1996) Preserved county (1996–)
, Start= 1974
, End= 1996
, Arms=
, HQ= ...
. It 1996 these areas were reorganised into several unitary authority, unitary authorities by the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994, Local Government Act of 1994. The South Wales Police force covers an area that is similar to Glamorgan. Since 2013, Glamorgan has had its own official Flag of Glamorgan, flag, red with three white chevrons.
Transport
Roads
The earliest forms of transport within Glamorgan were mere paths or trackways linking one settlement to another.
[Evans (1948) p.33] With continual use the tracks widened to allow different forms of travel, including the use by pack horses; and as the tracks became more recognisable the first primitive roads came into being. The Ancient Rome, Romans established a route, Via Julia Maritima, to service their garrisons across South Wales and this is followed largely by the present A48 road, A48.
However, for 1,000 years after the Romans there was little need for major roads.
Early roads were not systematically managed, and in Glamorgan as in the rest of Wales, they were in a very poor state.
[Evans (1948) p.34] Towards Tudor times the upkeep and repair of the roads came under the administration of each parish, with six days of the week during the summer allowed for track repairs. These repairs were rarely completed and the roadways continued to suffer.
An Act of 1555 required each landowner to produce a cart, horses or bullocks, and two men to work 4 days on roads. Supervision was by two unpaid surveyors appointed by the parish. By the late 1600s the situation improved as surveyors were appointed by the magistrates, who were allowed to levy a rate to pay for some of the work.
In 1756, after the shire of Glamorgan had come under the rule of the crown, Wales adopted a toll system for the maintenance of the roads; with the governance falling under the control of the turnpike trusts. Further Turnpike Acts came into force in 1799 and 1810, and these Acts allowed trustees to collect a toll for the use of certain roads within a district.
[Evans (1948) p.35] In South Wales there were turnpikes along the coast, more or less following the present motorway line, up the Merthyr Valley and across the hills to Abergavenny, Brecon, Llandovery and down to Carmarthen.
This system improved travelling conditions, allowing for stage coaches which were then coming into general use.
Although the roads improved there were those who felt that the tolls were unjust, and there was a popular uprising between 1839 and 1843 known as the Rebecca Riots where agitators attacked and destroyed the toll houses. Although most of these attacks occurred in Carmarthenshire, there were reports of attacks within Glamorgan, most notably in Swansea. In 1846, County Highway Boards were established in south Wales, to buy out the turnpike trusts and take over their functions.
In 1878 all roads that had ceased to be turnpiked after 1870 were deemed as 'main roads' by the Locomotive Act, Highways and Locomotives Act of 1878. The turnpike system was eventually abolished by the Local Government Act 1888 and the roads were placed under the management of the local county council.
[Evans (1948), p.38] County Highway Boards were disbanded. There were, however, a number of urban areas within Glamorgan that retained the right to control their own highways, and the county council never achieved control of the whole highway network.
Proposals for a high-quality new road across South Wales were first made in the 1930s. However, the dual carriageway, dualling of the A48 Neath bypass was only completed in 1960, with the A48(M) Port Talbot bypass following in 1966. The latter road, an early example of dual carriageway construction through a built-up area, was the first length of motorway opened to traffic in Wales. The Ministry of Transport initially envisaged that the new M4 motorway would terminate at Tredegar Park near Newport, Wales, Newport, with a series of bypasses to improve the A48 further west. The creation of the Welsh Office led to a re-appraisal of policy and a decision to extend the M4 further into Glamorgan. By 1970, the Welsh Office was committed to building a new route all the way to Pont Abraham in Carmarthenshire. The 1960s also saw the construction of the first road across the Heads of the Valleys, with the A465 Neath-Abergavenny trunk road opening in 1964.
However, even at the outset there were complaints about the capacity and safety of its single carriageway, three-lane design.
Waterways and ports
Due to Glamorgan's long coastline, several settlements grew and prospered as harbour and port towns. In 1801, Swansea was Glamorgan's largest urban area with a population five times that of Cardiff's.
[Davies (2008), p.840] Cowbridge was the capital town of the Vale, and the centre of agricultural trade, with surplus stock being shipped to the coastal village of Aberthaw
[Davies (2008), p. 116] and to a lesser extent Newton, Bridgend, Newton.
[Davies (2008), p. 697] Where there were breaks in the rocky coastline, small fishing and cockling communities existed, such as Port Eynon and Penclawdd.
The event that changed the face of coastal Glamorgan was the growth of the Merthyr iron industry. Merthyr needed a coastal export point for its iron and Cardiff was the obvious choice being at the mouth of the River Taff.
A road was built to connect the two towns, but with only horses to move the cargo, transportation was cumbersome; therefore an alternative was planned. Although Glamorgan had a large number of rivers, few were navigable for any considerable length.
[Davies (2008), p.111] Between 1790 and 1794, Acts of Parliament were obtained for the construction of three canals within Glamorgan, the Glamorganshire Canal (1790), Neath and Tennant Canal, Neath Canal (1791) and the Swansea Canal (1794). All three were vital in increasing the transportation of iron, copper, steel and coal from the uplands of the county to the ports at Swansea and Cardiff. Although the first stages of all three canals were completed by 1800 and revolutionised the commercial transportation systems of Glamorgan; in 1804 at Penydarren Ironworks, Richard Trevithick's Pen-y-Darren (locomotive), "Pen-y-Darren" locomotive became the first engine to pull a load along rails;
[Davies (2008), p.886] heralding the coming of the railways, which would eventually replace the canals.
The Cardiff Docks, port at Cardiff grew quickly during the 19th century, not as a mass exporter of iron but of coal, transported from Pontypridd and the Cynon Valley, Cynon and Rhondda Valleys. From 1840 to 1870 Cardiff's export tonnage of coal increased from 44,350 to 2,219,000.
[Davies (2008), p.117] By 1871, Cardiff had outgrown all of its Welsh rivals to become the most populous town in the country
Swansea Docks continued to be the world's leading exporter of copper, but did not experience the growth of Cardiff due to poor links to the coalfields. Ambitious attempts were made to link Swansea's docks to coal rich areas, such as the Rhondda and Swansea Bay Railway, but these plans were never truly economically successful. The biggest threat to Cardiff's dominance came in the early 20th century at Barry, Vale of Glamorgan, Barry. In 1881, Barry had 484 inhabitants, after an 1884 Parliamentary Act authorising the construction of a docks and railway link, the town grew to over 27,000 by 1901.
[Davies (2008) p.52] The chief advocate of Barry's growth as a dock was David Davies (industrialist), David Davies, and in 1901 Barry was exporting more coal than Cardiff, peaking in 1913 when it shipped 11.41 million tons.
The Great Depression in the United Kingdom, interwar depression experienced by Great Britain brought an end to the prosperity of the Glamorgan ports.
[Davies (2008), p.699] During the Second World War, the main ports of Glamorgan were heavily targeted by German bombing raids, though exports were not severely disrupted. By the second half of the 20th century none of the county's docks showed any growth, and with the collapse of the coal trade in South Wales Cardiff and Barry Docks became near derelict, shipping mainly general cargo. Swansea also suffered a vast reduction on trade with the end of the area as a world leader in copper smelting. The only dock to remain a viable exporter was the Port of Port Talbot. First built in 1839,
the docks at Port Talbot were a minor concern in relation to the more established ports, but exports increased after the 1916 with the completion of the Margam Steelworks.
Exports continued strongly when the Port Talbot Steelworks, Abbey Works were built in 1952. Port Talbot would eventually become the biggest exporting port in Glamorgan, and the second largest in Wales, only surpassed by Milford Haven (harbour), Milford Haven.
Rail
Before the use of locomotives, railway track was used at various stages of the canal system to link locations to which the waterways could not reach. These wagons on these tramlines would be pulled by horse over wooden rails, which later were replaced by wrought iron.
[Evans (1948), p.39] In 1809 Richard Griffiths (industrialist), Richard Griffiths built a private tram-road to the Glamorganshire Canal from his coal mine in Gyfeillion.
[Lewis (1959), p.40] The Gyfeillion site was extended further in 1811 to link Walter Coffin's mine at Dinas Rhondda,
[Lewis (1959), p.42] allowing the first viable transport link from the Rhondda coal fields to the ports of Cardiff.
The first railway network to be built in Glamorgan, the Taff Vale Railway, was also the first in Wales. Linking the ironworks of Merthyr to the ports of Cardiff, the Taff Vale line was given royal assent in 1836, with work commencing the same year. It was completed in 1840, and as well as carrying goods the trains made limited passenger trips from the very beginning. By 1856 the Taff Vale Railway was extended to service the top of the Rhondda Valleys at Treherbert and Maerdy, which allowed the exploitation of the minefields in one of the most coal-rich areas of Britain. The second major railway to open was the South Wales Railway, linking Gloucester in England to Neyland. The line was designed to link the coalfields of Glamorgan to London, and was also part of Isambard Kingdom Brunel's vision of a transport link from London to New York. The South Wales Railway serviced Cardiff, Bridgend, Neath and Swansea, with its final destination within Glamorgan being Loughor, before continuing through Carmarthenshire. Other railway lines that opened during the mid to late 19th century included the Vale of Neath Railway, the Swansea Vale Railway and the Rhymney Railway; all designed with the primary purpose of transporting metals and coal from the uplands of the county to the ever-expanding ports. The cargo carried on these lines was of a very high volume, and in 1850 the Taff Vale Railway was transporting 600,000 tons of coal per annum.
Towards the turn of the 19th century, two notable events occurred connected to the Taff Vale Railway. In 1888, the Barry Railway Company was formed as part of David Davies (industrialist), David Davies' plan to create an alternative export port in south Wales at Barry Docks. As a threat to the monopoly of the TVR, the plans were heavily contested in Parliament, and more parliamentary time was spent on the Barry bill than on any other railway bill in British history.
[Davies (2008), p.728] The second event saw the Taff Vale Railway Strike of 1900, an event that saw the House of Lords, in the Taff Vale Railway Co v Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, Taff Vale Case, deem trade unions accountable for the financial losses caused by strike action. The need to reverse the decision was a central factor in the creation of the British Labour Party (UK), Labour Party.
In the 20th century, the railways saw a gradual drop in usage as the heavy industrial works and mines began to reduce output and close and many stations became redundant. Following the Second World War, the railways were nationalised in 1948. In the 1960s the main line services in Wales underwent dieselisation, but this modernisation failed to save the rail system and by 1968 many passenger lines were discontinued by the Beeching Axe.
Airports
Glamorgan was served by several airports and airfields, with Cardiff Airport being the county's chief airport. Cardiff Airport grew from a RAF Rhoose, former RAF station built in 1942 at Rhoose,
[Davies (2008) p.20] and was originally known as Rhoose Airport. In 1970 it became 'Glamorgan, Rhoose Airport' before becoming 'Cardiff-Wales airport' in the 1980s.
Glamorgan's second commercial airport was Swansea Airport which also began as an RAF station, before being released to commercial usage in 1956. The airport saw varying degrees of success until regular flights ceased in 1969. Several other airports and aerodromes have serviced Glamorgan, but usually for private flights. The most notorious aviation disaster in Wales occurred in Glamorgan in 1950, when a privately hired Avro Tudor crashed at RAF Llandow, Llandow Aerodrome. The Llandow air disaster was, at the time, the world's worst aviation disaster.
[Davies (2008), p.816]
Culture and recreation
Sport
Sport was an important part of life in Glamorgan, and the county produced several individuals and teams of note. One of the first recorded team sports in Wales was Bando (sport), bando, a variant of bandy. The game was very popular in Glamorgan between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries before losing in popularity to rugby football. The most notable team to carry the name Glamorgan, is Glamorgan County Cricket Club. Although cricket had been established in Glamorgan since the creation of Cardiff Cricket Club in 1819; county team Glamorgan CCC did not form until 1888.
[Davies (2008), p.177] The team gained First-class cricket, first-class status in 1921,
and still play under the name of Glamorgan. In the first hundred years, the only Welshman to captain an England major tour abroad was Tony Lewis, Glamorgan captain 1967–72.
The other bat and ball team sport of note in the area was British baseball, baseball, which was very popular in Cardiff, reaching its peak in the 1930s.
![Freddie Welsh 1920s](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Freddie_Welsh_1920s.jpg)
One of the most popular sports in Glamorgan was rugby union, producing some of the oldest rugby clubs in the world. Swansea RFC, Cardiff RFC and Merthyr RFC were founding members of the Welsh Rugby Union in 1881, and both St. Helen's Rugby and Cricket Ground (Swansea) and the Cardiff Arms Park (Cardiff), have been sporting venues for international rugby. Like cricket, rugby union was also played at county level, with Glamorgan represented by Glamorgan County RFC, an invitational team which faced the likes of the New Zealand national rugby union team, All Blacks and the South Africa national rugby union team, Springboks in the early part of the 20th century. Other rugby clubs of note from the region include Bridgend RFC, Glamorgan Wanderers RFC, Neath RFC and Pontypridd RFC. Although never finding any lasting appeal within Glamorgan, a number of rugby league teams emerged in the early 1900s; and on 1 January 1908, the first true international rugby league game took place in Aberdare between Wales national rugby league team, Wales and New Zealand national rugby league team, New Zealand.
As well as rugby and cricket, association football was a very popular sport in Glamorgan, producing two teams with a long tradition in British football, Swansea City A.F.C., Swansea City (formed 1912 as Swansea Town A.F.C.) and Cardiff City F.C., Cardiff City (formed 1899 as Riverside AFC). Both clubs played in the English football league system, rather than the Welsh football league system, Welsh leagues, though Cardiff were more successful during this period, spending 15 seasons in the Football League First Division, First Division and winning the FA Cup in 1926–27 FA Cup, 1927. Other teams of note include Merthyr Tydfil F.C. (1945), who have won the Welsh Cup on three occasions.
Of all the individual sports, boxing was perhaps Glamorgan's most prolific. From the northern coalfields and ironworks a string of world class boxers were produced, which was later matched by notable fighters from Cardiff. Of note were Rhondda's Percy Jones (boxer), Percy Jones (World Flyweight Champion), Thomas Thomas (boxer), Tom Thomas (British Middleweight Champion), Jimmy Wilde (World Flyweight Champion) and Tommy Farr (Empire Heavyweight Champion); Merthyr's Eddie Thomas (boxer), Eddie Thomas (European Welterweight Champion) and Howard Winstone (European Featherweight Champion); Pontypridd's Freddie Welsh (World Lightweight Champion) and Frank Moody (Empire Middleweight Champion). From Cardiff came 'Peerless' Jim Driscoll (British Featherweight Champion) and Jack Petersen (boxer), Jack Petersen (British Heavyweight Champion). Other fighters of note include Dai Dower (European Flyweight Champion) from Abercynon and Bill Beynon (Empire Bantamweight Champion) from Taibach.
Tourism
Glamorgan, and Wales, were never exploited as a tourist destination until the late 18th century. The destination of choice for English gentlemen during the period was the Grand Tour, but after conflicts in mainland Europe, British travellers looked for 'wild' destinations within their own country.
[Davies (2008), p.874] These first tourists were important archivists in their writings, paintings and sketches but there was no real tourist trade to receive them. The coming of industrialisation in the early 19th century gave rise to a new prosperous middle-class and improved communications; both led to a burgeoning tourist trade.
[Davies (2008), p.875] The late 19th century, with improving rail links, saw the coastal areas of Glamorgan that benefited from a beachfront grow as tourist destinations.
These towns, most notably Barry Island, Porthcawl, Aberavon and Mumbles, owed their existence as tourist locations to the development of the south Wales coal field and the introduction of the workers' annual holidays.
By the mid 20th century these locations improved the number of visitors they could accommodate with the introduction of caravan parks and chalet parks.
As the 20th century progressed, and people's leisure activities extended beyond a once-a-year weeks holiday, the county responded with county parks, museums, art galleries and activity centres.
See also
* Lord Lieutenant of Glamorgan, List of Lord Lieutenants of Glamorgan
* Custos Rotulorum of Glamorgan, List of Custodes Rotulorum of Glamorgan
* High Sheriff of Glamorgan, List of High Sheriffs of Glamorgan
* Glamorgan (UK Parliament constituency)
* Glamorgan County Cricket Club
* University of Glamorgan
* Glamorgan Bird Club
Notes
References
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Further reading
*
*
External links
Glamorgan Record OfficeGlamorgan Family History SocietyMap of Glamorganon Wikishire
{{Coord, 51, 40, N, 3, 40, W, display=title, region:GB_type:adm2nd_source:GNS-enwiki
Glamorgan,
Historic counties of Wales
942 establishments