Hodod ( hu, Hadad, Hungarian pronunciation: ; german: Kriegsdorf) is a commune of 3,209 inhabitants situated in Satu Mare County, Crișana,

Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, S ...

. It is composed of four villages:

Geography

The commune lies in the extreme southeast of Satu Mare County. It borders the

Bogdand Bogdand ( hu, Bogdánd; Hungarian pronunciation: ) is a commune in Satu Mare County in Crișana, Romania. In 2011, it had a population of 2,872; out of them, 57% were Hungarian, 36% were Romanian, and 5% were Roma.Maramureș County to the north, and Sălaj County to the east and south. Hodod is located in the hills of Codru, west of

Cehu Silvaniei Cehu Silvaniei (, until 1854 , meaning "Czechs of Szilágy") is a town in Sălaj County, Crișana, Romania. Four villages are administered by the town: Horoatu Cehului (''Oláhhorvát''), Motiș (''Mutos''), Nadiș (''Szilágynádasd'') and Ulciug ...

and south of

Satu Mare Satu Mare (; hu, Szatmárnémeti ; german: Sathmar; yi, סאטמאר or ) is a city with a population of 102,400 (2011). It is the capital of Satu Mare County, Romania, as well as the centre of the Satu Mare metropolitan area. It lies in the ...

, the capital of Satu Mare County.

History

Until 1940

Hodod is mentioned since 1210, Nadișu Hododului since 1205, Lelei since 1330, and Giurtelecu Hododului since 1378. Hodod belonged to the

Kingdom of Hungary The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen ...

and was part of the Principality of Transylvania. In 1399, a castle is mentioned when the village belonged to the family Kusalyi Jakcs. Hodod gained city status in 1482. Hodod was given by King

Rudolf II of Habsburg Rudolf II (18 July 1552 – 20 January 1612) was Holy Roman Emperor (1576–1612), King of Hungary and Croatia (as Rudolf I, 1572–1608), King of Bohemia (1575–1608/1611) and Archduke of Austria (1576–1608). He was a member of the Hou ...

to the Wesselényi family, to whom it belonged until the 20th century. The castle was destroyed in the early 18th century. After the rebellion of

Francis II Rákóczi Francis II Rákóczi ( hu, II. Rákóczi Ferenc, ; 27 March 1676 – 8 April 1735) was a Hungarian nobleman and leader of Rákóczi's War of Independence against the Habsburgs in 1703–11 as the prince ( hu, fejedelem) of the Estates Confedera ...

, the town was taken from the Wesselényi family. The Wesselényi family built a large castle in

Baroque The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including t ...

style. After the outbreak of the plague, the immigration of German settlers was promoted. From 1744 to 1751, Baron Franz Wesseleny invited 30 families from

Baden-Durlach The Margraviate of Baden-Durlach was an early modern territory of the Holy Roman Empire, in the upper Rhine valley, which existed from 1535 to 1771. It was formed when the Margraviate of Baden was split between the sons of Margrave Christopher ...

and

Switzerland ). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel ...

to his property in Kriegsdorf (Hadad). In subsequent years, more immigrants came from German-speaking regions to Kriegsdorf. In 1880 Kriegsdorf counted 479 German inhabitants. After the Austro-Hungarian compromise of 1867, the Austrian Empire and the Principality of Transylvania were dissolved. In 1876 the Kingdom of Hungary was divided into provinces, and Hodod became part of Szilágy County. After the collapse of

Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...

at the end of

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

and the declaration of the

Union of Transylvania with Romania The union of Transylvania with Romania was declared on by the assembly of the delegates of ethnic Romanians held in Alba Iulia. The Great Union Day (also called ''Unification Day''), celebrated on 1 December, is a national holiday in Romani ...

, the

Romanian Army The Romanian Land Forces ( ro, Forțele Terestre Române) is the army of Romania, and the main component of the Romanian Armed Forces. In recent years, full professionalisation and a major equipment overhaul have transformed the nature of the Lan ...

took control of Hodod in the spring of 1919, during the

Hungarian–Romanian War The Hungarian–Romanian War was fought between Hungary and Romania from 13 November 1918 to 3 August 1919. The conflict had a complex background, with often contradictory motivations for the parties involved. The Allies of World War I intended ...

. The town officially became part of the territory ceded to the

Kingdom of Romania The Kingdom of Romania ( ro, Regatul României) was a constitutional monarchy that existed in Romania from 13 March ( O.S.) / 25 March 1881 with the crowning of prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen as King Carol I (thus beginning the Romanian ...

in June 1920 under the terms of the

Treaty of Trianon The Treaty of Trianon (french: Traité de Trianon, hu, Trianoni békeszerződés, it, Trattato del Trianon) was prepared at the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920), Paris Peace Conference and was signed in the Grand Trianon château in ...

, and was assigned to Sălaj County.

1940–1945

In August 1940, the Second Vienna Award, arbitrated by

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

and

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...

, reassigned the territory of

Northern Transylvania Northern Transylvania ( ro, Transilvania de Nord, hu, Észak-Erdély) was the region of the Kingdom of Romania that during World War II, as a consequence of the August 1940 territorial agreement known as the Second Vienna Award, became part of ...

(which included Hodod) from Romania to

Hungary Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia a ...

. Towards the end of

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...

, however, the town was taken back from Hungarian and German troops by Romanian and

Soviet The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...

forces in October 1944. In May 1944, the Jewish residents were collected in the

ghetto A ghetto, often called ''the'' ghetto, is a part of a city in which members of a minority group live, especially as a result of political, social, legal, environmental or economic pressure. Ghettos are often known for being more impoverished t ...

of Satu Mare. On May 19, 22, 26, 29, 30, 31, and June 1 of that year, they were deported to

Auschwitz Auschwitz concentration camp ( (); also or ) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland (in a portion annexed into Germany in 1939) during World War II and the Holocaust. It con ...

. The fate of the

Roma Roma or ROMA may refer to: Places Australia * Roma, Queensland, a town ** Roma Airport ** Roma Courthouse ** Electoral district of Roma, defunct ** Town of Roma, defunct town, now part of the Maranoa Regional Council *Roma Street, Brisbane, a ...

is little is known. This is partly due to the fact that the Roma, in comparison with the Jews, were poorly organized. Porajmos (Gypsy persecution) With the retreat of the German army in 1944, many Germans left Hodod. In 1945, 43 ethnic Germans from Hodod were deported to the Soviet Union.

After 1945

In March 1945, Northern Transylvania (including Hodod) became Romanian again. In 1950 the commune became part of the Baia Mare Region, which changed its name to Maramureș Region in 1960. In the administrative reform of the country in 1968, Hodod became part of Satu Mare County, to which it currently belongs. During the communist regime, especially in the 1980s, many Germans emigrated.

Demographics

Ethnic groups (2002 census)Romanian census data, 2002
retrieved on March 22, 2010

Hungarians Hungarians, also known as Magyars ( ; hu, magyarok ), are a nation and ethnic group native to Hungary () and historical Hungarian lands who share a common culture, history, ancestry, and language. The Hungarian language belongs to the Urali ...

: 2166 (67,70%) *

Romanians The Romanians ( ro, români, ; dated exonym ''Vlachs'') are a Romance languages, Romance-speaking ethnic group. Sharing a common Culture of Romania, Romanian culture and Cultural heritage, ancestry, and speaking the Romanian language, they l ...

: 907 (28.35%) *

Romani people The Romani (also spelled Romany or Rromani , ), colloquially known as the Roma, are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group, traditionally nomadic itinerants. They live in Europe and Anatolia, and have diaspora populations located worldwide, with sig ...

: 79 (2.46%) *

Germans , native_name_lang = de , region1 = , pop1 = 72,650,269 , region2 = , pop2 = 534,000 , region3 = , pop3 = 157,000 3,322,405 , region4 = , pop4 = ...

: 46 (1.43%)

Inhabitants per village (census 2002)

* Giurtelecu Hododului: 816 * Hodod: 912 * Lelei: 662 * Nadișu Hododului: 809

Religion

In 2002, the religious composition of the municipality was as follows: *

Reformed Reform is beneficial change Reform may also refer to: Media * ''Reform'' (album), a 2011 album by Jane Zhang * Reform (band), a Swedish jazz fusion group * ''Reform'' (magazine), a Christian magazine *''Reforme'' ("Reforms"), initial name of the ...

: 60.26% *

Orthodox Orthodox, Orthodoxy, or Orthodoxism may refer to: Religion * Orthodoxy, adherence to accepted norms, more specifically adherence to creeds, especially within Christianity and Judaism, but also less commonly in non-Abrahamic religions like Neo-pag ...

: 27.57% *

Baptist Baptists form a major branch of Protestantism distinguished by baptizing professing Christian believers only (believer's baptism), and doing so by complete immersion. Baptist churches also generally subscribe to the doctrines of soul compete ...

: 7.87% *

Pentecostal Pentecostalism or classical Pentecostalism is a Protestant Charismatic Christian movement

: 1.71% *

Catholic The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...

: 0.84% * Seventh-day Adventist: 0.56%

Language

The official language is

Romanian Romanian may refer to: *anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Romania **Romanians, an ethnic group **Romanian language, a Romance language ***Romanian dialects, variants of the Romanian language **Romanian cuisine, traditional ...

. In Hodod, Nadișu, and Lelei Hungarian is predominantly spoken. People in Giurtelecu speak mainly Romanian, while the

speak

Romani Romani may refer to: Ethnicities * Romani people, an ethnic group of Northern Indian origin, living dispersed in Europe, the Americas and Asia ** Romani genocide, under Nazi rule * Romani language, any of several Indo-Aryan languages of the Roma ...

(the language of the Roma, gypsies). A small minority speaks

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ger ...

. Ethnic minority groups (Hungarians, Swabians) often identify first with their ethnicity and second as Romanians. In villages with a predominantly Hungarian population it is polite to use Hungarian place names (Hadad Hadadgyőrtelek, Hadadnádasd, Lele). When speaking to Romanians the use of Romanian place names is polite (Hodod, Lelei, Giurtelecu Hododului, Nadișu Hododului). This applies also to titles such as "mayor" (Hungarian: polgármester; Romanian: Primar). In terms of foreign languages, a part of the population speaks English, French, and German. Historically, French was the leading language of study, but nowadays English is replacing it, so that the elderly in Romania can speak French and youngsters English.

Politics

The Hodod City Council has 13 Councillors. At the time of the Romanian municipal elections of June 2016, Francisc Balog ( UDMR) was elected as mayor. Not all parties are nationally operating parties.

Education

Hodod has an elementary school. Nadișu, Giurtelecu and Lelei are dependencies. Romanian children attend elementary education from age 6 to age 14. The

Romanian educational system Education in Romania is based on a free-tuition, egalitarian system. Access to free education is guaranteed by Article 32 in the Constitution of Romania. Education is regulated and enforced by the Ministry of National Education. Each step has its ...

is as follows: * Școala primară și gimnazială – elementary school and middle school * Liceu – high school * Invățământ superior – college

Economy

Agriculture

The economy of the municipality is based on agriculture (arable, livestock and beekeeping).

Market

A large market is held in Hodod the first Monday of every month.

Historic sites and monuments

Castles

* Hodod, Wesselényi Castle, one of the landmarks of the

style in Satu Mare County. Eighteenth century.List of Romanian castles
* Hodod, Degenfeld castle. Eclectic Architecture. Nineteenth century.

Church Buildings

*Hodod, Evangelical Lutheran Church. Eighteenth century.Database Romanian churches
/ref> *Hodod, Reformed Church,

Gothic architecture Gothic architecture (or pointed architecture) is an architectural style that was prevalent in Europe from the late 12th to the 16th century, during the High and Late Middle Ages, surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries in some areas. It e ...

. Fifteenth century, classified historic monument. *Nadișu Hododului, Reformed church, Fifteenth century, classified historic monument. *Giurtelecu Hododului, Orthodox church. *Lelei, wooden orthodox church of the Holy Archangels. 1870, classified historic monument. *Lelei, wooden Protestant church, built 1783 - 1788. Wooden churches in Satu Mare

Cemeteries

East of Hodod, hidden between the fields and groves, there is a Jewish cemetery. Also in Nadișu Hododului and Lelei are Jewish cemeteries. In Hodod there is a German cemetery. In this cemetery is a memorial plaque with the names of 44 victims of the

(1914–1918).

Natives

* Mariska Ady (1888–1977), writer and poet, niece of

Endre Ady Endre Ady (Hungarian: ''diósadi Ady András Endre,'' archaic English: Andrew Ady, 22 November 1877 – 27 January 1919) was a turn-of-the-century Hungarian poet and journalist. Regarded by many as the greatest Hungarian poet of the 20th century ...

* Béla Kun (1886–1938), Communist revolutionary, leader of the Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919 *

Virgil Măgureanu Virgil Măgureanu, (; born March 19, 1941) is a Romanian sociologist that was the head of the main intelligence service of Romania, Serviciul Român de Informații, or SRI (Romanian Intelligence Service) between March 26, 1990 and April 25, 1997 ...

(b. 1941), intelligence agency chief

References

External links

Map of Satu Mare County
{{Authority control Communes in Satu Mare County Localities in Crișana