Giuseppe Maria Alberto Giorgio de Chirico ( , ; 10 July 1888 – 20 November 1978) was an Italian artist and writer born in Greece. In the years before World War I, he founded the '' scuola metafisica'' art movement, which profoundly influenced the

surrealists Surrealism is a cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists depicted unnerving, illogical scenes and developed techniques to allow the unconscious mind to express itself. Its aim was, according to l ...

. His most well-known works often feature Roman arcades, long shadows, mannequins, trains, and illogical perspective. His imagery reflects his affinity for the philosophy of

Arthur Schopenhauer Arthur Schopenhauer ( , ; 22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher. He is best known for his 1818 work ''The World as Will and Representation'' (expanded in 1844), which characterizes the phenomenal world as the prod ...

and of Friedrich Nietzsche, and for the mythology of his birthplace. After 1919, he became a critic of modern art, studied traditional painting techniques, and worked in a neoclassical or neo-

Baroque The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including t ...

style, while frequently revisiting the metaphysical themes of his earlier work.

Life and works

Giuseppe Maria Alberto Giorgio de Chirico was born in Volos, Greece, as the eldest son of Gemma Cervetto and Evaristo de Chirico. His mother was a baroness of

Genoese Genoese may refer to: * a person from Genoa * Genoese dialect, a dialect of the Ligurian language * Republic of Genoa (–1805), a former state in Liguria See also * Genovese, a surname * Genovesi, a surname * * * * * Genova (disambiguati ...

originsNikolaos Velissiotis
"The Origins of Adelaide Mabili and Her Marriage to Giorgio De Chirico: Restoration of the Historical Truth"
, ''Metaphysical Art'', 2013, N° 11/13. (likely born in Smyrna) and his father a Sicilian ''

baron Baron is a rank of nobility or title of honour, often hereditary, in various European countries, either current or historical. The female equivalent is baroness. Typically, the title denotes an aristocrat who ranks higher than a lord or knig ...

e'' from a family of Greek descent (the Kyriko or Chirico family was of Greek origin, having moved from Rhodes to

Palermo Palermo ( , ; scn, Palermu , locally also or ) is a city in southern Italy, the capital (political), capital of both the autonomous area, autonomous region of Sicily and the Metropolitan City of Palermo, the city's surrounding metropolitan ...

in 1523 together with 4000 other Greek Catholic families). De Chirico's family was in Greece at the time of his birth because his father, an engineer, was in charge of the construction of a railroad. His younger brother, Andrea Francesco Alberto, became a famous writer, painter and composer under the pseudonym

Alberto Savinio Alberto Savinio , born as Andrea Francesco Alberto de Chirico (25 August 1891 – 5 May 1952) was a Greek-Italian writer, painter, musician, journalist, essayist, playwright, set designer and composer. He was the younger brother of 'metaphysical ...

. Beginning in 1900, de Chirico studied drawing and painting at Athens Polytechnic—mainly under the guidance of the Greek painters Georgios Roilos and Georgios Jakobides. After Evaristo de Chirico's death in 1905, the family relocated in 1906 to Germany, after first visiting Florence.Gale, Matthew (2003, January 01). "De Chirico, Giorgio". Grove Art Online. Ed. De Chirico entered the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich, where he studied under Gabriel von Hackl and Carl von Marr and read the writings of the philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche,

and Otto Weininger. There, he also studied the works of

Arnold Böcklin Arnold Böcklin (16 October 182716 January 1901) was a Swiss symbolist painter. Biography He was born in Basel. His father, Christian Frederick Böcklin (b. 1802), was descended from an old family of Schaffhausen, and engaged in the silk tra ...

and

Max Klinger Max Klinger (18 February 1857 – 5 July 1920) was a German artist who produced significant work in painting, sculpture, prints and graphics, as well as writing a treatise articulating his ideas on art and the role of graphic arts and printmak ...

.see the entry on de Chirico in "Propyläen Kunstgeschichte, Die Kunst des 20. Jahrhunderts 1880–1940", by Giulio Carlo Argan, 1990, p. 201, The style of his earliest paintings, such as ''The Dying Centaur'' (1909), shows the influence of Böcklin.

Metaphysical art

De Chirico returned to Italy in the summer of 1909 and spent six months in Milan. By 1910, he was beginning to paint in a simpler style of flat, anonymous surfaces. At the beginning of 1910, he moved to Florence where he painted the first of his 'Metaphysical Town Square' series, ''The Enigma of an Autumn Afternoon'', after the revelation he felt in Piazza Santa Croce. He also painted ''The Enigma of the Oracle'' while in Florence. In July 1911 he spent a few days in Turin on his way to Paris. De Chirico was profoundly moved by what he called the 'metaphysical aspect' of Turin, especially the architecture of its archways and piazzas. The paintings de Chirico produced between 1909 and 1919, his metaphysical period, are characterized by haunted, brooding moods evoked by their images. At the start of this period, his subjects were motionless cityscapes inspired by the bright daylight of Mediterranean cities, but gradually he turned his attention to studies of cluttered storerooms, sometimes inhabited by mannequin-like hybrid figures. De Chirico's conception of Metaphysical art was strongly influenced by his reading of Nietzsche, whose style of writing fascinated de Chirico with its suggestions of unseen auguries beneath the appearance of things. De Chirico found inspiration in the unexpected sensations that familiar places or things sometimes produced in him: In a manuscript of 1909 he wrote of the "host of strange, unknown and solitary things that can be translated into painting ... What is required above all is a pronounced sensitivity." Metaphysical art combined everyday reality with mythology, and evoked inexplicable moods of nostalgia, tense expectation, and estrangement. The picture space often featured illogical, contradictory, and drastically receding perspectives. Among de Chirico's most frequent motifs were arcades, of which he wrote: "The Roman arcade is fate ... its voice speaks in riddles which are filled with a peculiarly Roman poetry". De Chirico moved to Paris in July 1911, where he joined his brother Andrea. Through his brother he met Pierre Laprade, a member of the jury at the Salon d'Automne, where he exhibited three of his works: ''Enigma of the Oracle'', ''Enigma of an Afternoon'' and ''Self-Portrait''. During 1913 he exhibited paintings at the Salon des Indépendants and Salon d’Automne; his work was noticed by Pablo Picasso and Guillaume Apollinaire, and he sold his first painting, ''The Red Tower''. His time in Paris also resulted in the production of Chirico's ''Ariadne''. In 1914, through Apollinaire, he met the art dealer Paul Guillaume, with whom he signed a contract for his artistic output. At the outbreak of World War I, he returned to Italy. Upon his arrival in May 1915, he enlisted in the army, but he was considered unfit for work and assigned to the hospital at Ferrara. The shop windows of that town inspired a series of paintings that feature biscuits, maps, and geometric constructions in indoor settings. In Ferrara he met with

Carlo Carrà Carlo Carrà (; February 11, 1881 – April 13, 1966) was an Italian painter and a leading figure of the Futurist movement that flourished in Italy during the beginning of the 20th century. In addition to his many paintings, he wrote a number ...

and together they founded the

pittura metafisica Metaphysical painting ( it, pittura metafisica) or metaphysical art was a style of painting developed by the Italian artists Giorgio de Chirico and Carlo Carrà. The movement began in 1910 with de Chirico, whose dreamlike works with sharp contras ...

movement. He continued to paint, and in 1918, he transferred to Rome. Starting from 1918, his work was exhibited extensively in Europe.

Return to order

In November 1919, de Chirico published an article in '' Valori plastici'' entitled "The Return of Craftsmanship", in which he advocated a return to traditional methods and iconography. This article heralded an abrupt change in his artistic orientation, as he adopted a classicizing manner inspired by such old masters as Raphael and

Signorelli Signorelli is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Franco Signorelli (born 1991), Venezuelan footballer * Frank Signorelli (1901–1975), American jazz pianist * James Signorelli, American film director and cinematographer * Luca ...

, and became part of the post-war return to order in the arts. He became an outspoken opponent of

modern art Modern art includes artistic work produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s, and denotes the styles and philosophies of the art produced during that era. The term is usually associated with art in which the tradi ...

. In the early 1920s, the Surrealist writer

André Breton André Robert Breton (; 19 February 1896 – 28 September 1966) was a French writer and poet, the co-founder, leader, and principal theorist of surrealism. His writings include the first ''Surrealist Manifesto'' (''Manifeste du surréalisme'') o ...

discovered one of de Chirico's metaphysical paintings on display in Guillaume's Paris gallery, and was enthralled. Numerous young artists who were similarly affected by de Chirico's imagery became the core of the Paris Surrealist group centered around Breton. In 1924 de Chirico visited Paris and was accepted into the group, although the surrealists were severely critical of his post-metaphysical work. De Chirico met and married his first wife, the Russian ballerina Raissa Gurievich (1894-1979) in 1925, and together they moved to Paris.Holzhey 2005, p. 94. His relationship with the Surrealists grew increasingly contentious, as they publicly disparaged his new work; by 1926 he had come to regard them as "cretinous and hostile". They soon parted ways in acrimony. In 1928 he held his first exhibition in New York City and shortly afterwards, London. He wrote essays on art and other subjects, and in 1929 published a novel entitled ''Hebdomeros, the Metaphysician''. Also in 1929, he made stage designs for Sergei Diaghilev.

Later work

In 1930, de Chirico met his second wife, Isabella Pakszwer Far (1909–1990), a Russian, with whom he would remain for the rest of his life. Together they moved to Italy in 1932 and to the US in 1936, finally settling in Rome in 1944. In 1948 he bought a house near the Spanish Steps; now the

Giorgio de Chirico House Museum The Giorgio de Chirico House Museum (''Casa Museo di Giorgio de Chirico'') is a house museum in the 16th century Palazzetto del Borgognoni at Piazza di Spagna 31 in Rome. The house was acquired by Giorgio de Chirico in 1948. It was left to th ...

, a museum dedicated to his work. In 1939, he adopted a neo-

style influenced by

Rubens Sir Peter Paul Rubens (; ; 28 June 1577 – 30 May 1640) was a Flemish artist and diplomat from the Duchy of Brabant in the Southern Netherlands (modern-day Belgium). He is considered the most influential artist of the Flemish Baroque traditio ...

. De Chirico's later paintings never received the same critical praise as did those from his metaphysical period. He resented this, as he thought his later work was better and more mature. He nevertheless produced backdated "self-forgeries" both to profit from his earlier success, and as an act of revenge—retribution for the critical preference for his early work. He also denounced many paintings attributed to him in public and private collections as forgeries. In 1945, he published his memoirs. He remained extremely prolific even as he approached his 90th year. During the 1960s, Massimiliano Fuksas worked in his atelier. In 1974 de Chirico was elected to the French Académie des Beaux-Arts. He died in Rome on 20 November 1978. In 1992 his remains were moved to the Roman church of San Francesco a Ripa.

Style

De Chirico's best-known works are the paintings of his metaphysical period. In them he developed a repertoire of motifs—empty arcades, towers, elongated shadows, mannequins, and trains among others—that he arranged to create "images of forlornness and emptiness" that paradoxically also convey a feeling of "power and freedom". According to Sanford Schwartz, de Chirico—whose father was a railroad engineer—painted images that suggest "the way you take in buildings and vistas from the perspective of a train window. His towers, walls, and plazas seem to flash by, and you are made to feel the power that comes from seeing things that way: you feel you know them more intimately than the people do who live with them day by day." In 1982, Robert Hughes wrote that de Chirico In this, he resembles his more representational American contemporary, Edward Hopper: their pictures' low sunlight, their deep and often irrational shadows, their empty walkways and portentous silences creating an enigmatic visual poetry.

Legacy

De Chirico won praise for his work almost immediately from the writer Guillaume Apollinaire, who helped to introduce his work to the later Surrealists. De Chirico strongly influenced the Surrealist movement: Yves Tanguy wrote how one day in 1922 he saw one of de Chirico's paintings in an art dealer's window, and was so impressed by it he resolved on the spot to become an artist—although he had never even held a brush. Other Surrealists who acknowledged de Chirico's influence include Max Ernst, Salvador Dalí, and René Magritte, who described his first sighting of de Chirico's ''The Song of Love'' as "one of the most moving moments of my life: my eyes ''saw'' thought for the first time." Other artists as diverse as Giorgio Morandi,

, Paul Delvaux, Carel Willink,

Harue Koga was a Japanese avant-garde painter active from the 1910s to the early 1930s. He is considered to be one of the first and one of the most representative Japanese surrealist painters. Early life Harue Koga was born Yoshio Koga in 1895 to parents ...

, Philip Guston, Andy Warhol and Mark Kostabi were influenced by de Chirico. De Chirico's style has influenced several filmmakers, particularly in the 1950s through 1970s. The visual style of the French animated film '' Le Roi et l'oiseau'', by Paul Grimault and Jacques Prévert, was influenced by de Chirico's work, primarily via Tanguy, a friend of Prévert.Quelques propositions d’activités – ''Le roi et l'oiseau''
, Paola Martini et Pascale Ramel, p. 4 The visual style of

Valerio Zurlini Valerio Zurlini (19 March 1926 – 26 October 1982) was an Italian film director, stage director and screenwriter. Biography During his law studies in Rome, he started working in the theatre. In 1943, he joined the Italian resistance. Zurlin ...

's film '' The Desert of the Tartars'' (1976) was influenced by de Chirico's work.

Michelangelo Antonioni Michelangelo Antonioni (, ; 29 September 1912 – 30 July 2007) was an Italian filmmaker. He is best known for directing his "trilogy on modernity and its discontents"—''L'Avventura'' (1960), ''La Notte'' (1961), and ''L'Eclisse'' (1962 ...

, the Italian film director, also said he was influenced by de Chirico. Some comparison can be made to the long takes in Antonioni's films from the 1960s, in which the camera continues to linger on desolate cityscapes populated by a few distant figures, or none at all, in the absence of the film's protagonists. In 1958, Riverside Records used a reproduction of de Chirico's 1915 painting ''The Seer'' (originally painted as a tribute to French poet Arthur Rimbaud) as the cover art for pianist Thelonious Monk's live album '' Misterioso''. The choice was made to capitalize on Monk's popularity with intellectual and bohemian fans from venues such as the Five Spot Café, where the album had been recorded, but Monk biographer Robin Kelley later observed deeper connections between the painting and the pianist's music; Rimbaud had "called on the artist to be a seer in order to plumb the depths of the unconscious in the quest for clairvoyance ... The one-eyed figure represented the visionary. The architectural forms and the placement of the chalkboard evoked the unity of art and science—a perfect symbol for an artist whose music has been called 'mathematical.'" Writers who have appreciated de Chirico include

John Ashbery John Lawrence Ashbery (July 28, 1927 – September 3, 2017) was an American poet and art critic. Ashbery is considered the most influential American poet of his time. Oxford University literary critic John Bayley wrote that Ashbery "sounded, in ...

, who has called ''

Hebdomeros ''Hebdomeros'' is a 1929 book (referred to by some as a novel) by Italian painter Giorgio de Chirico. Chirico did not produce any other long-form writing. The book is narrated in the third person and loosely concerns the movement of a man, Hebdo ...

'' "probably ... the finest ajor work of Surrealist fiction" Several of Sylvia Plath's poems are influenced by de Chirico. In his book ''Blizzard of One'' Mark Strand included a poetic diptych called "Two de Chiricos": "The Philosopher's Conquest" and "The Disquieting Muses". Gabriele Tinti composed three poems inspired by de Chirico's paintings: ''The Nostalgia of the Poet'' (1914), ''The Uncertainty of the Poet'' (1913), and ''Ariadne'' (1913), works in the Peggy Guggenheim Collection, the Tate, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, respectively. The poems were read by actor Burt Young at the Met in 2016. The box art for Fumito Ueda's

PlayStation 2 The PlayStation 2 (PS2) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment. It was first released in Japan on 4 March 2000, in North America on 26 October 2000, in Europe on 24 November 2000, and in Australia on 3 ...

game '' Ico'' sold in Japan and Europe was strongly influenced by de Chirico. The cover art of New Order's single " Thieves Like Us" is based on de Chirico's painting ''The Evil Genius of a King''. The music video for the David Bowie song " Loving the Alien" was partly influenced by de Chirico. Bowie was an admirer of his genderless tailors' dummies.

Honours

* 1958: Member of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium. * Académie de France

Selected works

*''Flight of the Centauri'', ''Enigma of an Autumn Afternoon'' and ''Enigma of the Oracle'' (1909) *''Ritratto di Andrea de Chirico'' (Alias

) (1909–1910) *''

The Enigma of the Hour ''The Enigma of the Hour'' is a painting by the Italian metaphysical painter Giorgio de Chirico Giuseppe Maria Alberto Giorgio de Chirico ( , ; 10 July 1888 – 20 November 1978) was an Italian artist and writer born in Greece. In the ...

'' (1911) *'' The Nostalgia of the Infinite'' (1911), or 1912–1913 *''Melanconia'', ''The Enigma of the Arrival'' and ''La Matinée Angoissante'' (1912) *''

The Soothsayers Recompense ''The Soothsayer's Recompense'' is a 1913 painting by Italian painter Giorgio de Chirico. It is now in the Philadelphia Museum of Art as part of the permanent collection. It was accessioned in 1950 as one of the thousand items donated to the ins ...

'', ''The Red Tower'', ''Ariadne'', ''The Awakening of Ariadne'', ''The Uncertainty of the Poet'', ''La Statua Silenziosa'', ''The Anxious Journey'', ''Melancholy of a Beautiful Day'', ''

Le Rêve Transformé ''Le Rêve Transformé'' () is a 1913 painting by the Italian metaphysical painter Giorgio de Chirico Giuseppe Maria Alberto Giorgio de Chirico ( , ; 10 July 1888 – 20 November 1978) was an Italian artist and writer born in Greece. ...

'', and ''Self-Portrait'' (1913) *''The Anguish of Departure'' (begun in 1913), ''Portrait of Guillaume Apollinaire'', ''The Nostalgia of the Poet'', ''L'Énigme de la fatalité'', ''

Gare Montparnasse (The Melancholy of Departure) ''Gare Montparnasse (The Melancholy of Departure)'' (Italian: ''La stazione di Montparnasse)'' (1914) is a painting by the Italy, Italian Metaphysical art, metaphysical painter Giorgio de Chirico. Many of de Chirico's works were inspired by the i ...

'', '' The Song of Love'', ''The Enigma of a Day'', ''The Philosopher's Conquest'', ''The Child's Brain'', ''The Philosopher and the Poet'', ''Still Life: Turin in Spring'', ''Piazza d'Italia (Autumn Melancholy)'', and ''Melancholy and Mystery of a Street'' (1914) *''The Evil Genius of a King'' (begun in 1914), ''The Seer'' (or ''The Prophet''), ''Piazza d’Italia'', ''

The Double Dream of Spring ''The Double Dream of Spring'' (also known as ''Doppio Sogno di Primavera'', 1915) is a painting by the Italian metaphysical painter Giorgio de Chirico. The painting depicts apparently related but separate scenes. The scene on the left shows a ...

'', ''The Purity of a Dream'', ''Two Sisters (The Jewish Angel)'' and ''The Duo'' (1915) *''Andromache'', ''

The Melancholy of Departure ''The Melancholy of Departure'' ( it, Melanconia della partenza, link=no) is a 1916 painting by the Italian metaphysical painter Giorgio de Chirico. This painting was created after Chirico returned to Italy from Paris to join the Italian Army ...

'', ''

The Disquieting Muses ''The Disquieting Muses'' (in it, Le Muse inquietanti, 1916, 1917 or 1918) is a painting by the Italian metaphysical painter Giorgio de Chirico. ''The Disquieting Muses'' was painted during World War I, when De Chirico was in Ferrara. The C ...

'', ''

Metaphysical Interior with Biscuits ''Metaphysical Interior with Biscuits'' ( it, Interno metafisico con biscotti, link=no) is a 1916 painting by Italian metaphysical painter Giorgio de Chirico Giuseppe Maria Alberto Giorgio de Chirico ( , ; 10 July 1888 – 20 November 1 ...

'' (1916) *'' Metaphysical Interior with Large Factory'' and ''The Faithful Servitor'' (both began in 1916), ''The Great Metaphysician'', ''Ettore e Andromaca'', ''Metaphysical Interior'', ''Geometric Composition with Landscape and Factory'' and ''Great Metaphysical Interior'' (1917) *''Metaphysical Muses'' and ''Hermetic Melancholy'' (1918) *''Still Life with Salami'' and ''The Sacred Fish'' (1919) *''Self-portrait'' (1920) *''Italian Piazza'', ''Maschere'' and ''Departure of the Argonauts'' (1921) *''

The Great Tower ''The Great Tower'' ( it, La grande torre, link=no) is a 1921 painting by the Italian artist Giorgio de Chirico, now in the Pushkin Museum. The Russian Ministry of Culture acquired it in 1992 for the National Centre for Contemporary Arts The Na ...

'' (1921) *''The Prodigal Son'' (1922) *''Florentine Still Life'' (c. 1923) *''The House with the Green Shutters'' (1924) *''The Great Machine'' (1925) Honolulu Museum of Art *''Au Bord de la Mer'', ''Le Grand Automate'', ''The Terrible Games'', ''Mannequins on the Seashore'' and ''The Painter'' (1925) *''La Commedia e la Tragedia'' (''Commedia Romana''), ''The Painter's Family'' and ''Cupboards in a Valley'' (1926) *''L’Esprit de Domination'', ''The Eventuality of Destiny (Monumental Figures)'', ''Mobili nella valle'' and ''The Archaeologists'' (1927) *''Temple et Forêt dans la Chambre'' (1928) *''Gladiatori (began in 1927)'', ''The Archaeologists IV (from the series Metamorphosis)'', ''The return of the Prodigal son I (from the series Metamorphosis)'' and ''Bagnante (Ritratto di Raissa)'' (1929) *''I fuochi sacri'' (for the ''Calligrammes'') 1929 *Illustrations from the book ''Calligrammes'' by Guillaume Apollinaire (1930) *''I Gladiatori (Combattimento)'' (1931) *''Milan Cathedral'', 1932 *''Cavalos a Beira-Mar'' (1932–1933) *''Cavalli in Riva al Mare'' (1934) *''La Vasca di Bagni Misteriosi'' (1936) *''The Vexations of The Thinker'' (1937) *''Self-portrait'' (1935–1937) *''Archeologi'' (1940) *Illustrations from the book ''L’Apocalisse'' (1941) *''Portrait of Clarice Lispector'' (1945) *''Villa Medici – Temple and Statue'' (1945) *''Minerva'' (1947) *''Metaphysical Interior with Workshop'' (1948) *'' Venecia, Puente de Rialto'' *''Fiat'' (1950) *''Piazza d'Italia'' (1952) *''The Fall – Via Crucis'' (1947–54) *''Venezia, Isola di San Giorgio'' (1955) *''Salambò su un cavallo impennato'' (1956) *''Metaphysical Interior with Biscuits'' (1958) *''Piazza d'Italia'' (1962) *''Cornipedes'', (1963) *''La mia mano sinistra'', (1963),

Chianciano Museum of Art The Museo d'Arte di Chianciano Terme is a private art museum in Chianciano Terme, in Tuscany in central Italy. Its collections range from contemporary to Asian art. The museum was founded Roberto Gagliardi in 2009. It houses about 1000 works and o ...

*''Manichino'' (1964) *''Ettore e Andromaca'' (1966) *''The Return of Ulysses'', ''Interno Metafisico con Nudo Anatomico'' and ''Mysterious Baths – Flight Toward the Sea'' (1968) *''Il rimorso di Oreste'', ''La Biga Invincibile'' and ''Solitudine della Gente di Circo'' (1969) *''Orfeo Trovatore Stanco'', ''Intero Metafisico'' and ''Muse with Broken Column'' (1970) *''Metaphysical Interior with Setting Sun'' (1971) *''Sole sul cavalletto'' (1973) *''Mobili e rocce in una stanza'', ''La Mattina ai Bagni misteriosi'', ''Piazza d'Italia con Statua Equestre'', ''La mattina ai bagni misteriosi'' and ''Ettore e Andromaca'' (1973) *''Pianto d'amore – Ettore e Andromaca'' and ''The Sailors' Barracks'' (1974)

Writings

*''

'' (1929) *''The Memoirs of Giorgio De Chirico'', trans. Margaret Crosland (Da Capo Press 1994) *''Geometry of Shadows'' (poems), trans. Stefania Heim (Public Space Books 2019)

Films about

* ''Aenigma Est'' (1990) – Director: Dimitri Mavrikios; Screenplay: Thomas Moschopoulos, Dimitri Mavrikios * '' Giorgio de Chirico: Argonaut of the Soul'' (2010) – documentary film: Directors and screenplay: Kostas Anestis and George Lagdaris

References

Bibliography * *

External links

Metaphysical Art Archive

Giorgio de Chirico at MoMA
biography and image gallery
Chirico
at fondazionedechirico.org

"Il rapporto tra Giorgio de Chirico e l`Inghilterra"
. Rai Scuola

by Giorgio de Chirico in English translation
"REVOLUTIONARY ABSENCE: Giorgio de Chirico and the early Situationist International" by Ara H. Merjian
from Issue 67 of '' Cabinet Magazine'' (2019-20) {{DEFAULTSORT:Chirico, Giorgio 1888 births 1978 deaths 20th-century Italian painters Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni Ballet designers Italian expatriates in Greece Italian male painters Greek artists 20th-century Greek painters Greek male painters Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium People from Volos People of Ligurian descent People of Sicilian descent School of Paris Surrealist artists Italian surrealist artists Greek surrealist artists Sibling artists Writers from Volos