![AsteroidIncAu](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/AsteroidIncAu.png)
An asteroid family is a population of
asteroids that share similar
proper orbital elements
__NOTOC__
The proper orbital elements or proper elements of an orbit are constants of motion of an object in space that remain practically unchanged over an astronomically long timescale. The term is usually used to describe the three quantitie ...
, such as
semimajor axis
In geometry, the major axis of an ellipse is its longest diameter: a line segment that runs through the center and both foci, with ends at the two most widely separated points of the perimeter. The semi-major axis (major semiaxis) is the lo ...
,
eccentricity
Eccentricity or eccentric may refer to:
* Eccentricity (behavior), odd behavior on the part of a person, as opposed to being "normal"
Mathematics, science and technology Mathematics
* Off-Centre (geometry), center, in geometry
* Eccentricity (g ...
, and orbital
inclination
Orbital inclination measures the tilt of an object's orbit around a celestial body. It is expressed as the angle between a reference plane and the orbital plane or axis of direction of the orbiting object.
For a satellite orbiting the Eart ...
. The members of the families are thought to be
fragments of past asteroid collisions. An asteroid family is a more specific term than
asteroid group
A minor-planet group is a population of minor planets that share broadly similar orbits. Members are generally unrelated to each other, unlike in an asteroid family, which often results from the break-up of a single asteroid. It is customary to n ...
whose members, while sharing some broad orbital characteristics, may be otherwise unrelated to each other.
General properties
Large prominent families contain several hundred recognized asteroids (and many more smaller objects which may be either not-yet-analyzed, or not-yet-discovered). Small, compact families may have only about ten identified members. About 33% to 35% of asteroids in the main belt are family members.
There are about 20 to 30 reliably recognized families, with several tens of less certain groupings. Most asteroid families are found in the
main asteroid belt
The asteroid belt is a torus-shaped region in the Solar System, located roughly between the orbits of the planets Jupiter and Mars. It contains a great many solid, irregularly shaped bodies, of many sizes, but much smaller than planets, called ...
, although several family-like groups such as the
Pallas family The Pallas family (''adj. Palladian''; ) is a small asteroid family of B-type asteroids at very high inclinations in the intermediate asteroid belt.
The namesake of the family is 2 Pallas, an extremely large asteroid with a mean diameter of about 5 ...
,
Hungaria family, and the
Phocaea family lie at smaller
semi-major axis or larger inclination than the main belt.
One family has been identified associated with the
dwarf planet
A dwarf planet is a small planetary-mass object that is in direct orbit of the Sun, smaller than any of the eight classical planets but still a world in its own right. The prototypical dwarf planet is Pluto. The interest of dwarf planets to ...
.
Michael E. Brown
Michael E. Brown (born June 5, 1965) is an American astronomer, who has been professor of planetary astronomy at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) since 2003. His team has discovered many trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs), including ...
, Kristina M. Barkume, Darin Ragozzine & Emily L. Schaller, ''A collisional family of icy objects in the Kuiper belt'', Nature, 446, (March 2007), pp 294-296. Some studies have tried to find evidence of collisional families among the
trojan asteroid
In astronomy, a trojan is a small celestial body (mostly asteroids) that shares the orbit of a larger body, remaining in a stable orbit approximately 60° ahead of or behind the main body near one of its Lagrangian points and . Trojans can sh ...
s, but at present the evidence is inconclusive.
Origin and evolution
The families are thought to form as a result of collisions between asteroids. In many or most cases the parent body was shattered, but there are also several families which resulted from a large cratering event which did not disrupt the parent body (e.g. the
Vesta,
Pallas
Pallas may refer to:
Astronomy
* 2 Pallas asteroid
** Pallas family, a group of asteroids that includes 2 Pallas
* Pallas (crater), a crater on Earth's moon
Mythology
* Pallas (Giant), a son of Uranus and Gaia, killed and flayed by Athena
* Pa ...
,
Hygiea, and
Massalia families). Such ''cratering families'' typically consist of a single large body and a swarm of asteroids that are much smaller. Some families (e.g. the
Flora family
The Flora family (''adj. Florian''; ; also known as ''Ariadne family'') is a prominent family of stony asteroids located in the inner region of the asteroid belt. It is one of the largest families with more than 13,000 known members, or approxi ...
) have complex internal structures which are not satisfactorily explained at the moment, but may be due to several collisions in the same region at different times.
Due to the method of origin, all the members have closely matching compositions for most families. Notable exceptions are those families (such as the
Vesta family
The Vesta family (adj. ''Vestian''; ) is a family of asteroids. The cratering family is located in the inner asteroid belt in the vicinity of its namesake and principal body, 4 Vesta. It is one of the largest asteroid families with more than ...
) which formed from a large
differentiated parent body.
Asteroid families are thought to have lifetimes of the order of a billion years, depending on various factors (e.g. smaller asteroids are lost faster). This is significantly shorter than the Solar System's age, so few if any are relics of the early Solar System. Decay of families occurs both because of slow dissipation of the orbits due to perturbations from Jupiter or other large bodies, and because of collisions between asteroids which grind them down to small bodies. Such small asteroids then become subject to perturbations such as the
Yarkovsky effect
The Yarkovsky effect is a force acting on a rotating body in space caused by the anisotropic emission of thermal photons, which carry momentum. It is usually considered in relation to meteoroids or small asteroids (about 10 cm to 10  ...
that can push them towards
orbital resonance
In celestial mechanics, orbital resonance occurs when orbiting bodies exert regular, periodic gravitational influence on each other, usually because their orbital periods are related by a ratio of small integers. Most commonly, this relationsh ...
s with Jupiter over time. Once there, they are relatively rapidly ejected from the asteroid belt. Tentative age estimates have been obtained for some families, ranging from hundreds of millions of years to less than several million years as for the compact
Karin family The Karin family or Karin cluster is an asteroid family and sub-group of the Koronis family. It consists of at least 90 main-belt asteroids. What makes them special is that scientists have used the orbits of 13 members to calculate backwards until t ...
. Old families are thought to contain few small members, and this is the basis of the age determinations.
It is supposed that many very old families have lost all the smaller and medium-sized members, leaving only a few of the largest intact. A suggested example of such old family remains are the
9 Metis
Metis (minor planet designation: 9 Metis) is one of the larger main-belt asteroids. It is composed of silicates and metallic nickel-iron, and may be the core remnant of a large asteroid that was destroyed by an ancient collision. Metis is esti ...
and
113 Amalthea
113 Amalthea () is a stony Florian asteroid and binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 12 March 1871, by German astronomer Robert Luther at the Bilk Observatory in Düsseldorf ...
pair. Further evidence for a large number of past families (now dispersed) comes from analysis of chemical ratios in
iron meteorite
Iron meteorites, also known as siderites, or ferrous meteorites, are a type of meteorite that consist overwhelmingly of an iron–nickel alloy known as meteoric iron that usually consists of two mineral phases: kamacite and taenite. Most iron ...
s. These show that there must have once been at least 50 to 100 parent bodies large enough to be differentiated, that have since been shattered to expose their cores and produce the actual meteorites (Kelley & Gaffey 2000).
Identification of members, interlopers and background asteroids
When the
orbital element
Orbital elements are the parameters required to uniquely identify a specific orbit. In celestial mechanics these elements are considered in two-body systems using a Kepler orbit. There are many different ways to mathematically describe the same ...
s of
main belt
The asteroid belt is a torus-shaped region in the Solar System, located roughly between the orbits of the planets Jupiter and Mars. It contains a great many solid, irregularly shaped bodies, of many sizes, but much smaller than planets, called ...
asteroids are plotted (typically
inclination
Orbital inclination measures the tilt of an object's orbit around a celestial body. It is expressed as the angle between a reference plane and the orbital plane or axis of direction of the orbiting object.
For a satellite orbiting the Eart ...
vs.
eccentricity
Eccentricity or eccentric may refer to:
* Eccentricity (behavior), odd behavior on the part of a person, as opposed to being "normal"
Mathematics, science and technology Mathematics
* Off-Centre (geometry), center, in geometry
* Eccentricity (g ...
, or vs.
semi-major axis), a number of distinct concentrations are seen against the rather uniform distribution of non-family background asteroids. These concentrations are the asteroid families ''(see
above)''. Interlopers are asteroids classified as family members based on their so-called
proper orbital elements
__NOTOC__
The proper orbital elements or proper elements of an orbit are constants of motion of an object in space that remain practically unchanged over an astronomically long timescale. The term is usually used to describe the three quantitie ...
but having spectroscopic properties distinct from the bulk of the family, suggesting that they, contrary to the true family members, did not originate from the same
parent body
In meteoritics, a parent body is the celestial body from which originates a meteorite or a class of meteorites.
Identification
The easiest way to correlate a meteorite with a parent body is when the parent body still exists. This is the case fo ...
that once fragmented upon a collisional impact.
Description
![Asteroid osculating vs proper elements](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Asteroid_osculating_vs_proper_elements.png)
Strictly speaking, families and their membership are identified by analysing the proper orbital elements rather than the current
osculating orbital elements, which regularly fluctuate on timescales of tens of thousands of years. The ''proper elements'' are related constants of motion that remain almost constant for at least tens of millions of years, and perhaps longer.
The
Japanese
astronomer
An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses their studies on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth. They observe astronomical objects such as stars, planets, moons, comets and galaxies – in either ...
Kiyotsugu Hirayama
was a Japanese astronomer, best known for his discovery that many asteroid orbits were more similar to one another than chance would allow, leading to the concept of asteroid families, now called " Hirayama families" in his honour.
Biography
...
(1874–1943) pioneered the estimation of proper elements for asteroids, and first identified several of the most prominent families in 1918. In his honor, asteroid families are sometimes called
Hirayama families A Hirayama family of asteroids is a group of minor planets that share similar orbital elements, such as semimajor axis, eccentricity, and orbital inclination. The members of the families are thought to be fragments of past asteroid collisions.
St ...
. This particularly applies to the five prominent groupings discovered by him.
Hierarchical clustering method
Present day computer-assisted searches have identified
more than a hundred asteroid families. The most prominent algorithms have been the hierarchical clustering method (HCM), which looks for groupings with small nearest-neighbour distances in orbital element space, and wavelet analysis, which builds a density-of-asteroids map in orbital element space, and looks for density peaks.
The boundaries of the families are somewhat vague because at the edges they blend into the background density of asteroids in the main belt. For this reason the number of members even among discovered asteroids is usually only known approximately, and membership is uncertain for asteroids near the edges.
Additionally, some interlopers from the
heterogeneous background asteroid population are expected even in the central regions of a family. Since the true family members caused by the collision are expected to have similar compositions, most such interlopers can in principle be recognised by spectral properties which do not match those of the bulk of family members. A prominent example is
1 Ceres, the largest asteroid, which is an interloper in the family once named after it (the
Ceres family, now the
Gefion family The Gefion family (FIN: 516; adj. ''Gefionian''; also known as Ceres family and Minerva family) is an asteroid family located in the intermediate asteroid belt between 2.74 and 2.82 AU at inclinations of 7.4° to 10.5 °. The family of S-type ...
).
Spectral characteristics can also be used to determine the membership (or otherwise) of asteroids in the outer regions of a family, as has been used e.g. for the
Vesta family
The Vesta family (adj. ''Vestian''; ) is a family of asteroids. The cratering family is located in the inner asteroid belt in the vicinity of its namesake and principal body, 4 Vesta. It is one of the largest asteroid families with more than ...
, whose members have an unusual composition.
Family types
As previously mentioned, families caused by an impact that did not disrupt the parent body but only ejected fragments are called ''cratering families''. Other terminology has been used to distinguish various types of groups which are less distinct or less statistically certain from the most prominent "nominal families" (or ''clusters'').
Clusters, clumps, clans and tribes
The term ''cluster'' is also used to describe a small asteroid family, such as the
Karin cluster.
[David Nesvorný, Brian L. Enke, William F. Bottke, Daniel D. Durda, Erik Ashaug & Derek C. Richardson ''Karin cluster formation by asteroid impact'', Icarus 183, (2006) pp 296-311.] ''Clumps'' are groupings which have relatively few members but are clearly distinct from the background (e.g. the
Juno clump The Juno clump is a probable main-belt asteroid family that share similar orbital elements to 3 Juno.
3 Juno is a large asteroid with a mean diameter of about 235 km, but the remaining bodies are all small. , the brightest of those clearly i ...
). ''Clans'' are groupings which merge very gradually into the background density and/or have a complex internal structure making it difficult to decide whether they are one complex group or several unrelated overlapping groups (e.g. the
Flora family
The Flora family (''adj. Florian''; ; also known as ''Ariadne family'') is a prominent family of stony asteroids located in the inner region of the asteroid belt. It is one of the largest families with more than 13,000 known members, or approxi ...
has been called a clan). ''Tribes'' are groups that are less certain to be statistically significant against the background either because of small density or large uncertainty in the orbital parameters of the members.
List
Prominent families
Among the many asteroid families, the
Eos
In ancient Greek mythology and religion, Eos (; Ionic and Homeric Greek ''Ēṓs'', Attic ''Héōs'', "dawn", or ; Aeolic ''Aúōs'', Doric ''Āṓs'') is the goddess and personification of the dawn, who rose each morning from her home at ...
,
Eunomia
In Greek mythology, Eunomia ( grc, Εὐνομία) was a minor goddess of law and legislation (her name can be translated as "good order", "governance according to good laws"), as well as the spring-time goddess of green pastures (''eû'' means ...
,
Flora
Flora is all the plant life present in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring (indigenous (ecology), indigenous) native plant, native plants. Sometimes bacteria and fungi are also referred to as flora, as in the terms '' ...
,
Hungaria,
Hygiea,
Koronis,
Nysa
Nysa may refer to:
Greek Mythology
* Nysa (mythology) or Nyseion, the mountainous region or mount (various traditional locations), where nymphs raised the young god Dionysus
* Nysiads, nymphs of Mount Nysa who cared for and taught the infant ...
,
Themis
In Greek mythology and religion, Themis (; grc, Θέμις, Themis, justice, law, custom) is one of the twelve Titan children of Gaia and Uranus, and the second wife of Zeus. She is the goddess and personification of justice, divine order, fai ...
and
Vesta families are the most prominent ones in the
asteroid belt
The asteroid belt is a torus-shaped region in the Solar System, located roughly between the orbits of the planets Jupiter and Mars. It contains a great many solid, irregularly shaped bodies, of many sizes, but much smaller than planets, c ...
. For a complete list, ''see ''.
; Eos family
:The
Eos family The Eos family (''adj. Eoan'' ; ) is a very large asteroid family located in the outer region of the asteroid belt. The family of K-type asteroids is believed to have formed as a result of an ancient catastrophic collision. The family's parent body ...
(''adj. Eoan''; 9,789 members, named after
221 Eos
Eos ( minor planet designation: 221 Eos) is a large main-belt asteroid that was discovered by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa on January 18, 1882, in Vienna. In 1884, it was named after Eos, the Greek goddess of the dawn, to honour the openin ...
)
;Eunomia family
:The
Eunomia family The Eunomia or Eunomian family () is a large asteroid family of S-type asteroids named after the asteroid 15 Eunomia. It is the most prominent family in the intermediate asteroid belt and the 6th-largest family with nearly six thousand known member ...
(''adj. Eunomian''; 5,670 known members, named after
15 Eunomia
Eunomia (minor planet designation 15 Eunomia) is a very large asteroid in the inner asteroid belt. It is the largest of the stony ( S-type) asteroids, with 3 Juno as a close second. It is quite a massive asteroid, in 6th to 8th place (to within ...
) is a family of
S-type asteroid
S-type asteroids are asteroids with a spectral type that is indicative of a siliceous (i.e. stony) mineralogical composition, hence the name. They have relatively high density. Approximately 17% of asteroids are of this type, making it the secon ...
s. It is the most prominent family in the
intermediate asteroid belt and the 6th-largest family with approximately 1.4% of all main belt asteroids.
;Flora family
:The
Flora family
The Flora family (''adj. Florian''; ; also known as ''Ariadne family'') is a prominent family of stony asteroids located in the inner region of the asteroid belt. It is one of the largest families with more than 13,000 known members, or approxi ...
(''adj. Florian''; 13,786 members, named after
8 Flora
Flora (minor planet designation: 8 Flora) is a large, bright Asteroid belt, main-belt asteroid. It is the innermost ''large'' asteroid: no asteroid closer to the Sun has a diameter above 25 kilometres (20% that of Flora), and not until 20-km 149 ...
) is the 3rd-largest family. Broad in extent, it has no clear boundary and gradually fades into the surrounding
background population. Several distinct groupings within the family, possibly created by later, secondary collisions. It has also been described as an
asteroid clan.
; Hungaria family
:The
Hungaria family (''adj. Hungarian''; 2,965 members, named after
434 Hungaria)
;Hygiea family
:The
Hygiea family (''adj. Hygiean''; 4,854 members, named after
10 Hygiea
Hygiea (minor-planet designation: 10 Hygiea) is a major asteroid and possible dwarf planet located in the main asteroid belt. With a diameter of and a mass estimated to be 3% of the total mass of the belt, it is the fourth-largest asteroid i ...
)
; Koronis family
:The
Koronis family (''adj. Koronian''; 5,949 members, named after
158 Koronis)
; Nysa family
:The
Nysa family
The Nysa family (adj. ''Nysian''; FIN: 405) is part of the Nysa–Polana complex, the largest cluster of asteroid families in the asteroid belt. It is located in the inner region of the asteroid belt, orbiting the Sun between 2.41 and 2.5 A ...
(''adj. Nysian''; 19,073 members, named after
44 Nysa). Alternatively named Hertha family after
135 Hertha.
; Themis family
:The
Themis family The Themis family (''adj. Themistian''; ) is a family of carbonaceous asteroids located in the outer portion of the asteroid belt, at a mean distance of 3.13 AU from the Sun. It is one of the largest families with over 4700 known members, and con ...
(''adj. Themistian''; 4,782 members, named after
24 Themis)
; Vesta family
:The
Vesta family
The Vesta family (adj. ''Vestian''; ) is a family of asteroids. The cratering family is located in the inner asteroid belt in the vicinity of its namesake and principal body, 4 Vesta. It is one of the largest asteroid families with more than ...
(''adj. Vestian''; 15,252 members, named after
4 Vesta
Vesta ( minor-planet designation: 4 Vesta) is one of the largest objects in the asteroid belt, with a mean diameter of . It was discovered by the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers on 29 March 1807 and is named after Vesta, t ...
)
All families
In 2015, a study identified 122 notable families with a total of approximately 100,000 member asteroids, based on the entire catalog of numbered
minor planet
According to the International Astronomical Union (IAU), a minor planet is an astronomical object in direct orbit around the Sun that is exclusively classified as neither a planet nor a comet. Before 2006, the IAU officially used the term ''mino ...
s, which consisted of almost 400,000 numbered bodies at the time ''(see
catalog index for a current listing of numbered minor planets)''.
The data has been made available at the "Small Bodies Data Ferret".
The first column of this table contains the family identification number or ''family identifier number'' (FIN), which is an attempt for a numerical labeling of identified families, independent of their currently used name, as a family's name may change with refined observations, leading to multiple names used in literature and to subsequent confusion.
Other families or dynamical groups
Other asteroid families from miscellaneous sources (not listed in the
above table), as well as non-asteroid families include:
See also
*
Proper orbital elements
__NOTOC__
The proper orbital elements or proper elements of an orbit are constants of motion of an object in space that remain practically unchanged over an astronomically long timescale. The term is usually used to describe the three quantitie ...
*
:Asteroid groups and families
Notes
References
Further reading
* Bendjoya, Philippe; and Zappalà, Vincenzo; "Asteroid Family Identification", in ''Asteroids III'', pp. 613–618, University of Arizona Press (2002),
* V. Zappalà et al. "Physical and Dynamical Properties of Asteroid Families", in ''Asteroids III'', pp. 619–631, University of Arizona Press (2002),
* A. Cellino et al. "Spectroscopic Properties of Asteroid Families", in ''Asteroids III'', pp. 633–643, University of Arizona Press (2002),
Hirayama, Kiyotsugu; "Groups of asteroids probably of common origin", ''Astronomical Journal'', Vol. 31, No. 743, pp. 185-188 (October 1918).Nesvorný, David; Bottke Jr., William F.; Dones, Luke; and Levison, Harold F.; "The recent breakup of an asteroid in the main-belt region", ''Nature'', Vol. 417, pp. 720-722 (June 2002).Zappalà, Vincenzo; Cellino, Alberto; Farinella, Paolo; and Knežević, Zoran; "Asteroid families I - Identification by hierarchical clustering and reliability assessment", ''Astronomical Journal'', Vol. 100, p. 2030 (December 1990).Zappalà, Vincenzo; Cellino, Alberto; Farinella, Paolo; and Milani, Andrea; "Asteroid families II - Extension to unnumbered multiopposition asteroids", ''Astronomical Journal'', Vol. 107, pp. 772-801 (February 1994)*
* M. S. Kelley & M. J. Gaffey ''9 Metis and 113 Amalthea: A Genetic Asteroid Pair'', Icarus Vol. 144, p. 27 (2000).
External links
as per the Zappalà 1995 analysis.
Latest calculations of proper elements for numbered minor planets at astDys
by Petr Scheirich (with excellent plots).
Asteroid Families Portal
{{DEFAULTSORT:Asteroid Family
Families
Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Ideal ...