The ''

Epic of Gilgamesh The ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' () is an epic poetry, epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia, and is regarded as the earliest surviving notable literature and the second oldest religious text, after the Pyramid Texts. The literary history of Gilgamesh ...

'' has directly inspired many manifestations of literature, art, music, and popular culture, as identified by

Theodore Ziolkowski Theodore Ziolkowski (September 30, 1932 – December 5, 2020) was a scholar in the fields of German studies and comparative literature. He coined the term " fifth gospel genre". Early life Theodore J. Ziolkowski was born on September 30, 1932 i ...

in the book ''Gilgamesh Among Us: Modern Encounters With the Ancient Epic'' (2011). It was only during and after the

First World War World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

that the first reliable translations of the epic appeared that reached a wide audience, and it was only after the

Second World War World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...

that the epic of Gilgamesh began to make itself felt more broadly in a variety of genres. In the years following

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...

Gilgamesh sux, , label=none , image = Hero lion Dur-Sharrukin Louvre AO19862.jpg , alt = , caption = Possible representation of Gilgamesh as Master of Animals, grasping a lion in his left arm and snake in his right hand, in an Assyr ...

, formerly an obscure figure known only by a few scholars, gradually became increasingly popular with modern audiences. The ''Epic of Gilgamesh''s existential themes made it particularly appealing to German authors in the years following the war. In his 1947

existentialist Existentialism ( ) is a form of philosophical inquiry that explores the problem of human existence and centers on human thinking, feeling, and acting. Existentialist thinkers frequently explore issues related to the meaning, purpose, and value ...

novel ''

Die Stadt hinter dem Strom ''Die Stadt hinter dem Strom'' (The city beyond the river) is a German language Existentialism, existentialist novel by Hermann Kasack, published in 1947 in Berlin. It is considered one of the most important novels written in Germany after World W ...

'', the German novelist

Hermann Kasack Hermann Robert Richard Eugen Kasack (24 July 1896 – 10 January 1966) was a German writer. He is best known for his novel '' Die Stadt hinter dem Strom'' (''The city beyond the river''). Kasack was a pioneer of using the medium broadcast for lit ...

adapted elements of the epic into a metaphor for the aftermath of the destruction of World War II in Germany, portraying the bombed-out city of

Hamburg (male), (female) en, Hamburger(s), Hamburgian(s) , timezone1 = Central (CET) , utc_offset1 = +1 , timezone1_DST = Central (CEST) , utc_offset1_DST = +2 , postal ...

as resembling the frightening Underworld seen by

Enkidu Enkidu ( sux, ''EN.KI.DU10'') was a legendary figure in ancient Mesopotamian mythology, wartime comrade and friend of Gilgamesh, king of Uruk. Their exploits were composed in Sumerian poems and in the Akkadian ''Epic of Gilgamesh'', writte ...

in his dream. In

Hans Henny Jahnn Hans Henny Jahnn (born Hans Henny August Jahn'';'' 17 December 1894 – 29 November 1959) was a German playwright, novelist, and organ-builder. Personal life Hans Henny Jahn was born in 1894 in Stellingen, one of Hamburg's suburbs, and was the s ...

's ''

magnum opus A masterpiece, ''magnum opus'' (), or ''chef-d’œuvre'' (; ; ) in modern use is a creation that has been given much critical praise, especially one that is considered the greatest work of a person's career or a work of outstanding creativity, ...

'' ''River Without Shores'' (1949–1950), the middle section of the trilogy centers around a composer whose twenty-year-long homoerotic relationship with a friend mirrors that of Gilgamesh with

and whose masterpiece turns out to be a symphony about Gilgamesh. ''The Quest of Gilgamesh'', a 1953 radio play by Douglas Geoffrey Bridson, helped popularize the epic in Britain. In the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...

Charles Olson Charles Olson (27 December 1910 – 10 January 1970) was a second generation modern American poet who was a link between earlier figures such as Ezra Pound and William Carlos Williams and the New American poets, which includes the New York ...

praised the epic in his poems and essays and

Gregory Corso Gregory Nunzio Corso (March 26, 1930 – January 17, 2001) was an American poet and a key member of the Beat movement. He was the youngest of the inner circle of Beat Generation writers (with Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and William S. Burrough ...

believed that it contained ancient virtues capable of curing what he viewed as modern moral degeneracy. The 1966 postfigurative novel ''Gilgamesch'' by Guido Bachmann became a classic of German " queer literature" and set a decades-long international literary trend of portraying Gilgamesh and Enkidu as homosexual lovers. This trend proved so popular that the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' itself is included in ''The Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature'' (1998) as a major early work of that genre. In the 1970s and 1980s, feminist literary critics analyzed the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' as showing evidence for a transition from the original matriarchy of all humanity to modern

patriarchy Patriarchy is a social system in which positions of dominance and privilege are primarily held by men. It is used, both as a technical anthropological term for families or clans controlled by the father or eldest male or group of males a ...

. As the

Green Movement Green politics, or ecopolitics, is a political ideology that aims to foster an ecologically sustainable society often, but not always, rooted in environmentalism, nonviolence, social justice and grassroots democracy. Wall 2010. p. 12-13. It be ...

expanded in Europe, Gilgamesh's story began to be seen through an environmentalist lens, with Enkidu's death symbolizing man's separation from nature. Gilagmesh

, a scholar of modern literature, states, that "unlike most other figures from myth, literature, and history, Gilgamesh has established himself as an autonomous entity or simply a name, often independent of the epic context in which he originally became known. (As analogous examples one might think, for instance, of the

Minotaur In Greek mythology, the Minotaur ( , ;. grc, ; in Latin as ''Minotaurus'' ) is a mythical creature portrayed during classical antiquity with the head and tail of a bull and the body of a man or, as described by Roman poet Ovid, a being "pa ...

Frankenstein's monster Frankenstein's monster or Frankenstein's creature, often referred to as simply "Frankenstein", is a fictional character who first appeared in Mary Shelley's 1818 novel ''Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus''. Shelley's title thus compares ...

.)" The ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' has been translated into many major world languages and has become a staple of American

world literature World literature is used to refer to the total of the world's national literature and the circulation of works into the wider world beyond their country of origin. In the past, it primarily referred to the masterpieces of Western European lit ...

classes. Many contemporary authors and novelists have drawn inspiration from it, including an American

avant-garde The avant-garde (; In 'advance guard' or ' vanguard', literally 'fore-guard') is a person or work that is experimental, radical, or unorthodox with respect to art, culture, or society.John Picchione, The New Avant-garde in Italy: Theoretical ...

theater collective called "The Gilgamesh Group" and Joan London in her novel ''

'' (2001). '' The Great American Novel'' (1973) by

Philip Roth Philip Milton Roth (March 19, 1933 – May 22, 2018) was an American novelist and short story writer. Roth's fiction—often set in his birthplace of Newark, New Jersey—is known for its intensely autobiographical character, for philosophicall ...

features a character named "Gil Gamesh", who is the star

pitcher In baseball, the pitcher is the player who throws ("pitches") the baseball from the pitcher's mound toward the catcher to begin each play, with the goal of retiring a batter, who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw ...

of a fictional 1930s

baseball Baseball is a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each, taking turns batting and fielding. The game occurs over the course of several plays, with each play generally beginning when a player on the fielding tea ...

team called the "Patriot League". Believing that he can never lose, Gil Gamesh throws a violent temper tantrum when an

umpire An umpire is an official in a variety of sports and competition, responsible for enforcing the rules of the sport, including sportsmanship decisions such as ejection. The term derives from the Old French nonper, ''non'', "not" and ''per'', ...

goes against him and he is subsequently banished from baseball. He flees to the

Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...

, where he is trained as a spy against the United States. Gil Gamesh reappears late in the novel as one of

Joseph Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secreta ...

's spies and gives what American literary historian

David Damrosch David Damrosch is an American literary historian, was born in Maine and raised there and in New York , currently the Ernest Bernbaum Professor at Harvard University and an Elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Damrosch studied ...

calls "an eerily casual description of his interrogation training in Soviet Russia." In 2000, a modern statue of Gilgamesh by the

Assyrian Assyrian may refer to: * Assyrian people, the indigenous ethnic group of Mesopotamia. * Assyria, a major Mesopotamian kingdom and empire. ** Early Assyrian Period ** Old Assyrian Period ** Middle Assyrian Empire ** Neo-Assyrian Empire * Assyrian ...

sculptor Lewis Batros was unveiled at the

University of Sydney The University of Sydney (USYD), also known as Sydney University, or informally Sydney Uni, is a public research university located in Sydney, Australia. Founded in 1850, it is the oldest university in Australia and is one of the country's si ...

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...

. Starting in the late twentieth century, the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' began to be read again in Iraq.

Saddam Hussein Saddam Hussein ( ; ar, صدام حسين, Ṣaddām Ḥusayn; 28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was an Iraqi politician who served as the fifth president of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. A leading member of the revolution ...

, the former

President of Iraq The president of Iraq is the head of state of Iraq and "safeguards the commitment to the Constitution and the preservation of Iraq's independence, sovereignty, unity, the security of its territories in accordance with the provisions of the Con ...

, had a lifelong fascination with Gilgamesh. Hussein's first novel '' Zabibah and the King'' (2000) is an allegory for the

Gulf War The Gulf War was a 1990–1991 armed campaign waged by a 35-country military coalition in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Spearheaded by the United States, the coalition's efforts against Iraq were carried out in two key phases: ...

set in ancient Assyria that blends elements of the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' and the ''

One Thousand and One Nights ''One Thousand and One Nights'' ( ar, أَلْفُ لَيْلَةٍ وَلَيْلَةٌ, italic=yes, ) is a collection of Middle Eastern folk tales compiled in Arabic during the Islamic Golden Age. It is often known in English as the ''Arabian ...

''. Like Gilgamesh, the king at the beginning of the novel is a brutal tyrant who misuses his power and oppresses his people, but, through the aid of a commoner woman named Zabibah, he grows into a more just ruler. When the United States pressured Hussein to step down in February 2003, Hussein gave a speech to a group of his generals posing the idea in a positive light by comparing himself to the epic hero.

Literature

* '' The City beyond the River'' (1947) by

. The epic becomes a metaphor for post-war Germany. * ''River without Shores'' (1949–50) by

. The middle section is an analogy to the relationship between Gilgamesh and Enkidu. *

wrote about the epic in his essay "The Gate and the Center" and in such poems as "La Chute" and "Bigmans" (1950s and 60s). *

, poems (1950s). * ''The Time Masters'' (1953/1971) and ''Time Bomb'' by Wilson Tucker. The protagonist, Gilbert Nash, has a mysterious past. * ''Gilgamesh: Romanzo'' (1959) by Gian Franco Gianfilippi. The first in a wave of historical novels based on the epic. A wave including works in Italian (Paola Capriola), English (

Robert Silverberg Robert Silverberg (born January 15, 1935) is an American author and editor, best known for writing science fiction. He is a multiple winner of both Hugo and Nebula Awards, a member of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame, and a Grand ...

Stephan Grundy Stephan Scott Grundy (June 28, 1967 – September 29, 2021),
''The Wild Hunt'', October 5, 20 ...

), German (Harold Braem, Thomas Mielke), French (Jacques Cassabois), and Spanish (José Ortega). * ''Gilgamesch'' (1966) by Guido Bachmann. An early classic of a genre Germans called "queer literature", it would inspire other works that examined the idea of a possible homosexual relationship between Gilgamesh and Enkidu. Other works include: Denmark (

Henrik Bjelke Henrik Bjelke (13 January 1615 – 16 March 1683) was a Norwegian military officer who served as Admiral of the Realm of Denmark-Norway from 1662 to 1679. He was in command of the Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy from 1657 to 1679. Early life and ...

), Germany (Thomas Mielke,

Christian Kracht Christian Kracht (; born 29 December 1966) is a Swiss author. His books have been translated into more than 30 languages. Personal life Kracht was born in Saanen in the Canton of Bern, Switzerland. He attended Schule Schloss Salem in Baden-Wür ...

), France (Jacques Cassabois), and England ( Edwin Morgan). * In '' The Great American Novel'' (1973), a novel by author

, the Gilgamesh myth is reworked into the tale of a fictional baseball player, Gil Gamesh, whose immortal aspirations are achieved by disappearing after his final game. * In ''Lucifer's Hammer'' by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle, Gilgamesh is used to set the early timeline of events. * ''Ölümsüzlük Ardında Gılgamış'' (Gilgamesh in Search of Immortality) (1981), a poetry book by Turkish poet

Melih Cevdet Anday Melih Cevdet Anday (13 March 1915 – 28 November 2002) was a Turkish writer whose poetry stands outside the traditional literary movements. He also wrote in many other genres which, over six and a half decades, included eleven collections of p ...

. * '' Gilgamesh the King'' (1984) and '' To the Land of the Living'' (1986) by

. Silverberg also contributed works of short fiction concerning Gilgamesh to the ''

Heroes in Hell ''Heroes in Hell'' is a series of shared world fantasy books, within the genre Bangsian fantasy, created and edited by Janet Morris and written by her, Chris Morris, C. J. Cherryh and others. The first 12 books in the series were published b ...

shared world A shared universe or shared world is a fictional universe from a set of creative works where more than one writer (or other artist) independently contributes a work that can stand alone but fits into the joint development of the storyline, chara ...

series of

Bangsian fantasy Bangsian fantasy is a fantasy genre which concerns the use of the afterlife as the main setting within which its characters, who may be famous preexisting historical or fictional figures, act and interact. It is named for John Kendrick Bangs (1 ...

. * ''

Contact Contact may refer to: Interaction Physical interaction * Contact (geology), a common geological feature * Contact lens or contact, a lens placed on the eye * Contact sport, a sport in which players make contact with other players or objects * ...

'' (1985) by

Carl Sagan Carl Edward Sagan (; ; November 9, 1934December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer, planetary scientist, cosmologist, astrophysicist, astrobiologist, author, and science communicator. His best known scientific contribution is research on ext ...

. Chapter 22 is titled "Gilgamesh". It describes the efforts made by Hadden in his pursuit of immortality. * ''

In the Skin of a Lion ''In the Skin of a Lion'' is a novel by Canadian–Sri Lankan writer Michael Ondaatje. It was first published in 1987 by McClelland and Stewart. The novel fictionalizes the lives of the immigrants who played a large role in the building of the ci ...

'' (1987) by

Michael Ondaatje Philip Michael Ondaatje (; born 12 September 1943) is a Sri Lankan-born Canadian poet, fiction writer, essayist, novelist, editor, and filmmaker. He is the recipient of multiple literary awards such as the Governor General's Award, the Giller P ...

. The title is a quote from Gilgamesh. *'' Timewyrm: Genesys'' (1991), by John Peel, is the first of the New Doctor Who Adventures published by Virgin. The book describes the Doctor meeting Gilgamesh, and relates the epic of Gilgamesh as a Doctor Who story. * " Gilgamesh and the Homeboys" (1991), by

Harry Turtledove Harry Norman Turtledove (born June 14, 1949) is an American author who is best known for his work in the genres of alternate history, historical fiction, fantasy, science fiction, and mystery fiction. He is a student of history and completed ...

, a time-displaced Gilgamesh meets Los Angeles street gangs. This short story was published in an obscure magazine and has never been reprinted as of 2018. * ''How Like a God'' (1997) by

Brenda Clough Brenda W. Clough (also credited as B.W. Clough) (pronounced ''Cluff'')">/nowiklinknowiki>/nowiki> *"The Indecorous Rescue of Clarinda Merwin", ''Aboriginal SF'', Mar/Apr 1989 *"Provisional Solution", ''Carmen Miranda's Ghost is Haunting Space Stat ...

is based on the epic. * In ''The Eternal Footman'' (1999) by

James K. Morrow James Morrow (born March 17, 1947) is an American novelist and short-story writer known for filtering large philosophical and theological questions through his satiric sensibility. Most of Morrow's oeuvre has been published as science fiction ...

, a traveling troupe enacts a play based on the Gilgamesh canon. * ''Gilgamesh'' (1999), historical fiction by

Stephan Grundy Stephan Scott Grundy (June 28, 1967 – September 29, 2021),
''The Wild Hunt'', October 5, 20 ...

which retells the legend. * ''ghIlghameS'' (2000), a translation into the

Klingon language The Klingon language ( tlh, tlhIngan Hol, links=no, '' '': , ) is the constructed language spoken by a fictional alien race called the Klingons, in the ''Star Trek'' universe. Described in the 1985 book ''The Klingon Dictionary'' by Marc Okra ...

. * In Jane Lindskold's Athanor novels (1998–9), Gilgamesh and Enkidu are immortals who inspire legends under other names, including

King Arthur King Arthur ( cy, Brenin Arthur, kw, Arthur Gernow, br, Roue Arzhur) is a legendary king of Britain, and a central figure in the medieval literary tradition known as the Matter of Britain. In the earliest traditions, Arthur appears as a ...

and Sir Bedivere, respectively. * ''1001 Nights of Bacchus'' (2000), a graphic novel by

Eddie Campbell Eddie Campbell (born 10 August 1955) is a British comics artist and cartoonist who now lives in Chicago. Probably best known as the illustrator and publisher of ''From Hell'' (written by Alan Moore), Campbell is also the creator of the semi-au ...

, features a six-page collage story in which Gilgamesh is a Scottish-accented soccer hooligan near-incomprehensibly recounting the entire epic. The story also appeared, in color, on the back covers of issues 22–26 of Campbell's ''Bacchus'' magazine. *''Gilgamesh'' (2001) by Joan London, a postfiguration in which the epic becomes the structural key for a world torn by politics and betrayal (modern Armenia). *'' 1979 (novel)'' (2001) by

, in which the epic provides the pattern for the homoerotic theme set against the background of the

Iranian Revolution The Iranian Revolution ( fa, انقلاب ایران, Enqelâb-e Irân, ), also known as the Islamic Revolution ( fa, انقلاب اسلامی, Enqelâb-e Eslâmī), was a series of events that culminated in the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynas ...

. *''

Fate/stay night ''Fate/stay night'' is a Japanese visual novel developed by Type-Moon and originally released as an adult game for Windows on January 30, 2004. A version of ''Fate/stay night'' rated for ages 15 and up titled ''Fate/stay night Réalta ...

'' (2004), a Japanese visual novel written by

Kinoko Nasu is a Japanese author, best known for writing the light novel ''The Garden of Sinners'' and visual novels ''Tsukihime'' and ''Fate/stay night'', and a co-founder of Type-Moon. He graduated from Hosei University with a major in human science. ...

and developed by Type-Moon. *'' Fate/Zero'' (2006), a Light Novel authored by

Gen Urobuchi is a Japanese novelist, visual novel writer and anime screenwriter. He is known for being the co-creator of the highly acclaimed and commercially successful anime series '' Puella Magi Madoka Magica'', which earned him the Tokyo Anime Award for ...

, illustrated by

Takashi Takeuchi is a Japanese artist. He is notable as the co-founder of the visual novel, anime development and production enterprise Type-Moon, and for his illustrations on the visual novels, ''Tsukihime'' and ''Fate/stay night'', which were adapted into an ...

and written in collaboration with Type-Moon, features

as one of the summoned servants. * ''

Bartimaeus (book series) The ''Bartimaeus Sequence'' is a series of young adult novels of alternate history, fantasy and magic. It was written by British writer Jonathan Stroud and consists of a trilogy published from 2003 to 2005 and a prequel novel published in 2010. ...

'', the titular Djinn was a servant to Gilgamesh (his first master) and aided him alongside the wildman Enkidu in defeating the giant

Humbaba In Ancient Mesopotamian religion, Humbaba ( Assyrian spelling), also spelled Huwawa ( Sumerian spelling) and surnamed ''the Terrible'', was a monstrous giant of immemorial age raised by Utu, the Sun / justice / truth god. Humbaba was the guardia ...

in addition to also assisting the demi-God king in building the walls of Uruk, a feat originally attributed to Gilgamesh alone. * ''Stargate SG-1: Blood Ties'' (2007) by Sonny Whitelaw and Elizabeth Christensen has Doctor Daniel Jackson consult the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' for clues about the threat that the characters are currently facing. * ''Like Mayflies in a Stream'' (2009) by Shauna S. Roberts () is a novelization of the first half of the epic from the viewpoint of

Shamhat Shamhat ( akk, , Šamḫat; also called Shamkat in the old Babylonian version of Gilgamesh") is a female character who appears in Tablets I and II of the Epic of Gilgamesh and is mentioned in Tablet VII. She is a sacred prostitute who plays a signi ...

, who tamed Enkidu. * '' The Sorceress: The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel'' (2009), a novel in

The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel ''The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel'' is a series of six fantasy novels written by Irish author Michael Scott, completed in 2012. The first book in the series, '' The Alchemyst'', was released in 2007, and the sequels were released ...

series by Michael Scott (). Gilgamesh the King is described as a homeless man, immortal, and extraordinarily forgetful. He helps the twins, Sophie and Josh, to learn the magic of Water. * "Long Time" by Rick Norwood, ''

The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction ''The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction'' (usually referred to as ''F&SF'') is a U.S. fantasy and science fiction magazine first published in 1949 by Mystery House, a subsidiary of Lawrence Spivak's Mercury Press. Editors Anthony Boucher a ...

'', Jan/Feb 2011, a retelling of the Gilgamesh legend by a cynical immortal soldier serving in Gilgamesh's army. * ''

Warm Bodies ''Warm Bodies'' is a novel by author Isaac Marion. The book was described as a "zombie romance" by the ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer'' and makes allusions to William Shakespeare's ''Romeo and Juliet''. The author, based in Seattle, originally wr ...

'' by

Isaac Marion Isaac Marion (born December 30, 1981) is an American writer. He is best known as the best-selling author of the "zombie romance" novel '' Warm Bodies'' and its series. Background Marion was born December 30, 1981 near Seattle and has mostly lived ...

2011. The Epic of Gilgamesh is mentioned as "one of the earliest known works of literature. Humanity's debut novel, you could say. Love, sex, blood and tears. A journey to find eternal life. To escape death." *'' Fate/strange fake'' (2015), a Light Novel written by

Ryōgo Narita is a Japanese light novelist and manga writer. He won the Gold Prize in the 9th Dengeki Novel Prize for ''Baccano!'', which was made into an anime television series in 2007. His series ''Durarara!!'' was also made into two anime television series ...

, illustrated by Morii Shizuki, a spin-off of both

Fate/stay Night ''Fate/stay night'' is a Japanese visual novel developed by Type-Moon and originally released as an adult game for Windows on January 30, 2004. A version of ''Fate/stay night'' rated for ages 15 and up titled ''Fate/stay night Réalta ...

and Fate/Zero that originated as an April fool's joke in 2008 as ''Fate/states night''. * In ''

Children of Time (novel) ''Children of Time'' is a 2015 science fiction novel by author Adrian Tchaikovsky. The work was praised by the ''Financial Times'' for "tackling big themes—gods, messiahs, artificial intelligence, alienness—with brio." It was selected from ...

'' (2015), a science fiction novel written by

Adrian Tchaikovsky Adrian Czajkowski (spelled as Adrian Tchaikovsky for his books) is a British fantasy and science fiction author. He is known best for his series ''Shadows of the Apt'', and for his novel '' Children of Time''. ''Children of Time'' was awarded t ...

, the main characters travel across space in a ship named the Gilgamesh. * ''Fearless Inanna'', by Jonathan Schork (2015), is loosely structured after the original Epic in twelve "books" and borrows translated passages in chapter 10. ''The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh'', by Simo Parpola (Eisenbrauns, 1997), is listed in the bibliography. * '' Thick as Thieves'' (2017) by Megan Whalen Turner features a main character from a fictionalized version of the Persian empire who, throughout the course of the novel, recites from an ancient poem loosely based on the Epic of Gilgamesh. The two characters in the novel come to represent the main characters of the epic, known as Immakuk and Ennikar (Gilgamesh and Enkidu). * "Enkidu", the opening story of '' Even This Wildest Hope'' (2019) by Seyward Goodhand, is a modern retelling of the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' from the point of view of Enkidu. *"Smokepit Fairytales" (2016) a science fiction novel by Tripp Ainsworth. A Marine and a Sailor accidentally stumble upon Utnapishtim's garden while deployed to Iraq and inadvertently become immortal. The novel pulled heavily from Gilgamesh as inspiration. *''City of the Plague God'' (2021) a fantasy novel by Sarwat Chadda under the

Rick Riordan Presents Rick Riordan Presents is a book imprint of Disney-Hyperion (Disney Publishing Worldwide) that was launched in 2018 and is led by Stephanie Owens Lurie. The line publishes books that utilize the mythology of various cultures and countries in its s ...

imprint, features protagonist Sikander "Sik" Aziz meeting Gilgamesh in the present day where Gilgamesh reveals that he really did become immortal, but had lied in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' and faked his death in order to keep other people from discovering the secret of immortality. Gilgamesh has become a pacifist dedicated to gardening and helps Sik create a cure for the plague spread by the Mesopotamian deity

Nergal Nergal ( Sumerian: d''KIŠ.UNU'' or ; ; Aramaic: ܢܸܪܓܲܠ; la, Nirgal) was a Mesopotamian god worshiped through all periods of Mesopotamian history, from Early Dynastic to Neo-Babylonian times, with a few attestations under indicating hi ...

. Using his powers as the

demigod A demigod or demigoddess is a part-human and part-divine offspring of a deity and a human, or a human or non-human creature that is accorded divine status after death, or someone who has attained the "divine spark" ( spiritual enlightenment). A ...

son of

Ninsun Ninsun (also called Ninsumun, cuneiform: dNIN.SUMUN2; Sumerian: ''Nin-sumun(ak)'' "lady of the wild cows") was a Mesopotamian goddess. She is best known as the mother of the hero Gilgamesh and wife of deified legendary king Lugalbanda, and appea ...

, Gilgamesh generates a hurricane over Manhattan for Sik to spread the cure in the form of rain. He later sends Sik his royal seal as a gift.

Classical music

* ''

The Epic of Gilgamesh (Martinů) ''The Epic of Gilgamesh'' (Czech: ''Epos o Gilgamešovi'') is an oratorio for solo voices, chorus and orchestra by Bohuslav Martinů composed in 1954–1955 near Nice in France, and premiered in 1958 in Basel, Switzerland, with a title and text i ...

'', 1955 choral work by the Czech composer

Bohuslav Martinů Bohuslav Jan Martinů (; December 8, 1890 – August 28, 1959) was a Czech composer of modern classical music. He wrote 6 symphonies, 15 operas, 14 ballet scores and a large body of orchestral, chamber, vocal and instrumental works. He bec ...

* '' Gilgamesh (Kodallı opera),'' 1962–64

opera Opera is a form of theatre in which music is a fundamental component and dramatic roles are taken by singers. Such a "work" (the literal translation of the Italian word "opera") is typically a collaboration between a composer and a librett ...

in Turkish * '' Gilgamesh (Saygun opera),'' 1964–70 Op.65 opera in Turkish * ''

Gilgamesh (Nørgård opera) ''Gilgamesh'' is a 1972 opera by Per Nørgård. First performed in Århus on 4 May 1973, the opera received the Nordic Council Music Prize in 1974.Hannu Annala, Heiki Matlik - Handbook of Guitar and Lute Composers 2010 - Page 111 1609743539 " In t ...

,'' 1971–72 opera in Danish by

Per Nørgård Per Nørgård (; born 13 July 1932) is a Danish composer and music theorist. Though his style has varied considerably throughout his career, his music has often included repeatedly evolving melodies—such as the infinity series—in the vein o ...

* '' Gilgamesh (Brucci opera),'' 1986 opera in Serbian by

Rudolf Brucci Rudolf Brucci (Bruči) (March 30, 1917 – October 30, 2002), was a composer of Croatian and Italian origin, born in Zagreb. He was married to Yugoslavian opera singer, . He began his artistic life playing viola in various orchestras, ranging from ...

* ''Gilgamesh (Battiato opera),'' 1992 opera in Italian by

Franco Battiato Francesco "Franco" Battiato (; 23 March 1945 – 18 May 2021) was an Italian musician, singer, composer, filmmaker and, under the pseudonym Süphan Barzani, also a painter. Battiato's songs contain esoteric, philosophical and religious themes, a ...

*''Bilgamesh (Gilgamesh) (opera–ballet),'' 2009-12 opera in

Sumerian Sumerian or Sumerians may refer to: *Sumer, an ancient civilization **Sumerian language **Sumerian art **Sumerian architecture **Sumerian literature **Cuneiform script, used in Sumerian writing *Sumerian Records, an American record label based in ...

and

Akkadian Akkadian or Accadian may refer to: * Akkadians, inhabitants of the Akkadian Empire * Akkadian language, an extinct Eastern Semitic language * Akkadian literature, literature in this language * Akkadian cuneiform Cuneiform is a logo- syllabi ...

Ashot Ariyan Ashot Ariyan ( hy, Աշոտ Արիյան, russian: Ашот Размикович Ариян; born April 3, 1973) is a Canadian-Armenian composer and pianist. He is the author of more than 25 compositions including an opera-ballet, two symphonies, ...

Pop music

Girugamesh is a Japanese rock band, formed in 2003. Their name is sometimes stylized with a metal umlaut as girugämesh and is derived from the ''Final Fantasy'' character. They disbanded on July 10, 2016, although announced a new song, to celebrate labe ...

, name of Japanese rock band is a

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of Gilgamesh, some of their song names allude to the epic as well. * "

The Mesopotamians ''The Else'' is the twelfth studio album by rock group They Might Be Giants, released by Idlewild Records in 2007. The album was produced in part by The Dust Brothers, along with Pat Dillett and the band. ''The Else'' was first available for ...

", a song by

They Might Be Giants They Might Be Giants (often abbreviated as TMBG) is an American alternative rock band formed in 1982 by John Flansburgh and John Linnell. During TMBG's early years, Flansburgh and Linnell frequently performed as a duo, often accompanied by a d ...

, features Gilgamesh, along with Sargon,

Hammurabi Hammurabi (Akkadian: ; ) was the sixth Amorite king of the Old Babylonian Empire, reigning from to BC. He was preceded by his father, Sin-Muballit, who abdicated due to failing health. During his reign, he conquered Elam and the city-states ...

, and

Ashurbanipal Ashurbanipal (Neo-Assyrian language, Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: , meaning "Ashur (god), Ashur is the creator of the heir") was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 669 BCE to his death in 631. He is generally remembered as the last great king o ...

(other rulers of Mesopotamia). * ''He Who Saw the Deep'', an album by

iLiKETRAiNS I Like Trains (previously styled as iLiKETRAiNS) is an English alternative/post-rock band, formed in Leeds, West Yorkshire. It draws its inspiration from historical failings and a pessimistic world view. I Like Trains has had its music used in ...

, takes its title from an original styling of ''The Epic of Gilgamesh''. * "Gilgamesh", from the album ''Rapconteur'' by rap artist

Baba Brinkman Dirk Murray Brinkman (born October 22, 1978) is a Canadian rapper and playwright best known for recordings and performances that combine hip hop music with literature, theatre, and science. Early life and education Born in the remote communit ...

is a modern retelling of the epic in hip hop form. * ''Gilgamesh'', 2010 album from Australian alternative pop duo Gypsy & The Cat. * ''Gilgamesh'', 2015 album based on the epic by the Iraqi heavy metal band

Acrassicauda Acrassicauda is an Iraqi thrash metal band formed in 2001 in Baghdad and currently based in Brooklyn, New York. It is often credited as the first heavy metal group to emerge from Iraq. The original band consisted of four members and played concer ...

. * "Gilgameš", from the album ''Κατά τον δαίμονα εαυτού'' by extreme metal band

Rotting Christ Rotting Christ is a Greek black metal band formed in 1987. They are noted for being one of the first black metal bands within this region, as well as a premier act within the European underground metal scene. They are also responsible for creati ...

. * "Golem II: The Bionic Vapour Boy" from the album ''

California California is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States, located along the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the List of states and territori ...

'' by

Mike Patton Michael Allan Patton (born January 27, 1968) is an American singer, producer, film composer and voice actor, best known as the lead vocalist of the alternative metal band Faith No More. Noted for his vocal proficiency, diverse singing techni ...

's band

Mr. Bungle Mr. Bungle is an American experimental rock band formed in Eureka, California in 1985. Having gone through many incarnations throughout their career, the band is best known for music created during their most experimental era. During this time, ...

mentions Gilgamesh. *

, name of

British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies. ** Britishness, the British identity and common culture * British English, ...

jazz fusion Jazz fusion (also known as fusion and progressive jazz) is a music genre that developed in the late 1960s when musicians combined jazz harmony and jazz improvisation, improvisation with rock music, funk, and rhythm and blues. Electric guitars, ...

band in the 1970s. *"The Edge of the World", from the album ''

Reaching into Infinity ''Reaching into Infinity'' is the seventh studio album by British power metal band DragonForce, released on 19 May 2017. It is the band's first studio album to feature drummer Gee Anzalone and the last to feature longtime keyboardist Vadim Pruzh ...

'' by English power metal band

DragonForce DragonForce are a British power metal band from London, England. The band was formed in 1999 by guitarists Herman Li and Sam Totman, and are known for their long and fast guitar solos, fantasy-themed lyrics and retro video game-influenced ...

. *"Gilgamesh", from the 2020 album '' Ascension'' by American singer

Sufjan Stevens Sufjan Stevens ( ; born July 1, 1975) is an American singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist. He has released nine solo studio albums and multiple collaborative albums with other artists. Stevens has received Grammy and Academy Award nomi ...

. * '' Lost in the Cedar Wood'', the 2021 album by British singer-songwriter

Johnny Flynn John Patrick Vivian Flynn (born 14 March 1983) is a British actor and singer-songwriter. He has starred as Dylan Witter in the Channel 4 and Netflix television sitcom '' Lovesick'', and portrayed David Bowie in the film '' Stardust''. Flynn i ...

and British nature writer Robert Macfarlane, is loosely based on the Epic of Gilgamesh, aiming to compare the themes of the ancient work with the modern world in the context of the

COVID-19 pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The novel virus was first identif ...

Theatre

* 1988 ''Girugameshu'', a play by the Japanese scholar

Takeshi Umehara was born in Miyagi Prefecture in Tōhoku and graduated from the philosophical faculty of Kyoto University in 1948. He taught philosophy at Ritsumeikan University and was subsequently appointed president of the Kyoto City University of Arts. He ...

. That play inspirated the

Hayao Miyazaki is a Japanese animator, director, producer, screenwriter, author, and manga artist. A co-founder of Studio Ghibli, he has attained international acclaim as a masterful storyteller and creator of Japanese animated feature films, and is widel ...

's 1997 anime epic ''

Princess Mononoke is a 1997 Japanese animated epic historical fantasy film written and directed by Hayao Miyazaki and animated by Studio Ghibli for Tokuma Shoten, Nippon Television Network and Dentsu. The film stars the voices of Yōji Matsuda, Yuriko Ishida ...

''. * 1989 '' Turn left at Gilgamesh'', a play by New York playwright Rory Winston. * 2007 (September/October). ''Gilgamesh in Uruk: GI in Iraq'', adapted by Blake Bowden. Directed by Regina Pugh, with original music composed by

Grammy The Grammy Awards (stylized as GRAMMY), or simply known as the Grammys, are awards presented by the Recording Academy of the United States to recognize "outstanding" achievements in the music industry. They are regarded by many as the most pre ...

-nominee, Steve Goers, and original puppetry by Aretta Baumgartner. * 2007 (July). ''Chronicles – the custom of lamenting'', based on the adaptation and completed Polish translation of ''Gilgamesh'' by Robert Stiller. Directed by Grzegorz Brai with original music based on Albanian and Greek polyphonic laments. Produced by Song of the Goat Theatre in Poland. * 2007 (April). ''Gilgamesh'', adapted by Yusef Komunyakaa and Chad Gracia. Original music composed and performed by Billy Atwell. This project was a part of the New York Institute for the Humanities "War Music Festival." Produced by the Classical Theatre of Harlem. * 2007 (March/April). ''Gilgamesh'', adapted by Stephen Sachs. Directed by Sachs and Jessica Kubzansky. Produced by The Theatre @ Boston Court in Pasadena, CA. * 2017 (October). ''Gilgamesh'', adapted by Piers Beckley. Directed by Ray Shell. Produced by White Bear Theatre in Kennington, London. * 2017 (October). ''Broken Stones'', by Fin Kennedy. Directed by Seth Rozin. Produced by Interact Theatre Companyin Philadelphia, PA. Inspired by a true story, this meta-theatrical play follows a former U.S. Army Reservist who broke military protocol to safeguard the Baghdad Museum of Antiquities (the Iraq Museum) from being looted during the Iraq War. This museum houses Gilgamesh tablets, and the story references Gilgamesh. As the ex-soldier tells his harrowing saga to a Hollywood ghost writer, his story is manipulated into a more palatable narrative.

Film

* ''The Epic of Gilgamesh, or This Unnameable Little Broom'' (1985) by the Quay Brothers is an animated short based on the Epic of Gilgamesh. * In the film adaptation of the ''Fate/stay night: Unlimited Blade Works (2010 film), Unlimited Blade Works'' route of ''Fate/Stay Night'', Gilgamesh is the main antagonist who, with Kirei Kotomine, attempts a ritual to bring the Holy Grail into existence. This route has also been adapted as an Fate/stay night: Unlimited Blade Works (2014), anime series * In the ''Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel, Heaven's Feel'' route of ''Fate/Stay Night'', Gilgamesh is a minor character as a servant in the Holy Grail War in which he is easily defeated by Angra Mainyu who is possessing the heroine Sakura Matou. He is a main character in the other two routes, which have been adapted as List of Fate/stay night episodes, two Fate/stay night: Unlimited Blade Works (2014), anime series and a Fate/stay night: Unlimited Blade Works (2010 film), movie. * The

's 1997 anime film ''

'' is partially based on the Cedar Forest episode of ''The Epic of Gilgamesh''. * ''Gilgamesh (upcoming film), Gilgamesh'', upcoming Argentinean animated film.

Television

* Gilgamesh is referenced in both the prologue and epilogue of the 1964 episode of The Outer Limits (1963 TV series), ''The Outer Limits'', "Demon With a Glass Hand". * "Darmok", episode 2 of season 5 of ''Star Trek: The Next Generation'', is a self-referential adaptation of Gilgamesh in a science fiction setting. Jean-Luc Picard references the epic directly as he attempts to communicate with a member of an alien species whose language consists entirely of allegory which references mythological and historical people and events from his culture. * Gilgamesh (anime), ''Gilgamesh'' anime, directed by Masahiko Murata. * The Epic is seen in ''The Secret Saturdays'', though with some alterations. Instead of telling the story of Gilgamesh's quest for immortality, it depicts his battle against an ancient Sumerian cryptid known as Kur. * Gilgamesh is one of the Servants in the Holy Grail War of the ''List of Fate/Zero episodes, Fate/Zero'', ''List of Fate/stay night episodes, Fate/stay night'' and the ''Fate/stay night: Unlimited Blade Works'' anime, in all three of which, he serves as a final antagonist who has an obsession with Saber (Fate/stay night), Saber; he merely desires to possess Saber and the Holy Grail (for the sake of it being a treasure) in the former two while he wants to destroy the world using the Holy Grail to rule over those who survive the cataclysm in the latter. He also appears in ''Fate/Grand Order - Absolute Demonic Front: Babylonia'' as the king of Uruk and a main character of the story. * A child version of Gilgamesh appears in the anime series Fate/kaleid liner Prisma☆Illya * Gilgamesh is comically referenced in ''Futurama'' season 7 episode 18 titled "The Inhuman Torch". Bender is compared to Gilgamesh after saving the earth from an evil personified flame. * In ''Batman: The Animated Series'', reference is made to Project Gilgamesh, from which the character Bane is born. (Season 3, Episode 1) * Gilgamesh is referenced during a street play based on his story, in the Indian television series ''Bharat Ek Khoj'' episode 2, based on Indus Valley Civilization. *The Smiths must rescue Steve after he is kidnapped and taken to the North Pole, which is revealed to be the frozen over remains of the Cedar Forest. There, Santa Claus is using children to mine for precious stones from the Epic of Gilgamesh that he needs to perform an ancient ritual to revive

and claim his powers. ''American Dad'' (season 12, episode 7) *In ''The Tower of Druaga (anime), The Tower of Druaga'' anime, the king of Babylim and the first person to climb the tower was named Gilgamesh.

Comics

* ''Gilgamesh II'', a satirical graphic novel by Jim Starlin in which an infant (the last of his doomed race) is rocketed to Earth Superman-fashion, but whose life follows the trajectory of the Gilgamesh legends. Amazon Standard Identification Number, ASIN B00071S7T8 * ''The Epic of Gilgamesh'' (2018), is a graphic novel covering the full Gilgamesh epic; rendered by Kent H. Dixon and illustrated by his son, Kevin H. Dixon. * In the final issue of ''Mage (comics), Mage II: The Hero Defined'' (1999), Matt Wagner uses the Epic of Gilgamesh as a parallel to the life of Kevin Matchstick, who was previously compared to

. * The Argentine comic book ''Gilgamesh the Immortal'' turns Gilgamesh into an immortal whose life spans across all human history and a post-apocalyptic future. * In Marvel Comics Forgotten One (comics), Gilgamesh is one of the Eternals (comics), Eternals, a race of immortal beings that live on Olympia (Marvel Comics location), Olympia and have been mistaken for Gods over the millennia. Gilgamesh has performed many heroic feats, and has been mistaken for other heroes, such as Hercules (comics), Hercules. He is known as the Forgotten One after Zuras, the Leader of the Eternals, caused everybody on Earth to forget about him. * The webcomic ''Abominable Charles Cristopher'' by Karl Kerschl features Gilgamesh as an adventurous king, who is initially trying to slay the unwitting protagonist when he approaches Gilgamesh's kingdom. Later their relationship evolves.Gilgamesh at his castle
in Abominable Charles Cristopher. * ''The Unwritten'' by Mike Carey (writer), Mike Carey and Peter Gross (comics), Peter Gross, issue 32.5 (Feb 2012), retells part of the Epic in a way that fits the series' examination of story-telling in human history. * ''Archer and Armstrong'' #0, written by Fred Van Lente and published by Valiant Comics features a retelling of the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' from the point of view of one of the principal characters of the series, the immortal Aram Anni-Padda.

Video games

* In Namco's action role-playing game ''The Tower of Druaga, Tower of Druaga'', Gilgamesh is known as Gil and is the main hero who must ascend the floors of Druaga's Tower of Babel, tower to rescue Ki. The game spawned the ''Babylonian Castle Saga'' franchise. * The pre-designed game packaged with Electronic Arts' ''Adventure Construction Set'', ''Rivers of Light'', follows the Epic of Gilgamesh. * In ''Serious Sam: The Second Encounter'', the eighth level was named as "Courtyards of Gilgamesh". * The ''Final Fantasy'' series of video games includes, in some of its installments, a boss enemy named Gilgamesh (Final Fantasy), Gilgamesh and his "faithful sidekick" Enkidu. There are actually several variants of Gilgamesh in ''Final Fantasy'', as the series has no shared in-universe continuity, though there is usually some reference to him being a fierce warrior who collects swords and many iterations of him have as many as six arms. * Gilgamesh is the leader of the Sumerian civilization in the ''Civilization III Civilization III: Conquests, Conquests'' expansion pack, ''Civilization IV Beyond the Sword'' expansion pack, and ''Civilization VI''. * In Namco's video game ''Tales of Phantasia'', one of Cress Albaine's titles is Gilgamesh, which can be obtained finding particular objects. * In Capcom's video game ''Devil May Cry 4'' Gilgamesh is a pair of boots and gauntlets that are worn and used by second protagonist Dante, possibly in reference to a similar weapon featured in earlier games in the series, named after ''Beowulf'', another epic poem. * In the Sir-Tech game ''Wizardry: Proving Grounds of the Mad Overlord'', players construct their adventure party at Gilgamesh's Tavern. * In the Type-Moon visual novel game ''

'', Gilgamesh is one of the antagonists of the series. He also appears in the sequel game, ''Fate/hollow ataraxia'', as both his main self and as a child version of himself; and in "Fate/Extra CCC" and ''Fate/Extella: The Umbral Star'' as a playable character. * In the Japanese collectible card game ''Shadowverse'', Gilgamesh is an uncommon playable card. * In the WonderPlanet inc. mobile-game ''Crash Fever'', Gilgamesh is an obtainable unit in an ultimate wizard quest. * In the mobile game ''Fate/Grand Order'', Gilgamesh appears as a summonable servant in three different variants: as a child, in his Fate/Stay Night form prior to meeting Enkidu, and a wiser version from his time as king after the conclusion of ''The Epic''. He is one of the main protagonists in the game's Seventh Singularity, which takes place in Ancient Mesopotamia, the arcade version of the game also has a babylonian singularity, in which Gilgamesh is cloned and Nebuchadnezzar II is summoned into his clone's body by the Beast of 666. * In ''Assassin's Creed: Origins'' (2017), a sword originated from Mesopotamia known as "Humbaba's Fang" was carved by Gilgamesh from the tooth of

. * In ''Hades (video game), Hades'' (2020), the fourth aspect of the Twin Fists of Malphon is the Aspect of Gilgamesh. * In ''Smite (video game), Smite'', the second 2021 Babylonian god is Gilgamesh, who battles Tiamat in the story.

Children's literature

* ''Gilgamesh''. (1967). Written and illustrated by Bernarda Bryson. Henry Holt & Co. . 1st edition is out of print. * ''Gilgamesh: Man's First Story'' (2005). Written and illustrated by Bernarda Bryson Shahn. Whole Spirit Press , 2nd edition reissue. * ''Gilgamesh the King'' (1991). Written and illustrated by Ludmila Zeman. Tundra Books. (0-88776-283-2). * ''The Revenge of Ishtar'' (1993). Written and illustrated by Ludmila Zeman. Tundra Books. (0-88776-315-4). * ''The Last Quest of Gilgamesh'' (1995). Written and illustrated by Ludmila Zeman. Tundra Books. (0-88776-328-6). * ''Gilgamesh the Hero'' (2003). Retold by Geraldine McCaughrean, illustrated by David Parkins. Eerdmans Books for Young Readers. . * ''Lugalbanda: The Boy who got Caught up in a War'' (2006). by Kathy Henderson, illustrated by Jane Ray. Candlewick. .

References

Bibliography

* * * {{Epic of Gilgamesh Mythology in popular culture Works based on the Epic of Gilgamesh Cultural depictions of Gilgamesh, Ancient Mesopotamia in popular culture