Geum Rivale

''Geum rivale'', the water avens, is a flowering plant in the genus ''Geum'' within the family Rosaceae. Other names for the plant are nodding avens, drooping avens, cure-all, water flower and Indian chocolate. It is native to the temperate regions of Europe, Central Asia and parts of North America, where it is known as purple avens. It grows in bogs and damp meadows, and produces nodding red flowers from May to September.

Distribution

''Geum rivale'' is widespread in Europe, particularly in the northern and central parts. It is found throughout the British Isles, the Faroes, Iceland, Scandinavia, the Baltic States, and much of Central Europe (up to elevations of 2400m in the Alps and in the Carpathians).
It is absent from the Pannonian Basin and western France; on the Italian Peninsula it is found in scattered locations in the northern and central Apennines, while on the Iberian Peninsula it is restricted between 1000 and 2200m in the Cantabrians, Pyrenees, the Iberian and Central Systems, and the mountains of Sierra Nevada and Sierra de Cazorla in the south.
It is found in the mountains of the Balkan Peninsula (in Bulgaria its altitudinal range is 1200–2100m), the Caucasus, northern Anatolia and northwestern Iran. It is also native to northern Ukraine and the central and northern parts of European Russia, Western Siberia up to the Sayan– Angara region in the east, as well as to parts of Central Asia (the Dzungaria and the Tarbagatai areas and Tian Shan).

''Geum rivale'' is also native to a broad region in Canada and the United States.

Habitat

The plant is a native perennial of slow-draining or wet soils and can tolerate mildly acidic to calcareous conditions in full sun or under partial shade. Habitats include stream sides, pond edges, damp deciduous woodland and hay meadows.

It is a component of purple moor grass and rush pastures is a type of Biodiversity Action Plan habitat in the UK. It occurs on poorly drained neutral and acidic soils of the lowlands and upland fringe. It is found throughout the British Isles with the exception of south-east England, the Western Isles of Scotland and parts of the midlands and the west country.

Ecology

''Geum rivale'' is pollinated primarily by bees, less often by flies and beetles. As the flower matures, elongation of the stamens ensures it self-fertilises if not already cross-pollinated. The flowers' stigmas mature before the stamens. It begins flowering a little earlier than ''G. urbanum'', so early pollinations will be within the gene-pool of the single species. The seeds of Water Avens are burr-like, and are distributed after being caught in the coats of rabbits and other small mammals, and by rhizomal growth.

''Geum rivale'' is parasitised by '' Podosphaera aphanis'' – a conidial powdery mildew. Yellow spots on the living leaf may be caused by '' Peronospora gei'' – a downy mildew.Ellis, M. B. & J. P. (1997). Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook.

Hybrids

''Geum urbanum'' hybridises fairly regularly with ''Geum rivale'' as they are closely related and occur together.

In North America it is known to hybridise with '' Geum aleppicum'' (the hybrid being named ''Geum × aurantiacum'' ), with '' Geum macrophyllum'' var. ''perincisum'' (as ''Geum × pervale''), and with ''Geum macrophyllum'' var. ''macrophyllum'' (as ''Geum × pulchrum'').

File:Geum rivale clump.jpg, Group of plants
File:Geum rivale flowers.jpg, Flowers
File:Geum rivale with pseudopeloria.jpg, Pseudo-peloric flower
File:Geum rivale - Niitvälja.jpg, Fruits

References

External links

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Video and commentary on Geum urbanum and Geum rivale

{{Taxonbar, from=Q161625

rivale
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus