German Destroyer Z23

''Z23'' was one of fifteen Type 1936A destroyers built for the ''Kriegsmarine'' (German Navy) during World War II. Completed in 1940, the ship spent the war in Norwegian and French waters, escorting German ships and occasionally engaging Allied warships. In early 1941 she escorted ships between the Baltic and southern Norway before spending four months protecting ships as they transited through the Bay of Biscay. A few months after the Operation Barbarossa began in June, ''Z23'' was transferred to northern Norway where she attempted to intercept one of the Arctic convoys returning from the Soviet Union and helped to lay several minefields.

Transferred back to France in early 1943 where she resumed her former role of escorting ships through the Bay of Biscay, which were threatened by Allied aircraft and cruisers attempting to prevent Axis blockade runners from reaching port through the bay. One such mission resulted in the Battle of the Bay of Biscay at the end of the year, in which ''Z23'' played a minor role. On 12 August, she was bombed by British heavy bombers and was declared a constructive total loss. The French salvaged her after the war and used her as a source of spare parts for the ex-German destroyers that they had in service. The ship was condemned in 1951 and later broken up.

Design and description

The Type 1936A destroyers were slightly larger than the preceding and had a heavier armament. They had an overall length of and were long at the waterline. The ships had a beam of , and a maximum draft of . They displaced at standard load and at deep load. The two Wagner geared steam turbine sets, each driving one propeller shaft, were designed to produce using steam provided by six Wagner water-tube boilers for a designed speed of . ''Z23'' carried a maximum of of fuel oil which gave a range of at . Her crew consisted of 11 officers and 321 sailors.Gröner, pp. 203–04

The ship carried four TbtsK C/36 guns in single mounts with gun shields, one forward of the superstructure and three aft. Her anti-aircraft armament consisted of four C/30 guns in two twin mounts abreast the rear funnel and five C/30 guns in single mounts. ''Z23'' carried eight above-water torpedo tubes in two power-operated mounts. Two reloads were provided for each mount. She had four depth charge launchers and mine rails could be fitted on the rear deck that had a maximum capacity of 60 mines. 'GHG' (''Gruppenhorchgerät'') passive hydrophones were fitted to detect submarines and an ''S-Gerät'' sonar was also probably fitted. The ship was equipped with either a ''FuMO'' 21 or ''FuMO'' 24/25 radar set above the bridge.

Modifications

''Z23''s single forward 15 cm gun was exchanged for a 15 cm LC/38 twin-gun turret during her early-1942 refit. This exacerbated the Type 36A's tendency to take water over the bow and reduced their speed to . By 1944, the ship's anti-aircraft suite had been augmented by a pair of quadruple 2 cm mounts that may have been added during her early-1942 refit.

Service history

''Z23'' was ordered from AG Weser (Deschimag) on 23 April 1938. The ship was laid down at Deschimag's Bremen shipyard as yard number W957 on 15 November 1938, launched on 15 December 1939, and commissioned on 15 September 1940. After working up, she began escorting ships between the Baltic and southern Norway between March and June 1941, notably the battleship and the heavy cruisers , . On 12–13 June ''Z23'' was one of the escorts for the heavy cruiser '' Lützow'' as the latter ship attempted to break out into the Atlantic. Several Bristol Beaufort aircraft spotted ''Lützow'' and her escorts off the Norwegian coast and one managed to surprise them and torpedo the cruiser early on the morning of 13 June, forcing her to return to Germany for repairs. ''Z23'' was transferred to Brest, France, on the 16th, together with her sister '' Z24'', and they helped to escort the battleship through the Bay of Biscay on 20–24 July and covered the passage of the merchant raider through the bay on 21–28 August. They were ordered to northern Norway on 23 October.

At the end of November the sisters reached Tromsø and was assigned to the ''8. Zerstörerflottile'' (8th Destroyer Flotilla), commanded by ''Kapitän zur See'' (Captain) Hans Erdmenger. On 17 December, ''Z23'', along with her sisters ''Z24'', '' Z25'', and '' Z27'', sortied into the Barents Sea on 16 December 1941, searching for Allied ships off the coast of the Kola Peninsula. The following day, ''Z25''s radar spotted two ships in heavy fog at a range of . The Germans thought that they were Soviet destroyers, but they were actually two British minesweepers, and , sailing to rendezvous with Convoy QP 6. The Germans intercepted them, but the heavy fog and icing precluded accurate gunfire. The British ships were able to escape despite four hits on ''Speedy'' and the heavy expenditure of ammunition. On 13 January 1942, ''Z25'' escorted ''Z23'' and ''Z24'' as they laid a minefield in the western channel of the White Sea. A week later, ''Z23'' accidentally rammed ''Z24'' in heavy fog on 20 January, forcing the latter to return to Wesermünde and the former to sail to Trondheim for repairs and a lengthy refit that lasted until August.

After escorting the minelayer ' to Narvik, she participated in Operation Zarin, a minelaying mission off the island of Novaya Zemlya from 24 to 28 September, together with ''Admiral Hipper'', and her sisters , , and . On 23–24 October, the ship escorted the battleship and ''Admiral Scheer'' from Bogen Bay to Trondheim and continued to Copenhagen, Denmark, with ''Admiral Scheer'', before returning to the Altafjord with the light cruiser . Engine problems prevented her from participating in Operation Regenbogen, an attack on Convoy JW 51B, at the end of the year.

On 5 March 1943, the ''8. Zerstörerflottile'' (''Z23'', ''Z24'', and ) was transferred via the English Channel to the French Atlantic coast in Operation Karin. Despite attacks by British coastal artillery and motor torpedo boats, the flotilla managed to pass through the Straits of Dover unscathed, but ''Z37'' ran aground at Le Havre en route. The flotilla provided distant cover for an attempt by the Italian blockade runner ''Himalaya'' to sail for the Far East on 28 March, but the ship had to return to Bordeaux after it was spotted by a British reconnaissance aircraft. Two days later, the flotilla escorted the Italian blockade runner '' Pietro Orseolo'' through the Bay of Biscay despite the ship being torpedoed by an American submarine and under heavy attack by Bristol Beaufighter fighter-bombers and Beaufort torpedo bombers; the German destroyers shot down five of the attacking aircraft. ''Himalaya'' made another attempt to break out on 9 April, but the ships were spotted by a Short Sunderland flying boat. After reversing course, they were attacked by Vickers Wellington bombers and Handley Page Hampden torpedo bombers. Five of the attackers were shot down, but ''Z23'' suffered 5 dead and 31 wounded during the battle. The flotilla escorted submarines through the bay for the rest of the summer. On 24–26 December, the ship was one of the escorts for the blockade runner through the Bay of Biscay. During the mission, heavy seas flooded her forecastle and she lost four men overboard before returning to Bordeaux.

Battle of the Bay of Biscay

Another blockade runner, the refrigerated cargo ship , trailed ''Osorno'' by several days and four destroyers, including ''Z23'', of the ''8. Flotille'' and six torpedo boats of the ''4. Torpedobootflotille'' (4th Torpedo Boat Flotilla) set sail on 27 December to escort her through the bay. The Allies were aware of these blockade runners through their Ultra code-breaking efforts and positioned cruisers and aircraft in the Western Atlantic to intercept them in Operation Stonewall. A Consolidated B-24 Liberator heavy bomber from No. 311 Squadron RAF sank ''Alsterufer'' later that afternoon.

The German ships were unaware of the sinking until the following afternoon and continued onward to the rendezvous point. They had been spotted by an American Liberator bomber on the morning of the 28th and the British light cruisers and , which were assigned to Stonewall, maneuvered to intercept them. By this time, the weather had gotten significantly worse and the German ships were steaming for home, hampered by the rough seas that threw spray over their forward guns that made them very hard to work. In addition the spray severely reduced visibility and hampered the rangefinders and sights for the guns and torpedoes. Using her radar, ''Glasgow'' was the first to open fire at the closest German ships, ''Z23'' and ''Z27'', at 13:46 at a range of with ''Enterprise'' following a few minutes later. ''Z23'' fired six torpedoes once the range closed to , but they all missed. About that time, the destroyers began firing back. At 14:18 Erdmenger decided to split his forces and ordered ''Z23'', ''Z27'', and three torpedo boats to reverse course to the north. ''Z23'' fired another torpedo, which also missed, five minutes later. The cruisers pursued the northern group and a hit in ''Z27''s forward boiler room disabled one of her turbines and gradually reduced her speed. ''Glasgow'' and ''Enterprise'' concentrated their fire on the three torpedo boats after they turned south again at 14:39, sinking two of the torpedo boats. ''Z23'' attempted to come to the drifting ''Z27''s aid, but was ordered to disengage when ''Enterprise'' appeared. The torpedo boat joined up with ''Z23'' and the two ships reached Saint-Jean-de-Luz, close to the Spanish border, later that day.

On 30 January 1944, ''Z23'' was carrying out exercises in the south of the Bay of Biscay with ''Z32'' and ''Z37'' when the former collided with ''Z37''. The impact detonated a torpedo warhead, knocked out both turbines and started a large fire amidships. ''Z23'' towed her to Bordeaux where she was deemed a constructive total loss. The ship resumed escorting uboats through the bay, but was docked at La Pallice when she was attacked by 14 Avro Lancaster heavy bombers on 12 August. One bomb penetrated through the forward boiler room, detonating on the harbor bottom, and another landed near by. The ship began to flood and took on a list to port unable to use her pumps until she was connected to shore power. ''Z23'' was also deemed a constructive total loss and she was decommissioned on 20 August with all of her equipment destroyed that could not be salvaged. The French Navy refloated the ship in 1945 and towed the ship to Cherbourg two years later to use her for spares. She was condemned on 7 October 1951 and subsequently scrapped.Gröner, p. 204; Koop & Schmolke, p. 103; Rohwer, pp. 311–12; Whitley, pp. 163, 206

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External links

Kriegsmarine destroyers

{{DEFAULTSORT:Z23
1939 ships
Ships built in Bremen (state)
Type 1936A-class destroyers
Maritime incidents in August 1944
Scuttled vessels