Gerd Hermann Heinrich (7 November 1896 in Berlin,

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

– 16 December 1984 in

Farmington Farmington may refer to: Places Canada *Farmington, British Columbia * Farmington, Nova Scotia (disambiguation) United States *Farmington, Arkansas *Farmington, California *Farmington, Connecticut *Farmington, Delaware * Farmington, Georgia * ...

, USA) was a German

entomologist Entomology () is the scientific study of insects, a branch of zoology. In the past the term "insect" was less specific, and historically the definition of entomology would also include the study of animals in other arthropod groups, such as arach ...

and

ornithologist Ornithology is a branch of zoology that concerns the "methodological study and consequent knowledge of birds with all that relates to them." Several aspects of ornithology differ from related disciplines, due partly to the high visibility and th ...

known for his studies of parasitic

Hymenoptera Hymenoptera is a large order (biology), order of insects, comprising the sawfly, sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. Over 150,000 living species of Hymenoptera have been described, in addition to over 2,000 extinct ones. Many of the species are Par ...

of the

Ichneumonidae The Ichneumonidae, also known as the ichneumon wasps, Darwin wasps, or ichneumonids, are a family (biology), family of parasitoid wasps of the insect order Hymenoptera. They are one of the most diverse groups within the Hymenoptera with roughly 2 ...

family and for the description of several bird species in

Celebes Sulawesi (), also known as Celebes (), is an island in Indonesia. One of the four Greater Sunda Islands, and the world's eleventh-largest island, it is situated east of Borneo, west of the Maluku Islands, and south of Mindanao and the Sulu A ...

Dutch East Indies The Dutch East Indies, also known as the Netherlands East Indies ( nl, Nederlands(ch)-Indië; ), was a Dutch colony consisting of what is now Indonesia. It was formed from the nationalised trading posts of the Dutch East India Company, which ...

Early life and education

Heinrich was born on 7 November 1896 in Berlin. He was the son of a physician, Hermann Heinrich. His mother, Margarethe von Tepper-Ferguson, was the heiress of a 1,344 ha farm at Borowke, between Poznan and

Gdańsk Gdańsk ( , also ; ; csb, Gduńsk;Stefan Ramułt, ''Słownik języka pomorskiego, czyli kaszubskiego'', Kraków 1893, Gdańsk 2003, ISBN 83-87408-64-6. , Johann Georg Theodor Grässe, ''Orbis latinus oder Verzeichniss der lateinischen Benen ...

Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous ...

. Heinrich grew up at Borowke which, prior to 1918, was in

West Prussia The Province of West Prussia (german: Provinz Westpreußen; csb, Zôpadné Prësë; pl, Prusy Zachodnie) was a province of Prussia from 1773 to 1829 and 1878 to 1920. West Prussia was established as a province of the Kingdom of Prussia in 177 ...

. He was educated at home by a tutor until age eight and became fluent in Polish, German and Latin.Collar N. ''Gerd Heinrich'' Birding Asia 2009. Volume 11 pages 33 to 40. Accessed 11 October 2015. In 1914, Heinrich graduated ''primus omnium'' from the Askanische Gymnasium in Berlin. Heinrich planned a career in medicine, but his interest was in natural history, especially insects. He sought the advice of the curator of entomology at the

Museum für Naturkunde The Natural History Museum (german: Museum für Naturkunde) is a natural history museum located in Berlin, Germany. It exhibits a vast range of specimens from various segments of natural history and in such domain it is one of three major muse ...

and was guided towards study of parasitic wasps of the family

, a large, diverse, and at that time, taxonomically poorly known group of insects. Heinrich's education was interrupted by the onset of hostilities of

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

. He enlisted in the

German army The German Army (, "army") is the land component of the armed forces of Germany. The present-day German Army was founded in 1955 as part of the newly formed West German ''Bundeswehr'' together with the ''Marine'' (German Navy) and the ''Luftwaf ...

as a cavalryman fighting on the Eastern front and earned the

Iron Cross The Iron Cross (german: link=no, Eisernes Kreuz, , abbreviated EK) was a military decoration in the Kingdom of Prussia, and later in the German Empire (1871–1918) and Nazi Germany (1933–1945). King Frederick William III of Prussia est ...

he then transferred to the

Luftstreitkräfte The ''Deutsche Luftstreitkräfte'' (, German Air Force)—known before October 1916 as (Flyer Troops)—was the air arm of the Imperial German Army. In English-language sources it is usually referred to as the Imperial German Air Service, alt ...

and became a pilot. After the war, Heinrich returned to Borowke, married a local girl, Annaliese Machatchek and lived there with his family.

Career

Europe

In 1927, Heinrich made an expedition to

Mount Elbrus Mount Elbrus ( rus, links=no, Эльбрус, r=Elbrus, p=ɪlʲˈbrus; kbd, Ӏуащхьэмахуэ, 'uaşhəmaxuə; krc, Минги тау, Mingi Taw) is the highest and most prominent peak in Russia and Europe. It is situated in the we ...

in Northern

Persia Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...

. From 1930 to 1932, he visited the island of

Sulawesi Sulawesi (), also known as Celebes (), is an island in Indonesia. One of the four Greater Sunda Islands, and the world's eleventh-largest island, it is situated east of Borneo, west of the Maluku Islands, and south of Mindanao and the Sulu Ar ...

(Celebes) in Indonesia, including the Latimodjong mountains, Menkoka mountains, and

Minahasa The Minahasans (alternative spelling: Minahassa) are an ethnic group native to the North Sulawesi province of Indonesia, formerly known as North Celebes. The Minahasa people sometimes refer to themselves as Manado people. Although the Minahasan p ...

and the

Molucca Islands The Maluku Islands (; Indonesian: ''Kepulauan Maluku'') or the Moluccas () are an archipelago in the east of Indonesia. Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located eas ...

including Halmahera and Batjan. From 1932 to 1937, Heinrich studied at the

Humboldt University Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (german: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, abbreviated HU Berlin) is a German public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin. It was established by Frederick William III on the initiative of ...

in Berlin and in 1932, he published a travelogue about Celebes. In 1934, Heinrich published his first major work, ''Die Ichneumoninae von Celebes'' (1934). In 1935, he made an expedition to the

Balkan Mountains The Balkan mountain range (, , known locally also as Stara planina) is a mountain range in the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula in Southeastern Europe. The range is conventionally taken to begin at the peak of Vrashka Chuka on the border betw ...

and the

Rhodope Mountains The Rhodopes (; bg, Родопи, ; el, Ροδόπη, ''Rodopi''; tr, Rodoplar) are a mountain range in Southeastern Europe, and the largest by area in Bulgaria, with over 83% of its area in the southern part of the country and the remainder in ...

in South-Eastern Europe. In 1938, he published the results of processing his collection of materials of the

Ichneumoninae Ichneumoninae is a worldwide subfamily of the parasitic wasp family Ichneumonidae. Ichneumoninae are koinobiont or idiobiont endoparasitoids of Lepidoptera. It is the second largest subfamily of Ichneumonidae, with 373 genera. Ichneumonines a ...

Madagascar Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately off the coast of East Africa ...

in ''Les Ichneumonides de Madagascar'' (1938). In 1934,

René Malaise René Edmond Malaise (29 September 1892 – 1 July 1978) was a Sweden, Swedish entomology, entomologist, exploration, explorer, art collection, art collector and inventor who is mostly known for his invention of the Malaise trap and his system ...

, the

Swedish Swedish or ' may refer to: Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically: * Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland ** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...

entomologist, had organised a zoological expedition to the northeastern parts of

Burma Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...

. The material he collected was sent to Heinrich for identification and classification. The abundance of bizarre, luxuriant, and unknown forms in this collection was so fascinating that Heinrich made his own expedition to the

Chin Hills The Chin Hills are a range of mountains in Chin State, northwestern Burma, Burma (Myanmar), that extends northward into India's Manipur state. Geography The highest peak in the Chin Hills is Khonu Msung, or Mount Victoria, in southern Chin State ...

of Burma in 1937 and 1938.

World War II

In 1939, at the onset of hostilities in

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...

, Heinrich's work was once again interrupted by war. Reluctantly, Heinrich enlisted in the

, aware that for a Pole to not do so could be fatal. In 1941, as the Russians pushed the Eastern front through Poland, Annaliese and the children fled westward. By the end of 1943, Heinrich did have a large monograph on oriental Ichneumoninae prepared for publication but as the front line approached, Heinrich soldered his monograph into a metal box, and secretly buried it in a dry place in the forest. He sent another copy to his friend, the physical chemist Max Vollmer. Henirich and his family lived in a small forester's hut in Hahnheide Forest from 1945 until 1951, when they emigrated to the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...

. Postwar Europe was a difficult place for academics. Heinrich contacted zoological organizations in every corner of Europe but not one of them had the funds for publication of his monograph. Heinrich did receive the sponsorship of the ichneumonologist, Henry K. Townes, Jr. to emigrate.

America

In 1952 and 1953, Heinrich took part in a zoological expedition to Mexico. Between the years 1953 and 1963, he participated in expeditions to Africa, mainly to collect birds and mammals for

Yale University Yale University is a private research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Established in 1701 as the Collegiate School, it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and among the most prestigious in the wo ...

, the

University of Kansas The University of Kansas (KU) is a public research university with its main campus in Lawrence, Kansas, United States, and several satellite campuses, research and educational centers, medical centers, and classes across the state of Kansas. Tw ...

, and the

Field Museum of Natural History The Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH), also known as The Field Museum, is a natural history museum in Chicago, Illinois, and is one of the largest such museums in the world. The museum is popular for the size and quality of its educational ...

. During this time, he expanded his collection of ichneumon flies. Between 1953 and 1955, Heinrich participated in an expedition to

Mount Moco Mount Moco (Portuguese: ), at , is the highest mountain in Angola. It is located in Huambo Province in the western part of the country, west of the city of Huambo.''Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Third Edition'', p. 754. Mount Moco was ...

and Mount Soke,

Angola , national_anthem = " Angola Avante"() , image_map = , map_caption = , capital = Luanda , religion = , religion_year = 2020 , religion_ref = , coordina ...

, West Africa. In 1957 and 1958 Heinrich returned to West Africa. From 1961 to 1963 he took part in an expedition to

Tanganyika Tanganyika may refer to: Places * Tanganyika Territory (1916–1961), a former British territory which preceded the sovereign state * Tanganyika (1961–1964), a sovereign state, comprising the mainland part of present-day Tanzania * Tanzania Main ...

Mount Meru Mount Meru (Sanskrit/Pali: मेरु), also known as Sumeru, Sineru or Mahāmeru, is the sacred five-peaked mountain of Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist cosmology and is considered to be the centre of all the physical, metaphysical and spiritu ...

, the

Usambara mountains The Usambara Mountains of northeastern Tanzania in tropical East Africa, comprise the easternmost ranges of the Eastern Arc Mountains. The ranges of approximately long and about half that wide, are situated in the Lushoto District of the Tang ...

, the

Uluguru Mountains The Uluguru mountains are a mountain range in eastern Tanzania, named after the Luguru tribe. The main portion of the Uluguru mountains is a ridge running roughly north-south and rising to altitude at its highest point. On the main Uluguru rang ...

, the

Livingston range The Livingston Range is a mountain range located primarily in Glacier National Park in the U.S. state of Montana, and in the extreme southeastern section of the Canadian province of British Columbia. The range is long and wide. Over 15 summits ...

and

Mount Rungwe Mount Rungwe is a volcanic mountain in Mbeya Region, in Tanzania's Southern Highlands. At an altitude of , it is southern Tanzania's second-highest peak. Rungwe's volcano is currently inactive. Geography Rungwe stands at the junction of the e ...

and the Ufipa Plateau in

Tanzania Tanzania (; ), officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( sw, Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; Comoro Islands and ...

and

Rhodesia Rhodesia (, ), officially from 1970 the Republic of Rhodesia, was an unrecognised state in Southern Africa from 1965 to 1979, equivalent in territory to modern Zimbabwe. Rhodesia was the ''de facto'' successor state to the British colony of S ...

. In 1963, Heinrich visited

South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countri ...

. Heinrich received partial support from the Canadian Department of Agriculture to complete the seven volume work ''Synopsis of Nearctic Ichneumoninae Stenopneusticae'' (1962). In 1960, Heinrich realized that he would never return to access the Asian Ichneumoninae material he had hidden. He wrote to the Polish Academy of Sciences in

Warsaw Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is officia ...

, describing the material's location and suggested using mine detectors to find the metal boxes containing the material. Polish scientists did just that, and, to everyone's surprise, the insect specimens were preserved. The specimens were added to the collection of the

Polish Academy of Sciences The Polish Academy of Sciences ( pl, Polska Akademia Nauk, PAN) is a Polish state-sponsored institution of higher learning. Headquartered in Warsaw, it is responsible for spearheading the development of science across the country by a society of ...

. The Academy invited Heinrich to work with the material at his discretion. Heinrich wrote on his memoir, "…this obstacle for the publication of the Oriental Monograph was, at last, eliminated".Gupta V. ''Contribution of G. Heinrich to the study of the subfamily Ichneumoninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) together with a bibliography of his publications.'' Oriental insects 1989. Volume 23, pages 337 to 348. The materials collected in his African expeditions were published in ''Synopsis and Reclassification of the Ichneumoninae of Africa, south of the Sahara'' through a grant from the

National Science Foundation The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent agency of the United States government that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering. Its medical counterpart is the National I ...

, by Farmington College Press. In preparation for this monograph, Heinrich made a round trip through Europe. He visited all the major European museums to examine their African specimens. In

Stockholm Stockholm () is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in Sweden by population, largest city of Sweden as well as the List of urban areas in the Nordic countries, largest urban area in Scandinavia. Approximately 980,000 people liv ...

, he met the entomologists Erich Kjellander and

. The new version of ''Burmesische Ichneumoninae'' was published in seven parts in ''Entomologisk Tidskrift''. A remaining four parts were subsequently published in the ''Annales Zoologici'' by the Polish Academy of Sciences from 1974 to 1980. In 1977, Heinrich's last major monograph, ''Ichneumoninae of Florida and neighboring states'' (1977) was published. It contains descriptions of 50 genera and 135 species, 47 of which were new to science. His last article was published in 1980.

End of life and legacy

On December 16, 1984 Heinrich died aged 88. He was survived by his wife, Hildegarde Bury Heinrich of Wilton; son,

Bernd Heinrich Bernd Heinrich (born April 19, 1940 in Bad Polzin, Germany), is a professor emeritus in the biology department at the University of Vermont and is the author of a number of books about nature writing and biology. Heinrich has made major contributio ...

of the University of Vermont; daughters, Marianne Gerda Sewall of Jefferson and Ursula Wartowski of Chicago, and four grandchildren. Many species of insects, especially

are named after Heinrich. The ''Heinrichiellus hildegardae'' is named for Heinrich's wife, Hildegarde Maria.Tereshkin, 1996

Contributions

During his career, Heinrich developed a standardized system of taxa description which facilitates taxa identification and comparative analysis. He is the author of 4 major publications on Ichneumonidae, 4 popular travelogues, 93 smaller but significant publications on Ichneumoninae, 3 publications on European mammals, 3 publications on the biology of the birds of Angola, and 2 publications on the systematics of the birds of Angola, coauthored with

Sidney Dillon Ripley Sidney Dillon Ripley II (September 20, 1913 – March 12, 2001) was an American ornithologist and wildlife conservationist. He served as secretary of the Smithsonian Institution for 20 years, from 1964 to 1984, leading the institution through ...

.Weems H
''Foreword.''
''Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas'' 1977. volum 9 pages 1 to 350.Weems H. and Howard W
''In Memoriam: Gerd H. Heinrich.''
''Florida Entomologist'' 1986. Volume 69(1) pages 182 to 281. Heinrich described 1479 species and subspecies of Ichneumoninae from the

Nearctic The Nearctic realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting the Earth's land surface. The Nearctic realm covers most of North America, including Greenland, Central Florida, and the highlands of Mexico. The parts of North America t ...

, Africa, Madagascar, Asia and the

Palearctic The Palearctic or Palaearctic is the largest of the eight biogeographic realms of the Earth. It stretches across all of Eurasia north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa. The realm consists of several bioregions: the Euro-Sibe ...

.von Diller E. ''Chronik der Zoologischen Staatssammlung München.'' Spixiana 1992. Volume 17, pages 83 to 100. Moreover, most of them were described based on his own collections. Therefore, the taxa described by him can be called “discovered” or “new to science”. Heinrich's major publications are: * ''Die Ichneumoninae von Celebes bearbeitet auf grund der ausbeute der Celebes expedition G. Heinrich 1930–1932'' (1934, 265 pages, 7 plates of figures), * ''Les Ichneumonides de Madagascar'' (1938, 1139 pages, 6 plates), * ''Synopsis of Nearctic Ichneumoninae Stenopneusticae with particular reference to the Northeastern Region (Hymenoptera)'' (1961–1962, 7 volumes, 886 pages, numerous illustrations), * ''Burmesische Ichneumoninae'' (1965–70, 10 parts, 457 pages), * ''Synopsis and reclassification of the Ichneumoninae of Africa south of the Sahara'' (1967–68, 5 volumes, 1,258 pages, numerous text figures), * ''Ichneumoninae of Florida and Neighboring States (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, subfamily Ichneumoninae)'' (1977, 350 pages, 8 color plates and numerous text figures). Heinrich also wrote travelogues about his expeditions to Celebes (1932), Burma (1940), and Persia (1933). The Heinrich collections are curated in Warsaw (C. G. H. I), Poland (Instytut Zoologiczny, Polska Akademia Nauk), Munich (C. G. H. II), Germany (Zoologische Staatssammlung München), the collection of H. Townes (Gensville, Florida) and partially (species from Madagascar and some others) in the Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.

Entomological publications

1920s

* 1925. Larva Nematus crassus Fall. - Die Larve von Nematus crassus Fall. Ann. Zool. Mus. Polonici, 4:324-325. * 1925. Die Larve von Nematus crassus Fall. (Hym. Tenthred.). Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr., 1925:288. * 1926. Beitraege zur Kenntnis der Ichneumonidenfauna Polens. Polskiego Pisma Ent., 5:153-166.
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* 1926. Zur Systematik der Ichneumoninae stenopneusticae (Hym.). Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr., 1926:255-259.
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* 1926. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Ichneumonidenfauna der Dobrudscha (Hym.). Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr., 1926: 397-400.
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* 1926. Beitrage zur Ichneumonidenfauna Polens. I. Nachtrag. (Ichneumoninae u. Pimplinae). Polskiego Pisma Ent., 6:249-250.
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* 1926 Ctenamblyteles nom. nov. (Hym. Ichneum.). Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr., 1928: 141.
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* 1928. Zur Systematik der Ichneumonidae. I. Konowia, 7:199-202
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* 1928. Die Kennzeichen der Ichneumoninen auf ihren arttrennenden Wert. (Hym.). Konowia, 7: 203-213.
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* 1928. Einige seltene, neue oder bisher in beiden Geschlechtern noch nicht bekannte Ichneumoniden (Hym.). Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr., 1928: 86-90.
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* 1929. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Ichneumonidenfauna der Transsylvanischen Alpen und Siebenbiirgens. Polskiego Pisma Ent., 7:174-179 (1928).
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* 1929. Beitrage zur Systematik der Ichneumoninae. Konowia, 8:13-17.
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* 1929. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Insektenfauna Nordpersiens. Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr., 1929:305-326.
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* 1929. Bemerkungen fiber die Ichneumoninae in Brischkes Sammlung zu Danzig. Konowia, 8: 7-8.
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* 1929. Die Wirte einiger Ichneumoniden. Konowia, 8:319-321.
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* 1929. Meniscus Tolli n. sp. Polskiego Pisma Ent., 7:179-80 (1928).
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* 1929. Trematopygus romani n. sp. (Hym. Ichneum.). Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr., 1929:284.

1930s

* 1930. Einige neue Genera und Species der Subfam. Ichneumoninae Ashm. Mitt Zool. Mus. Berlin, 15: 543-555.
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* 1930. Zur Systematik der Ichneumoninae stenopneusticae II. Konowia, 9:8-12.
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* 1930. Zur Systematik der Ichneumoninae stenopneusticae III. Konowia, 9:90-92.
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* 1930. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Ichneumonidenfauna Jugoslaviens. Konowia, 9: 118-126.
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* 1931. Beitrage zur Systematik der Ichneumoninae stenopneusticae (Hym.) IV. Mitt. Deutsche Ent. Gesell., 2:27-32.
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* 1931. Zur Systematik der Ichneumoninae stenopneusticae IV ctually V Konowia, 10: 29-33. http://tereshkin.info/h23.pdf * 1931. . Mell & Heinrich Beitrage zur Fauna sinica IX. Zur Biologie und Systematik der sfidchinesischen Ichneumoninae Ashm. (Fam. Ichneumonidae Hym.). Zeitschr. Angew. Ent., 18:371-403. http://tereshkin.info/h24.pdf * 1933. Anisobas brombacheri spec. nov. (Hym. Ichneum.). Mitt. Deutsche Ent.Ht, Gesell, 4:54.
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* 1933. Zur Systematik der Ichneumoninae stenopneusticae VI. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 19:154-165
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* 1934. Die Ichneumoninae von Celebes bearbeitet auf grand der ausbeute der Celebes expedition G. Heinrich * 1930-1932. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 20: 1-263.
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* 1935. Zur Systematik der Ichneumoninae stenopneusticae VII. Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr., 1935:191-200.
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* 1936. Ichneumoninae Podola. Polskie Pismo Ent, 13:21-42 (1934).
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* 1936. Die von mir in Bulgarien gesammelten Ichneumoninae und Cryptinae (Insecta, Hymenoptera). Mitt. Königl. Naturwiss. Inst. Sofia, 9: 81-88.
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* 1936. Hymenoptera III. Ichneumonidae: Ichneumoninae. Mission Scientifique de l'Omo. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, Zoologie, 3 (28): 227-244 (1935).
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* 1937. Ichneumonologische Notizen. Deutsche Wiss. Zeitschr. f. Polen Jub. Deutsch. Naturw. Ver Poznar, 32: 57-59.
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* 1937. Zwei neue Formen des Subgen. Meringopus Forst. und ein neuer Acroricnus (Hym, Ichn. Cryptinae). Mitt. Deutschen Ent. Gesell, 8: 22-24. * 1937. A List and Some Notes on the Synonymy of the Types of the Subfamily Ichneumoninae Ashmead (Hymenoptera) in the Collections of the British Museum and the Hope Department of the Oxford University Museum. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., (10) 20: 257-279.
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* 1937. Zur Systematik der Ichneumoninae stenopneusticae VIII (Hym.). Mitt. Deutschen Ent. Gesell, 8: 51-54.
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* 1937. Das Genus Rhynchobanchus Kriechb. und seine europaischen Vertreter. Archiv f. Naturgesch. (N.F.), 6: 663-667. * 1937. Ichneumoninae Pokucia. Polskie Pismo Ent, 14-15:122-143 (1935–36).
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* 1937. Gibbonota duplanae gen. et sp. nov. (Pimplinae, Lissonotini). Polskie Pismo Ent, 14-15: 364-365. * 1938. Les Ichneumonidae de Madagascar. III. Ichneumonidae, Ichneumoninae. Mem. Acad. Malagache, 25:1-139.
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1940s

* 1944. Ichneumoninae Niederdonaus. Mitt. Deutschen Ent. Gesell, 13:108-113.
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* 1944. Eine neue Ichneumonine aus Deutschland. Mitt. Deutschen Ent. Gesell, 13: 113-115.
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* 1944. Eine seltene Schlupfwespe aus Schwaben. p. 95. * 1949. Stenichneumon ceaurei spec. nov. Mitt. Sammelstelle f. Schmarotzer. des V.D.E.V., 24:1.
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* 1949. Ichneumoniden des Berchtesgadener Gebietes (Hym.). Mitt. Munchner Ent.Gesell, 35-39 (1945–49): 1-101.
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* 1949. Neue und interessante Schlupfwespen aus Bayern (Hym.). Mitt. Munchner Ent. Gesell, 35-39 (1945–49): 101-127.
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* 1949. (Hym. Ichneum.) Die Pterocorminae (Ichneumeoninae ic der Hahnheide. Bombus, 59-60: 256-258.
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1950s

* 1950. Eine neue Ichneumonidae aus der Ukraine. Naturwissen. Mus. Stadt. Aschaffenburg, Note no. 28:4-6. * 1950. Neue Deutsche Ichneumoniden. Naturwissen. Mus. Stadt Aschaffenburg, Note no. 28:14-23.
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* 1951. Xorides holsaticus spec. nov. Naturwissen. Mus. Stadt. Aschaffenburg, Note no. 30: 47-49. * 1951. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Ichneumoninae. Naturwissen. Mus. Stadt Aschaffenburg, Note no. 31:27-32.
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* 1951. Barichneumon tegelensis spec. nov. Entomologische Berichten, no.316: 351.
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* 1951-53. Ichneumoniden der Steiermark (Hym.) and II Bonner Zool. Beitrage, 2 (Heft 3-4): 235-290,1951; 4(Heftl-2): 147-185,1953.
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* 1952. Ichneumonidae from the Allgau, Bavaria. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., (12) 5: 1052-1089.
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* 1953. Deutung einiger Typen Strobls und Arten seiner Sammlung (Hymenopt.). Zeitschr. Wiener Ent. Gesell., 38: 206-211.
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* 1953. Holarctic elements among the Ichneumoninae of Maine. J. Washington Acad. Sci., 43:148-150.
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* 1956. A Report on Some North American Arctic and Subarctic Ichneumoninae. Canad. Ent., 88:447-487
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* 1956.. Holarctic Elements Among the Ichneumoninae of Canada. Canad. Ent., 88: 647-652.
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* 1956. Ichneumon lariae Curtis A Critical Study on this Arctic Species and its Closely Related Forms. Canad. Ent, 88:686-691.
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* 1957. Einige Ichneumoninae von Afghanistan. Ent. Zeitschr, 67: 20-24.
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* 1957. A New Species of the Tribe Trogini (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Canad. Ent, 89: 334.
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* 1957. einrich & V. K. Gupta Entomological Survey of the Himalaya Part 20- On a Collection of Ichneumonidae (Parasitic Hymenoptera) from the North-West Himalaya. Agra Univ. J. Res. (Sci.), 5:367-368 (1956). * 1958. A Report on Some North American Arctic and Subarctic Ichneumoninae. First Supplement. Canad. Ent, 90:739-741.
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* 1959. Ichneumon canadensis Cress. Selection of New Lectotype. Ent. News, 60: 204. * 1959. Revisional Notes on the Types of Ichneumoninae of Cresson, Cushman, Ashmead and Others. Ent. News, 70: 205-217.
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* 1959. "Trogus" atrocoeruleus Cresson, a Rediscovery and Redescription (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 61: 199- 200. * 1959. Revisional Notes on the Provancher Types of Ichneumoninae (Hymenoptera). Canad. Ent, 91: 806-807.
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1960s

* 1960. New Oriental Trogini (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Canad. Ent, 92:107-109. http://tereshkin.info/h66.pdf * 1961-62. Synopsis of Nearctic Ichneumoninae Stenopneusticae with Particular Reference to the Northeastern Region (Hymenoptera) In 8 parts, 886 pages as under: * Part I Introduction, Key to Nearctic Genera of Ichneumoninae Stenopneusticae, and Synopsis of the Protichneumonini North of Mexico. Canad. Ent. Suppl, 15:1-87 (1960). Accompanied Vol. 92
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* Part II Synopsis of the Ichneumonini: Genera Orgichneumon, Cratichneumon, Homotherus, Aculichneumon, Spilichneumon. Canad. Ent. Suppl, 18: 89-205 (1960). Accompanied Vol. 92
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* Part III Synopsis of the Ichneumonini: Genera Ichneumon and Thyrateles. Canad. Ent. Suppl, 21:207-368. Accompanied Vol. 93
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* Part IV Synopsis of the Ichneumonini: Genera Chasmias, Neamblymorpha, Anisopygus, Limerodops, Eupalamus, Tricholabus, Pseudamblyteles, Eutanyacra, Ctenichneumon, Exephanes, Ectopimorpha, Pseudoamblyteles. Canad. Ent. Suppl, 23:369-505
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* Part V Synons of the Ichneumonini: Genera Protopelmus, Patrocloides, Probolus, Stenichneumon, Aoplus, Limonethe, Hybophorellus, Rubicundiella, Melanichneumon, Stenobarichneumon, Plalylabops, Hoplismenus, Hemihoplis, Trogomorpha. Canad. Ent. Suppl, 26: 507-671
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* Part VI Synopsis of the Ichneumonini (Genus Plagiotrypes), Acanthojoppini, Listrodromini and Platylabini. Canad. Ent. Suppl, 27: 675-802
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* Part VII Synopsis of the Trogini, Addenda and Corrigenda. Canad. Ent. Suppl, 29: 803-886
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* A last part VIII was written by Oswald Peck in 1964. Part VIII Addenda and Corrigenda, Host-Parasite List and Generic Host Indes, Index to Ichneumonid Names. Mem. Ent. Soc. Canada, 35: 887-926. n page 926 actual dates of publications are mentionedbr>PDF
* 1964. Festsetzung von Lectotypen einiger afrikanischer Species der Subfamilie Ichneumoninae. Ent. Tidskr, 85: 52-53.
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* 1965. Burmesische Ichneumoninae I. Ent. Tidskr, 86:74-130.
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* 1965. Burmesische Ichneumoninae II. Ent. Tidskr, 86:133-177.
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* 1966. Burmesische Ichneumoninae III Ent. Tidskr, 87: 184-247.
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* 1967. Burmesische Ichneumoninae III Ent. Tidskr, 88: 1-32
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* 1967-68. Synopsis and Reclassification of the Ichneumoninae Stenopneusticae of Africa south of the Sahara (Hymenoptera). Monograph, Farmington State College Press, Maine, U.S.A. In 5 volumes with 1258 pages as under: * Volume I. Introduction: Key to Tribes and Subtribes of Ichneumoninae Stenopneusticae; Synopsis of the Protichneumonini, Ceratojoppini, Ischnojoppini, Trogini. pp. 1–250, April 3, 1967
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* Volume II. Synopsis of the Oedicephalini, Listrodromini, Compsophorini, Ctenocalini, Platylabini, Eurylabini, Acanthojoppini. pp. 251–480, June 28, 1967
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* Volume III. Synopsis of the Ichneumonini: Subtribes Ichneumonina and Amblytelina. pp. 481–692, December 21, 1967. * Volume IV. Synopsis of the Ichneumonini: Subtribes Aethioplitina and Cratichneumonina (in part). pp. 693–942, June 20, 1968. * Volume V. Synopsis of the Ichneumonini: Subtribe Cratichneumonina, Addenda and Index. pp. 943–1258, November 10, 1968. n the last page actual dates of publication (in Germany) of various parts are given; actual receipt of the various parts was delayed somewhat in shipment * 1968. Burmesische Ichneumoninae IV. Ent. Tidskr, 89: 77-106
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* 1968. Burmesische Ichneumoninae V. Ent. Tidskr, 89: 197-228
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* 1968. Contributions to the Knowledge of North American Ichneumoninae. Naturaliste Canadien, 95: 703-722.
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* 1969. Synopsis of Nearctic Ichneumoninae Stenopneusticae with Particular Reference to the Northeastern Region (Hymenoptera) - Supplement 1. Naturaliste Canadien, 96: 935-963.
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* 1969. The Charcoal Digger Wasp, Isodontia pelopoeiformis. Florida Ent, 52 (2).

* 1969. Burmesische Ichneumoninae VI. Ent. Tidskr, 90:100-130.
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1970s

* 1970. Burmesische Ichneumoninae VII. Ent. Tidskr, 91: 68-102.
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* 1971. Synopsis of Nearctic Ichneumoninae Stenopneusticae with Particular Reference to the Northeastern Region (Hymenoptera) Supplement 2. Naturaliste Canadien, 98: 959-1026
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* 1972. Synopsis of Nearctic Ichneumoninae Stenopneusticae with Particular Reference to the Northeastern Region (Hymenoptera). Supplement 3. Naturaliste Canadien, 99:173-211.
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* 1972. Zur Systematik der Ichneumoninae Stenopneusticae IX. Eine Spatlese (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Mitt. Munchner Ent. Gesell, 60: 80- 101.
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* 1973. Bemerkenswerte Ichneumoninae aus dem Gebiet der Sudalpen. Nachricht. Bayer. Ent, 22:49-56.
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* 1973. Synopsis of Nearctic Ichneumoninae Stenopneusticae with Particular Reference to the Northeastern Region (Hymenoptera). Supplement 4. Naturaliste Canadien, 100: 461-465. An erratum published in vol. 100, no. 6, page 541 or 542.
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* 1974. Burmesische Ichneumoninae VIII. Ann. Zool. (Polska Akad. Nauk), 31 (5): 407-457.
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* 1974. Burmesische Ichneumoninae IX. Ann. Zool. (Polska Akad. Nauk), 32 (8): 103-197.
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* 1975. Burmesische Ichneumoninae X. Ann. Zool. (Polska Akad. Nauk), 32 (20): 441-514.
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* 1975. Synopsis of Nearctic Ichneumoninae Stenopneusticae with Particular Reference to the Northeastern Region (Hymenoptera). Supplement 5: Ichneumoninae of the Island of Newfoundland. Naturaliste Canadien, 102: 753-782.
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* 1977. Ichneumoninae of Florida and Neighboring States (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, subfamily Ichneumoninae). Vol. 9 in Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas, Florida Dept. of Agriculture & Consumer Services. pp. 1–350.
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* 1978. Synopsis of Nearctic Ichneumoninae Stenopneusticae, with Particular Reference to the Northeastern Region (Hymenoptera). Supplement 6. Naturaliste Canadien, 105:159-168.
[http://tereshkin.info/h103a.pdf PDF
* 1978. Eastern Palearctic Ichneumoninae. A selection of new discoveries and critical taxonomical discussion, with particular reference to the Asiatic fauna of the USSR and the fauna of Turkey. In Russian. 80 pages. Published by the Institute of Zoology, Academy of Sciences, USSR. [http://tereshkin.info/h104.pd
PDF">[http://tereshkin.info/h103a.pdf PDF
* 1978. Eastern Palearctic Ichneumoninae. A selection of new discoveries and critical taxonomical discussion, with particular reference to the Asiatic fauna of the USSR and the fauna of Turkey. In Russian. 80 pages. Published by the Institute of Zoology, Academy of Sciences, USSR. [http://tereshkin.info/h104.pdf [http://tereshkin.info/h103a.pdf PDF

1980s

* 1980. Neue Ichneumoninae Stenopneusticae aus der Palaearktischen Region (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Mitt. Munchner Ent. Gesell, 69: 9-27.
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* 1978. Eastern Palearctic Ichneumoninae. A selection of new discoveries and critical taxonomical discussion, with particular reference to the Asiatic fauna of the USSR and the fauna of Turkey. In Russian. 80 pages. Published by the Institute of Zoology, Academy of Sciences, USSR. [http://tereshkin.info/h104.pdf [http://tereshkin.info/h103a.pdf PDF

1980s

* 1980. Neue Ichneumoninae Stenopneusticae aus der Palaearktischen Region (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Mitt. Munchner Ent. Gesell, 69: 9-27. [http://tereshkin.info/h105.pdf PDF
* 1980. Burmesische Ichneumoninae XI. Ann. Zool. (Polska Akad. Nauk), 35 (11): 115-192.
PDF">PDF">PDF">[http://tereshkin.info/h103a.pdf PDF
* 1978. Eastern Palearctic Ichneumoninae. A selection of new discoveries and critical taxonomical discussion, with particular reference to the Asiatic fauna of the USSR and the fauna of Turkey. In Russian. 80 pages. Published by the Institute of Zoology, Academy of Sciences, USSR. [http://tereshkin.info/h104.pdf [http://tereshkin.info/h103a.pdf PDF

1980s

* 1980. Neue Ichneumoninae Stenopneusticae aus der Palaearktischen Region (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Mitt. Munchner Ent. Gesell, 69: 9-27. [http://tereshkin.info/h105.pdf PDF
* 1980. Burmesische Ichneumoninae XI. Ann. Zool. (Polska Akad. Nauk), 35 (11): 115-192. [http://tereshkin.info/h106.pdf PDF
* 1980. Contribution to the knowledge of the Western Palearctic species of Anisobas Wesmael (Ichneumonidae, Ichneumoninae). Spixiana, 3: 225-238. [May have been published in 1981">PDF">PDF">PDF">PDF
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* 1978. Eastern Palearctic Ichneumoninae. A selection of new discoveries and critical taxonomical discussion, with particular reference to the Asiatic fauna of the USSR and the fauna of Turkey. In Russian. 80 pages. Published by the Institute of Zoology, Academy of Sciences, USSR. [http://tereshkin.info/h104.pdf [http://tereshkin.info/h103a.pdf PDF

1980s

References

External links

* [http://www.pfeil-verlag.de/04biol/d8391d34.php C. G. H. II (post World War II) – SCHMIDT, O. & S. SCHMIDT: Primary types of Ichneu-moninae described by GERD H. HEINRICH deposited in the Zoologische Staatssammlung München (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae)">PDF">PDF
* 1978. Eastern Palearctic Ichneumoninae. A selection of new discoveries and critical taxonomical discussion, with particular reference to the Asiatic fauna of the USSR and the fauna of Turkey. In Russian. 80 pages. Published by the Institute of Zoology, Academy of Sciences, USSR
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1980s

* 1980. Neue Ichneumoninae Stenopneusticae aus der Palaearktischen Region (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Mitt. Munchner Ent. Gesell, 69: 9-27.
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* 1980. Burmesische Ichneumoninae XI. Ann. Zool. (Polska Akad. Nauk), 35 (11): 115-192.
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* 1980. Contribution to the knowledge of the Western Palearctic species of Anisobas Wesmael (Ichneumonidae, Ichneumoninae). Spixiana, 3: 225-238. [May have been published in 1981

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References

External links

C. G. H. II (post World War II) – SCHMIDT, O. & S. SCHMIDT: Primary types of Ichneu-moninae described by GERD H. HEINRICH deposited in the Zoologische Staatssammlung München (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae)

C. G. H. I (pre World War II) – Gerd Heinrich's Collection in Warsaw

Gerd Hermann Heinrich 1896-1984 Tereshkin A.M. 2012. (Russian)

Gerd Hermann Heinrich 1896-1984 Tereshkin A.M. 2012. (English)
* [http://tereshkin.info/39.pdf Scientific illustrations of some of the type specimens
{{DEFAULTSORT:Heinrich, Gerd 1896 births
1984 deaths
German entomologists
German ornithologists
20th-century German zoologists

Early life and education

Career

Europe

World War II

America

End of life and legacy

Contributions

Entomological publications

1920s

1930s

1940s

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1980s

1980s

1980s

References

Further reading

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1980s

References

Further reading

External links