Georg Thiele

The German destroyer ''Z2 Georg Thiele'' was one of four Type 1934-class destroyers built for the German Navy ('' Kriegsmarine'') during the mid-1930s. She was named after Georg Thiele, a Korvettenkapitän (Corvette Captain) who commanded the Seventh Half Flotilla of torpedo boats. Completed in 1937, two years before the start of World War II, the ship spent most of her time training although she did participate in the occupation of Memel in early 1939.

At the beginning of World War II, the ship was initially deployed to blockade the Polish coast, but she was quickly transferred to the German Bight to lay minefields in German waters. During the early stages of the Norwegian Campaign, in April 1940, ''Z2 Georg Thiele'' fought in both naval Battles of Narvik, on 10 and 13 April, and had to be beached to allow her crew to abandon ship safely after she had been severely damaged by British fire. The ship, having broken up, is now a popular diving site.

Design and description

Design work on the Type 34-class destroyers began in 1932, around the time that Weimar Germany renounced the armament limitations of the Versailles Treaty that had ended World War I. Initial designs for the new destroyers were for large ships more powerful than the French and Polish destroyers then in service, but the design grew further as the ''Kriegsmarine'' now expected it to serve as a small cruiser. The design work appears to have been rushed and not well-thought out as the short forecastle and lack of flare at the bow compromised the ships' seakeeping ability and their stability was inadequate.Gröner, p. 199 The only substantial innovative part of the design, the high-pressure boilers, were an over-complicated system that received almost no shipboard testing before being installed in the Type 34s and frequently broke down throughout the life of the ships.

The class had an overall length of and were long at the waterline. The ships had a beam of , and a maximum draft of . They displaced at standard load and at deep load. The two Wagner geared steam turbine sets, each driving one propeller shaft, were designed to produce using steam provided by six Wagner boilers.

The ships had a designed speed of , but attained an actual maximum speed of . The Type 34s carried a maximum of of fuel oil which was intended to give a range of at a speed of , but they proved top-heavy in service and 30% of the fuel had to be retained as ballast low in the ship; the effective range proved to be only at 19 knots. The crew of the Type 34 class ships numbered 10 officers and 315 enlisted men, plus an additional four officers and 19 enlisted men if serving as a flotilla flagship.

The Type 34s carried five SK C/34 guns in single mounts with gun shields, two each superimposed, fore and aft. The fifth gun was carried on top of the aft superstructure. The guns were numbered from one to five from front to rear. Their anti-aircraft armament consisted of four SK C/30 guns in a pair of twin mounts abreast the rear funnel and six C/30 guns in single mounts. The ships carried eight torpedo tubes in two power-operated mounts. A pair of reload torpedoes was provided for each mount.

''Georg Thiele'' had four depth charge throwers mounted on the sides of her rear deckhouse, which were supplemented by six racks for individual depth charges on the sides of the stern, with either 32 or 64 charges carried. Mine rails could be fitted on the rear deck, with a maximum capacity of 60 mines. A system of passive hydrophones designated as 'GHG' (''Gruppenhorchgerät'') was fitted to detect submarines.

Construction and career

''Z2 Georg Thiele'' was ordered on 7 July 1934 and laid down at Deutsche Werke, Kiel, on 25 October 1934 as yard number K243. She was launched on 18 August 1935, and completed and commissioned on 27 February 1937. She was assigned to the 1st Destroyer Division on 1 December 1937Koop & Schmolke, p. 78 and made a port visit to Ulvik, Norway, in April 1938, together with her sisters ''Z3 Max Schultz'' and ''Z4 Richard Beitzen''. She was then handed back to her builders, Deutsche Werke, to have her bow rebuilt to fix the damage caused by the large amount of water that came over it in head seas. This increased her length by . She then participated in the 22 August Fleet Review for Adolf Hitler and Miklós Horthy, Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary, and the following fleet exercise. In December, ''Georg Thiele'', together with her sisters ''Z1 Leberecht Maass'', ''Max Schultz'', and ''Richard Beitzen'', sailed to the area of Iceland to evaluate their seaworthiness in a North Atlantic winter with their new bows.

On 23–24 March 1939, she was one of the destroyers that escorted the heavily armed cruiser , which was transporting Adolf Hitler to announce the occupation of Memel. She participated in the spring fleet exercise in the western Mediterranean and made several visits to Spanish and Moroccan ports in April and May.
When World War II began, ''Georg Thiele'' was initially deployed in the Baltic to operate against the Polish Navy and to enforce a blockade of Poland, but she was soon transferred to the German Bight where she joined her sisters in laying defensive minefields. The ship began a refit in late 1939 that was completed in early April 1940.

Norwegian Campaign

''Georg Thiele'' was allocated to Group 1 for the Norwegian portion of Operation Weserübung in April 1940. The group's task was to transport the 139th Mountain Infantry Regiment (''139. Gebirgsjäger Regiment'') and the headquarters of the 3rd Mountain Division (''3. Gebirgs-Division'') to seize Narvik. The ships began loading troops on 6 April and set sail the next day. The German destroyers reached the Ofotfjord on the morning of 9 April and Commodore Friedrich Bonte took his flagship ''Wilhelm Heidkamp'', ''Georg Thiele'' and ''Z11 Bernd von Arnim'' down the fjord to Narvik. A heavy snowstorm allowed ''Thiele'' and ''von Arnim'' to enter the harbor without challenge and tie up at a pier.

The mountain troops immediately began disembarking, but the ships were spotted by the coast defense ship a few minutes later. The latter ship immediately opened fire and was able to fire approximately thirteen shells at a range of before ''von Arnim'' sank the Norwegian ship with torpedoes. In the darkness and falling snow, none of the Norwegian shells hit either of the two destroyers, despite the short range.Haarr, p. 327

''Thiele'' and ''von Arnim'' were the first ships to refuel from the single tanker that had made it safely to Narvik and later moved to the Ballangenfjord, a southern arm of the Ofotfjord, closer to the entrance. Shortly before dawn on 10 April, the five destroyers of the British 2nd Destroyer Flotilla, HMS ''Hardy'', HMS ''Havock'', HMS ''Hunter'', HMS ''Hotspur'', and HMS ''Hero'', surprised the five German destroyers in Narvik harbor. They torpedoed two destroyers and badly damaged the other three while suffering only minor damage themselves.

As they were beginning to withdraw they encountered the three destroyers of the 4th Flotilla which had been alerted in the Herjangsfjord when the British began their attack. The Germans opened fire first, but the gunnery for both sides was not effective due to the mist and the smoke screen laid by the British as they retreated down the Ofotfjord. The German ships had to turn away to avoid a salvo of three torpedoes fired by one of the destroyers in Narvik, but ''Thiele'' and ''von Arnim'' had also been alerted and were coming up to engage the British.

The two German destroyers crossed the T of the British flotilla and were able to fire full broadsides at a range of only . They first engaged the British flagship, HMS ''Hardy'', and badly damaged her. Both of her forward guns were knocked out and the forward superstructure was set afire. ''Hardy'' was forced to beach herself lest she sink, and the German ships switched their fire to HMS ''Havock'', the next ship in line. Their fire was relatively ineffective, and both sides fired torpedoes without scoring any hits. ''Havock'' pulled out and dropped to the rear to fight off any pursuit by the ships of the 4th Flotilla. This placed HMS ''Hunter'' in the lead and she was quickly set on fire by the German ships.

''Thiele'' is believed to have hit her with a torpedo and she was rammed from behind by HMS ''Hotspur'' when the latter ship lost steering control. ''Hotspur'' was able to disengage, but ''Hunter'' capsized shortly afterwards. The three remaining British ships were able to escape from the Germans under the cover of a smoke screen. ''Georg Thiele'' was hit seven times and badly damaged. The British shells knocked out her forward gun and her fire-control equipment, flooded one magazine, started fires, and killed thirteen crewmen.Koop & Schmolke, p. 59

On the night of 12/13 April, Commander Erich Bey, the senior surviving German officer, received word to expect an attack the following day by British capital ships escorted by a large number of destroyers and supported by carrier aircraft. ''Thiele'', still under repair, had only four usable guns by this time and six remaining torpedoes. The battleship and nine destroyers appeared on 13 April, earlier than Bey had expected, and caught the Germans out of position. The five operable destroyers, including ''Thiele'', charged out of Narvik harbor and engaged the British ships without much success.

Lack of ammunition forced the German ships to retreat to the Rombaksfjorden (the easternmost branch of the Ofotfjord), east of Narvik, where they might attempt to ambush pursuing British destroyers. ''Thiele'' still had some ammunition and torpedoes left, and took up position at the Straumen narrows with ''Z18 Hans Lüdemann'' to give the remaining two destroyers time to scuttle themselves at the head of the fjord.

The pursuing British destroyers initially engaged ''Lüdemann'', until the ship retreated to the head of the fjord after exhausting all of its ammunition. The British destroyers then switched their attentions to ''Thiele''. The German ship struck the first blow when one of her torpedoes blew the bow off , but the return fire from the British ships started several fires and damaged her so heavily that ''Korvettenkapitän'' Max-Eckart Wolff, the ship's captain, ordered her run aground to allow her crew to abandon ship safely. Fourteen men were killed during the battle and another 28 wounded.

The surviving crew of the ship took part in the land fighting at Narvik in the following weeks. Wolff served as a battalion commander in the ''Marine-Regiment Berger'' during the land battle. He was awarded the Iron Cross First Class on 12 May 1940 and the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross the following August for his command of ''Thiele'' at Narvik. The ship later broke in two and capsized.

Today, the wreck is one of the most popular diving sites in Narvik. It also appeared in documentary series ''Abandoned Engineering'', season 2 episode 7 ''Germany's Lost Warship''.Germany's Lost Warship

Notes

References

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External links

Zerstörer 1934
German Naval History website
Wrecks of Narvik – wreck diving in the Narvik area

{{DEFAULTSORT:Z02 Georg Thiele
Type 1934 destroyers
Ships built in Kiel
1935 ships
World War II shipwrecks in the Norwegian Sea
Maritime incidents in April 1940
Wreck diving sites
Underwater diving sites in Norway