The geology of
Mongolia is made up a complicated array of microcontinents and island chains accreted together over the past half billion years, producing varied terrain and tectonics.
Tectonics
Mongolia has complicated tectonic and structural geology, belonging to the Mongolian-Okhotsk Mobile Zone, between the Siberian Platform and Chinese Platform. The basement rocks formed during the
Paleozoic in the
Precambrian
The Precambrian (or Pre-Cambrian, sometimes abbreviated pꞒ, or Cryptozoic) is the earliest part of Earth's history, set before the current Phanerozoic Eon. The Precambrian is so named because it preceded the Cambrian, the first period of the ...
as
Riphean age
ophiolite formations experienced rifting from 1.7 to 1.6 billion years ago and again around 800 million years ago. The closing of a late Proterozoic ocean generated the ophiolites and the oldest basement rock. The Baikalides and Altaid mountain belts represent the accretion of island arcs into the
Paleozoic. The collision of small microcontinents like Amuria and the large collision between Asia and
Gondwana
Gondwana () was a large landmass, often referred to as a supercontinent, that formed during the late Neoproterozoic (about 550 million years ago) and began to break up during the Jurassic period (about 180 million years ago). The final stages ...
in the
Mesozoic and
Cenozoic
The Cenozoic ( ; ) is Earth's current geological era, representing the last 66million years of Earth's history. It is characterised by the dominance of mammals, birds and flowering plants, a cooling and drying climate, and the current configura ...
had a major impact on the region. Crustal extension created the Mongolian Plateau, while rifting, crustal thinning, block faulting and basalt eruptions produced terrain very similar to the
Basin and Range province in the western United States.
History of geological research
Alexander von Humboldt and N.M. Prewalskii made the first geological reconnaissance of Mongolia. Russian geologists were active prior and after World War I, into the Soviet period, conducting expeditions into the Gobi Desert. The Russian Geological Exploration Expeditions from 1932 to 1937 discovered molybdenum, tungsten, tin, oil, iron, coal, evaporites and fluorite, followed by the activities of the Polish-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition from 1946 to 1949. Mongolneft, a state owned oil company launched in 1948. The Geological Prospecting Survey (renamed Ministry of Geology in 1961) was created in 1957.
Natural resource geology
Tectonic belts in Mongolia have a strong influence on where base metal ores have formed. The North Mongolian Metallogenic Province is part of the Mongolian Altai Caledonides, with a southern boundary at a deep fault near Bulgan. The East Mongolian Metallogenic Province covers two-thirds of the country and was highly influenced by Mesozoic magmatic activity. The South Mongolian Metallogenic Province is a third grouping.
Iron ore forms as metasomatic skarn deposits and together with manganese ore is common in the East Mongolian province. Hercynian and Caledonian
ophiolite structures seem to control for chromium, titanium and vanadium. Lead, zinc, copper and gold mineralization across all three metallogenic provinces. The Boro ore zone traces the Changajn and Chentejn mountains in the East Mongolian province with gold deposits. Triassic and Jurassic igneous deposits hold many of the country's metal resources in the same province. Deep-seated faults host mercury deposits. Northwest of Muren, aluminum deposits are associated with nepheline
syenite
Syenite is a coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock with a general composition similar to that of granite, but deficient in quartz, which, if present at all, occurs in relatively small concentrations (< 5%). Some syenites contain larger proport ...
and
sillimanite gneiss. Ophiolite belts often host secondary nickel and cobalt-nickel ores together with
chrysotile asbestos. The Bulgan fault zone
mylonite hosts azurite,
malachite, chrysocolla and turquoise.
The Valley of Lakes is the center of Mongolia's extensive coal deposits, which date to the Carboniferous in the west and the Permian in the south. Oil is known from intracratonic basins in the southeast, centered around the Sajnsand oil field.
References
{{Asia topic, Geology of