Geneva Medical College was founded on September 15, 1834, in
Geneva, New York
Geneva is a city in Ontario and Seneca counties in the U.S. state of New York. It is at the northern end of Seneca Lake; all land portions of the city are within Ontario County; the water portions are in Seneca County. The population was 13, ...
, as a separate department (college) of Geneva College, currently known as
Hobart and William Smith Colleges.
In 1871, the medical school was transferred to
Syracuse University in
Syracuse, New York.
In 1950,
State University of New York (SUNY) moved to add a medical center in Syracuse and ultimately acquired the College of Medicine from Syracuse University as a part of Governor
Thomas E. Dewey's vision for
Upstate New York
Upstate New York is a geographic region consisting of the area of New York State that lies north and northwest of the New York City metropolitan area. Although the precise boundary is debated, Upstate New York excludes New York City and Long Is ...
.
For many years the college was known as "SUNY Upstate Medical Center," until 1986, when the name was changed to "SUNY Health Science Center at Syracuse". The institution was renamed to
State University of New York Upstate Medical University in 1999.
On December 22, 2021, the College of Medicine was renamed the ''Alan and Marlene Norton College of Medicine'' at SUNY Upstate in recognition of a $25 million estate gift made by Alan and Marlene Norton. Alan Norton graduated from the College of Medicine in 1966 and then went on to complete his residency and fellowship training at the Wilmer Eye Institute of Johns Hopkins University and Massachusetts Eye and Ear.
Founding
The medical school was founded in 1834 by
Edward Cutbush, a physician and naval surgeon who also served as the first dean for the college and professor of chemistry.
He was an officer in the U.S. Navy for thirty years (from 1799 to 1829) and has been called the father of American naval medicine.
Cutbush was the founder and first President of the
Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences
The Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences (1816–1838) was a literary and science institution in Washington, D.C., founded by Dr. Edward Cutbush (1772–1843), a naval surgeon. Thomas Law had earlier suggested of such a soc ...
in Washington in 1816.
John Quincy Adams
John Quincy Adams (; July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was an American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, and diarist who served as the sixth president of the United States, from 1825 to 1829. He previously served as the eighth United States ...
was President of the institute by 1825.
Cutbush attended a dinner, hosted by the institute in early January 1825, where he spoke about science and discussed his hope for the future of education in the United States; "May the resources and prosperity of our country be increased by its application to agriculture, commerce, the arts, and manufactures."
The medical school opened its doors on February 10, 1835, and later that year the first six physicians graduated.
History
The earliest roots of the college extend back to the 1792 establishment in
New Jersey
New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delaware ...
of Queens Medical College, which later became Rutgers Medical College,
albeit, the importance of the relation to Geneva Medical College is disputed by some.
Rutgers Medical College of Rutgers College
In 1826,
David Hosack
David Hosack (August 31, 1769 – December 22, 1835) was a noted American physician, botanist, and educator. He remains widely known as the doctor who tended to the fatal injuries of Alexander Hamilton after his duel with Aaron Burr in July 1 ...
of New York City suggested an alliance with Rutgers College, located in
New Brunswick, New Jersey, favored because of its proximity to New York.
Hosack and
Nicholas Romayne
Nicholas Romayne (September 1756, in Hackensack, New Jersey – 21 July 1817, in New York City) was a physician of the United States.
Biography
He was the son of a silversmith, and received great educational advantages. At the beginning of the ...
sought academic sponsorship for their medical schools. They were early proponents in the belief that medical education should be easily accessible.
Hosack was
Alexander Hamilton's personal physician and was with him during his duel with
Aaron Burr on July 11, 1804.
Not long after the alliance with Rutgers began, he found himself the target of the New York State Board of Regents, over complaints of excessive fees charged to students. Hosack and four colleagues resigned.
"The flamboyant personalities (involved) and notoriety attracted students and money away from competing schools and drew animosity to them like a magnet. The story of the intrigues and political in-fighting of New York City's physicians, their medical societies and institutions during this time period is a complex one."
Much political maneuvering resulted, ultimately involving the
New York State Supreme Court
The Supreme Court of the State of New York is the trial-level court of general jurisdiction in the New York State Unified Court System. (Its Appellate Division is also the highest intermediate appellate court.) It is vested with unlimited civ ...
.
Hosack and his associates turned to the board of trustees of Rutgers College on October 16, 1826, and requested a "connection" by which the petitioners would become the medical faculty of the college.
Instruction began on November 6, 1826, in New Brunswick Immediate opposition to Hosack and Rutgers Medical School surfaced, and he came under attack by the County Medical Society of New York for "unjustifiable interference in the medical concerns of the state and disregard for the provisions of the laws of the state regarding medical education."
Rutgers countered with attacks against the College of Physicians and Surgeons and its supporters for "perpetuating monopoly in medical education."
Two years of acrimonious debate ended with Hosack's opponents successfully enacting a bill that negated any medical degrees "as licenses to practice medicine in New York State" granted outside of the City of New York. This move effectively ended the New Brunswick connection.
Rutgers Medical Faculty of Geneva College
Undaunted, Hosack traveled to
Upstate New York
Upstate New York is a geographic region consisting of the area of New York State that lies north and northwest of the New York City metropolitan area. Although the precise boundary is debated, Upstate New York excludes New York City and Long Is ...
and succeeded in gaining the sponsorship of Geneva College in
Geneva, New York
Geneva is a city in Ontario and Seneca counties in the U.S. state of New York. It is at the northern end of Seneca Lake; all land portions of the city are within Ontario County; the water portions are in Seneca County. The population was 13, ...
.
Soon after, the Rutgers Medical College established under the authority of Rutgers College, New Jersey, transferred its allegiance to Geneva College in the State of New York.
The trustees of the college voted on October 30, 1827, to establish the medical faculty.
According to the trustees' minutes, the Geneva College was to consist of two branches, one in Geneva and the other in New York City. Each branch would have six professors. The medical school in Geneva never materialized, due to one delay after another, and the venture was abandoned.
The second branch was established in New York City under the direction of Dr. Hosack and was known as the Rutgers Medical Faculty of Geneva College. The doors were opened in early November 1827; "amid a barrage of criticism on the part of the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons."
This affiliation lasted from 1827 to 1830 when Hosack's adversaries filed suit in "The People v. The Trustees of Geneva College" which ruled that the college did not have the power to operate or appoint a faculty at any place but Geneva. This invalidated the branch in New York City.
Forced by enactments of the
New York State Legislature
The New York State Legislature consists of the two houses that act as the state legislature of the U.S. state of New York: The New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly. The Constitution of New York does not designate an officia ...
by the
New York Supreme Court, Geneva College severed its relationship with Rutgers on November 1, 1830,
although the school continued operations in
New York City
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the Un ...
under the name Rutgers Medical College until 1835. At that time, the fruitlessness of awarding only "honorary" degrees was realized.
Geneva College, as revealed in the trustees' minutes, quietly accepted the decision of the court. The Geneva College, Rutgers Medical Faculty had ceased to exist.
Fairfield Medical College
![Syracuse University College of Medicine (](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Syracuse_University_College_of_Medicine_%28%22American_medical_directory%22%2C_1906_advert%29.png)
It is also believed that a similar relationship existed (as Rutgers Medical Faculty enjoyed with Geneva College) to "The College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Western District of New York" which was located in
Fairfield, New York
Fairfield is a town in Herkimer County, New York, United States. The population was 1,627 at the 2010 census. The town is named after Fairfield, Connecticut.
The town is north of the village of Herkimer and east of Utica. The hamlet of Fairfiel ...
. The school was chartered in 1812.
The relationship to this institution is not fully known, however, the first medical instructors at Geneva College were connected with the medical school at Fairfield.
The relationship with Fairfield College is concerned with the formation of Geneva College in 1821 when
Trinity Church bequeathed a grant of $750 per annum to Geneva College, specifically for the support of an academy at Fairfield.
"During its early life, the Fairfield Medical College had benefited from a corporate connection with the Geneva Academy which numbered among its friends and patrons the influential and wealthy Trinity Episcopal Church of New York City"
It was noted that the main interest of the church was creating a theological school for training men for the priesthood of the Episcopal Church. With the founding of Episcopal College at Geneva, New York, in 1825, the support of Fairfield by Trinity Church came to an end.
According to ''Polk's Medical Register'' published in 1914, the Fairfield Medical College merged "part into the Albany Medical College and part into Geneva Medical College in 1841"
and the school officially closed its doors.
During its existence it instructed a total of 3,123 students and graduated 596 as physicians.
Medical Institution of Geneva College
In September 1834, by action of the board of trustees,
the "Medical Institution of Geneva College" was chartered and the school began operation on February 10, 1835.
It has also been referred to as the Geneva Medical Faculty.
Whether the early connection to Rutgers Medical Faculty of Geneva College, located in New York City, had any role in the formation of the Geneva Medical Faculty, has been debated.
However, it has already been noted that Rutgers did make use of the Geneva College name in their official corporate title for a period of three years.
Additionally, it did appear that the trustees of Geneva College began a discussion concerning the formation of a medical school at Geneva not long after the Rutgers ties were broken. "The memory of the New York branch persisted at Geneva, and it was not long before voices were raised advocating the establishment of a local medical college."
The trustees of Geneva College stated their intentions that new buildings for the Academic Department would be erected and the "present" college building would be used for the Medical Department and "until this is done, convenient rooms in other buildings will be provided for the accommodation of the Medical lectures."
The Medical faculty of the institution announced that the ''Lecture Term'' would commence annually on the second Tuesday of February and continue sixteen weeks. The ''Medical Commencement'' would be held on the Tuesday following the closing of the lectures. The aggregate fee for the lecture tickets was $55 and each ticket was required to be paid for at the time it was received. For any student attending the full lecture, the price could not exceed $100 for two years of study.
The trustees discussed how students could obtain board in good families in the Geneva area from $1.50 to $2.00 per week.
The graduation fee was $20. All fees collected were appropriated for "the purchase of a Medical Library and Anatomical Museum."
In order to be eligible for the degree ''Doctor of Medicine''; "He shall have attained the age of twenty one years, and be of good moral character; he must have attended two full courses of Lectures, one of which must have been in this Institution and have studied three years under some respectable practitioner of Medicine, and have an adequate knowledge of the Latin language and of Natural Philosophy. He must likewise write and present to the Dean of the Faculty a ''Thesis'' on some medical subject, to be approved, and must pass a satisfactory examination by the Medical Faculty in the presence of the ''Curators'' of this Institution."
By 1836, a building was erected for the use of the medical faculty. In 1841, a new medical building was erected on the east side of Main Street in Geneva. The medical faculty building (middle building) was then devoted to the use of the literary department. The state contributed $15,000 towards the fund for the erection of the new medical building.
Unfortunately, the medical building was destroyed by fire in 1877; however, long after the college had discontinued use of the facility as a medical school.
First woman in medicine
In 1847,
Elizabeth Blackwell
Elizabeth Blackwell (3 February 182131 May 1910) was a British physician, notable as the first woman to receive a medical degree in the United States, and the first woman on the Medical Register of the General Medical Council for the United Ki ...
was admitted to the Medical Institution of Geneva College. She had applied to and was rejected, or simply ignored, by 29 medical schools before her acceptance at Geneva.
The medical faculty, largely opposed to her admission but seemingly unwilling to take responsibility for the decision, decided to submit the matter to a vote of the 150 male students.
The men of the college, perhaps as a practical joke on the faculty, or thinking it was a prank, voted to admit her.
Blackwell graduated two years later, on January 23, 1849, at the head of her class, the first woman in the history of education in the United States to receive a doctor's degree in medicine.
"The occasion marked the culmination of years of trial and disappointment for Miss Blackwell, and was a key event in the struggle for the emancipation of women in the nineteenth century in America."
Soon after, Blackwell was celebrated as the first licensed woman physician in the United States. Within three years, another 20 women throughout the country had graduated from medical school.
Blackwell went on to found the
New York Infirmary for Women and Children
NewYork-Presbyterian Lower Manhattan Hospital is a nonprofit, Acute (medicine), acute care, teaching hospital in New York City and is the only hospital in Lower Manhattan south of Greenwich Village. It is part of the NewYork-Presbyterian Healthca ...
and had a role in the creation of its medical college.
Geneva Medical College of Hobart College
Geneva Medical College's parent school was known as Geneva College until 1852, when it was renamed in memory of its most forceful advocate and founder,
Episcopal bishop
John Henry Hobart
John Henry Hobart (September 14, 1775 – September 12, 1830) was the third Episcopal bishop of New York (1816–1830). He vigorously promoted the extension of the Episcopal Church in upstate New York, as well as founded both the General Th ...
, to Hobart Free College. In 1860, the name was shortened to Hobart College and is currently known as
Hobart and William Smith Colleges.
That same year, things took a turn for the worse. The recent establishment of medical school at the University of Buffalo in 1846 took a hefty toll on the number of students enrolled at Geneva.
The situation was so serious that, Dr. Sumner Rhoades, one time member of the faculty, published an open letter in the
Geneva Gazette advocating the dissolution of the medical faculty. In its place, Dr. Rhoades favored the founding of an agricultural college.
Bishop DeLancey of the Episcopal Church was against the plan, but when the faculty gathered in the fall of 1853, they discovered that no students had registered in medicine. The faculty resigned, and for a year there was no instruction in medicine offered. In 1854, a new faculty was organized; however; enrollment soon fell to below a hundred per year (from a high of almost 200 in the late 1840s). By the close of the 1850s, the number had dropped to 22. During this time, the college was floundering on expenses, but they managed to carry on and keep the department alive.
Finally, in January, 1869, the trustees of Hobart College debated the question of abolishing the Medical Faculty. A local campaign was organized and raised an endowment for Hobart College that managed to yield $10,000 for the school. The amount was by no means sufficient to cover the costs of the college. On July 12, 1871, the trustees of Hobart voted that the "'Medical Department' of the College be discontinued after the first of February, 1872."
At that time, the board of trustees recommended that the medical school be transferred to
Syracuse University in
Syracuse, New York. Many of the professors from Geneva agreed to transfer to Syracuse and all agreed to work without any pay for the first year.
Geneva Medical College existed from 1834 to 1872, and over the course of 38 years,
a total of 596 students were graduated.
College of Medicine – Syracuse University
![Syracuse-university weiskot](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Syracuse-university_weiskot.jpg)
On November 15, 1871, a special meeting of the Onondaga County Medical Society took place in the county courthouse in Syracuse to confer with representatives of Geneva Medical College (of Hobart College) and
Syracuse University. "The purpose of the meeting was to determine the attitude of the local medical profession to the possible transfer of the medical school to Syracuse."
Bishop Dr. J. T. Peck and Dr. W. W. Porter represented Syracuse University and Professors Frederick Hyde and John Towler represented the Geneva Medical College.
Dr. Peck presented the subject at length. He alluded to the intention of its founders to ensure the university was "comprehensive," embracing the post-graduate departments including law, theology, medicine, etc. and the original founders ideas that although they might not be established immediately, they would eventually "as funds shall be provided for the purpose."
It was felt that since Syracuse was a much larger city than Geneva and already had two "well-appointed" hospitals which were available for teaching and the fact the city of Syracuse offered "chemical advantages and presented necessary surgical and medical cases for practical instruction," that the university offered many advantages to the medical college.
"The views, in general, were that medical colleges in country towns were necessarily so destitute of large hospital and chemical opportunities as to fail to furnish the proper condition to success."
In addition, it was felt that Syracuse was situated a sufficient distance from any other large city, connected by numerous railroads "with the towns and country surrounding, it was the natural center of the state."
The city's various manufacturing and commercial interests, and its "present rapid growth," gave promise to the board that it would soon be one of the largest cities in New York.
After considerable discussion, a resolution was adopted by the County Medical Society approving the transfer of the medical school to Syracuse. A committee was elected to communicate the actions to the trustees of the university and to assist in the transfer and establishment of the college in Syracuse.
Dr. Alfred Mercer, a member of the class of 1843, was chairman of the committee representing the County Medical Society in connection with the transfer of the college from Geneva. He expressed the sentiment of the medical group as follows: "What we need is not more medical schools, but fewer and better ones."
Temporary quarters were found for the college in the Clinton Block in Syracuse, the site of the current main post office. The first session began in the fall of 1872.
The dean from 1907 to 1922 was Dr. John Lorenzo Heffron, who joined the teaching staff in 1883. His daughter Marian married
Holworthy Hall
Holworthy Hall, in Harvard Yard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, is a historic dormitory for first-year students at Harvard College.
History
Holworthy was named in 1812 in honor of a wealthy English merchant, Sir Matthew Holworthy, who died in 1678 ...
, the novelist and short story writer H. E. Porter.
State University of New York Upstate Medical University
In 1950,
State University of New York (SUNY) moved to add a medical center in Syracuse and ultimately
acquired the College of Medicine from Syracuse University as a part of Governor
Thomas E. Dewey's vision for
Upstate New York
Upstate New York is a geographic region consisting of the area of New York State that lies north and northwest of the New York City metropolitan area. Although the precise boundary is debated, Upstate New York excludes New York City and Long Is ...
.
For many years the college was known as SUNY Upstate Medical Center, until 1986, when the name was changed to SUNY Health Science Center at Syracuse. The institution was renamed to SUNY
Upstate Medical University
The State University of New York Upstate Medical University (SUNY Upstate) is a public medical school in Syracuse, New York. Founded in 1834, Upstate is the 15th oldest medical school in the United States and is the only medical school in Central ...
in 1999.
The State University of New York Upstate Medical University is located in the
University Hill section of Syracuse. It includes the ''
College of Medicine (COM)'', ''
College of Nursing
Nurse education consists of the theoretical and practical training provided to nurses with the purpose to prepare them for their duties as nursing care professionals. This education is provided to student nurses by experienced nurses and other med ...
'', ''
College of Health Professions'' and ''
College of Graduate Studies''.
Deans of the Geneva Medical College
The deans of the Geneva Medical College included :
*
Edward Cutbush (1834–1839)
* Charles Brodhead Coventry (1839–1841)
* Thomas Spencer (1841–1845)
* James Webster (1845–1847)
* Charles Alfred Lee (1847–1853)
* John Towler (1853–1872)
Faculty
The medical faculty of the old Geneva Medical College included men "who became famous in the history of our country."
The ''Faculty of Medicine'' was appointed by the trustees in September 1834, and included;
Dr. Edward Cutbush (professor of chemistry), Dr. Willard Parker (professor of anatomy and physiology) after whom the communicable disease center of the City of New York was named,
Dr. Thomas Spencer (professor of the Institutes and Practice of Medicine), Dr. John George Morgan (professor of the principles and practice of surgery), Dr. Charles Broadhead Coventry (professor of obstetrics and materia medica) and Dr. Anson Coleman (professor of medical jurisprudence and botany).
In 1840, several members of the faculty at Fairfield Medical College were "removed" to Geneva including Professors Dr. James Hadley (professor of chemistry and pharmacy),
Dr. John Delamater and Dr. Frank Hastings Hamilton (professor of the principles and practice of surgery).
By 1847, a few more names had been added to the medical faculty; Dr. James Webster (professor of anatomy and physiology), Dr. Charles Alfred Lee (professor of materia medica and general pathology and dean of the faculty), Dr. Austin Flint (lecturer on the institutes and practice of medicine) and Dr. Corydon La Ford (demonstrator of anatomy).
Several prominent doctors from Syracuse who were among early faculty members included; Dr. A. E. Larkin, Dr. Edward S. Van Duyn and Dr. Alfred Mercer and his son, Dr. A. Clifford Mercer.
Curators
The ''Curators'' were appointed by the trustees in September 1834, and included representatives from 17 New York counties; Dr. William Taylor (
Onondaga County
Onondaga County ( ) is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 476,516. The county seat is Syracuse.
Onondaga County is the core of the Syracuse, NY MSA.
History
The name ''Onondaga'' derives from ...
), Dr. Samuel Porter (Onondaga County), Dr. Joseph T. Pitney (
Cayuga County
Cayuga County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 76,248. Its county seat and largest city is Auburn. The county was named for the Cayuga people, one of the Indian tribes in the Iroquois Confed ...
), Dr. Consider King (Cayuga County), Dr. Augustus Crary (
Cattaraugus County), Dr. Henry Mitchell (
Chenango County
Chenango County is a county located in the south-central section U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 47,220. Its county seat is Norwich. The county's name originates from an Oneida word meaning 'large bull-thist ...
), Dr. Josiah Trowbridge (
Erie County), Dr. John Coates (
Genesee County), Dr. Eli Hill (
Steuben County), Dr. John Schuler (
Niagara County
Niagara County is in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 212,666. The county seat is Lockport. The county name is from the Iroquois word ''Onguiaahra''; meaning ''the strait'' or ''thunder of waters''.
Niaga ...
), Dr. Orson Nickison (
Orleans County), Dr. Richard Welles (
Ontario County), Dr. John B. Elwood (
Monroe County), Dr. John McCall (
Oneida County), Dr. Bryant Burwell (
Erie County), Dr. Sumner Ely (
Otsego County), Dr. Samuel P. Bishop (
Tompkins County), Dr. George W. Phillips (
Tompkins County), Dr. Nathan Boyington (
Tioga County), Dr. John D. Higgins (
Steuben County), Dr. John Miller (
Cortland County
Cortland County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population of Cortland County was 46,809. The county seat is Cortland. The county is named after Pierre Van Cortlandt, president of the convention ...
) and Dr. Gardner Wells (
Seneca County).
Notable alumnae and alumni
*
Elizabeth Blackwell
Elizabeth Blackwell (3 February 182131 May 1910) was a British physician, notable as the first woman to receive a medical degree in the United States, and the first woman on the Medical Register of the General Medical Council for the United Ki ...
(1849), first woman awarded a
Doctor of Medicine
Doctor of Medicine (abbreviated M.D., from the Latin ''Medicinae Doctor'') is a medical degree, the meaning of which varies between different jurisdictions. In the United States, and some other countries, the M.D. denotes a professional degree. T ...
degree in the United States, graduated from the Medical Institution of Geneva College.
*
George W. Cole
George W. Cole (March 26, 1827 – December 9, 1875) was an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War. His wartime commands included the 2nd United States Colored Cavalry, and he attained the rank of major general by brevet. In 186 ...
,
major general
Major general (abbreviated MG, maj. gen. and similar) is a military rank used in many countries. It is derived from the older rank of sergeant major general. The disappearance of the "sergeant" in the title explains the apparent confusion of ...
by
brevet in the
American Civil War
The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the South"), the latter formed by states ...
.
* Darwin Colvin, founder and president of the New York State Medical Association.
* Robert M. Hunt (1850), county physician for Nevada for 43 years.
* Col. James M. McNulty (1846), a
Union Army
During the American Civil War, the Union Army, also known as the Federal Army and the Northern Army, referring to the United States Army, was the land force that fought to preserve the Union of the collective states. It proved essential to th ...
field surgeon originally serving with the
California Column
The California Column was a force of Union volunteers sent to Arizona and New Mexico during the American Civil War. The command marched over from California through Arizona and New Mexico Territory to the Rio Grande and as far east as El Paso, ...
’s
1st California Infantry
The 1st Regiment California Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It spent its entire term of service in the western United States.
History
Most of the 1st California was recruited from Augu ...
and who became successively the first medical director of the
Department of New Mexico, concurrently therewith the medical director of the later created
Department of Arizona, the medical director of the
II Corps (Union Army)
There were five corps in the Union Army designated as II Corps (Second Army Corps) during the American Civil War. These formations were the Army of the Cumberland II Corps commanded by Thomas L. Crittenden from October 24, 1862, to November 5, ...
of the
Army of the Potomac
The Army of the Potomac was the principal Union Army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. It was created in July 1861 shortly after the First Battle of Bull Run and was disbanded in June 1865 following the surrender of the Confede ...
who by January 15, 1866, Act of the United States Congress was brevetted effective March 13, 1865, to the rank of colonel “for gallant and distinguished service as medical director of the Second Army Corps”, still, even, later, the surgeon general of the
California National Guard
The California National Guard is part of the National Guard of the United States, a dual federal-state military reserve force. The CA National Guard has three components: the CA Army National Guard, CA Air National Guard, and CA State Guard. ...
, called also the Office of the State Surgeon, and, finally, a chronicler of the
American Civil War
The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the South"), the latter formed by states ...
campaigns of the California Column
* George W. Pratt (1854), Nestor of the Press of Southern and Western New York, owner of the Corning Press.
*
Lewis N. Wood (1837), member of the
Wisconsin State Assembly
The Wisconsin State Assembly is the lower house of the Wisconsin Legislature. Together with the smaller Wisconsin Senate, the two constitute the legislative branch of the U.S. state of Wisconsin.
Representatives are elected for two-year terms, ...
.
References
External links
Our History: College of Graduate Studies: SUNY Upstate Medical UniversityGeneva Medical College at the NY Heritage ProjectCouncil of Independent Colleges, Historic Campus Architecture Project, 2006Cases on the general principles of the law of private corporations – The Medical Institution of Geneva College v. Patterson in 1845. Indianapolis – Bowen-Merrill Co. 1902.
{{authority control
Hobart and William Smith Colleges
Syracuse University
State University of New York Upstate Medical University
Geneva, New York
Educational institutions established in 1834
Educational institutions disestablished in 1872
Defunct private universities and colleges in New York (state)
1834 establishments in New York (state)